2023年高考复习阅读理解满分考点4--主旨要义之段落大意--练高考--心中有数（教师版）

2023年高考复习阅读理解满分考点考点

4..主旨要义之段落大意..练高考??心中有数

1.D【

2022.新高考I卷】Human speechcontains more than2,000different sounds,from thecommon mand ato therare clicksof somesouthern Africanlanguages.But why are certainsounds morecommon thanothers Aground-breaking,five-year studyshows thatdiet-related changes in humanbite ledto newspeech soundsthat arenow foundin halfthe worldslanguages.More than30years ago,the scholarCharles Hockettnoted thatspeech soundscalled labiodentals,such asf andv”,were morecommon in the languages of societiesthat atesofter foods.Now ateam ofresearchers ledby Damian Blasi at the Universityof Zurich,Switzerland,has foundhow andwhy thistrend arose.They discovered that theupper andlower front teeth of ancient human adults werealigned（对齐）,making ithard to produce labiodentals,which areformed bytouching thelower lipto theupper teeth.Later,our jawschanged to an overbitestructure（结构），making iteasier toproduce suchsounds.The teamshowed thatthis change in bitewas connectedwith thedevelopment of agriculture in the Neolithicperiod.Food becameeasier tochew atthis point.The jawbonedidnt haveto doas muchwork andso didntgrow to be solarge.Analyses ofa languagedatabase alsoconfirmed that there was a globalchange in the soundof worldlanguages afterthe Neolithic age,with theuse of and“v increasingremarkably during the lastfew thousandyears.These soundsare stillnot foundin the languages ofmany hunter-gatherer peopletoday.This researchoverturns the popular viewthat allhuman speech sounds werepresent whenhuman beingsevolved around300,000years ago.The setof speech sounds weuse hasnot necessarilyremained stablesince theappearance of human beings,but ratherthe hugevariety of speech soundsthat wefind todayis theproduct ofa complexinterplay ofthings likebiological change and culturalevolution/said Steven Moran,a memberof the research team.

12.Which aspectof thehuman speechsound doesDamian Blasisresearch fbcuson A.Its variety.B.Its distribution.C.Its quantity.D.Its development.

13.Why wasit difficultfor ancient humanadultstoproduce labiodentals A.They hadfewer upper teeth thanlower teeth.B.They couldnot openand closetheir lipseasily.C.Their jawswere notconveniently structured.D.Their lower frontteethwere notlarge enough.

14.What isparagraph5mainly about A.Supporting evidencefor the research results.B.Potential applicationof theresearch findings.C.A furtherexplanation of theresearch methods.D.A reasonabledoubt about theresearchprocess.

15.What doesSteven Moransay about the setof humanspeech soundsA.It iskey toeffective communication.B.It contributesmuch tocultural diversity.

33.A【解析】主旨大意题第二段Mitch Prinstein,a professorof clinicalpsychology sortsthe popularinto twocategories:the likableand the status seekers.（临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable和thestatus seekers做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A

34.B【解析】推理判断题根据第四段It clearlyshowed thatwhile likabilitycan leadto healthyadjustment（它清楚地表明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理学教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，最有人望的孩子适应性更强，故选B

35.A【解析】主旨大意题通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响与选项A“对别人好――最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致,故选Ao

7.2019年北京卷之D篇By theend of the century,if not sooner,the world*s oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate,according toa newstudy.At theheart of the phenomenonlie tinymarine microorganisms（海洋微生物）called phytoplankton.Because of the waylight reflectsoff theorganisms,these phytoplanktoncreate colourfulpatterns at the ocean surface.Ocean colourvaries fromgreen toblue,depending onthe typeand concentrationof phytoplankton.Climate changewill fuelthe growthof phytoplankton in someareas,while reducingit inother spots,leading tochanges in the ocean*s appearance.Phytoplankton liveat the oceansurface,where theypull carbondioxide（二氧化碳）into the ocean whilegiving offoxygen.When theseorganisms die,they burycarbon in the deepocean,an importantprocess that helps toregulate theglobal climate.But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans warmingtrend.Warming changeskey characteristicsof the ocean andcan affectphytoplankton growth,since theyneed notonly sunlightand carbondioxide togrow,but alsonutrients.Stephanie Dutkiewicz,a scientistin MITsCenter forGlobal ChangeScience,built aclimate modelthat projectschanges to theoceansthroughout the century.In aworld thatwarms upby3℃,it found that multiplechanges to the colourof theoceans wouldoccur.The modelprojects thatcurrently blueareas withlittle phytoplanktoncould becomeeven bluer.But insome waters,such as those of the Arctic,a warmingwill makeconditions riperfor phytoplankton,and theseareas willturn greener.Not onlyare thequantities of phytoplanktonin theoceanchanging,^she said,“but the type ofphytoplankton ischanging.”

42.What arethe firsttwo paragraphsmainly about A.The variouspatterns at theoceansurface.B.The cause of thechangesinocean colour.C.The waylight reflectsoff marineorganisms.D.The effortsto fuelthe growthofphytoplankton.

43.What doesthe underlinedwordvulnerable^in Paragraph3probably mean A.Sensitive.B.Beneficial C.Significant D.Unnoticeable

44.What canwe learnfrom the passage A.Phytoplankton playa decliningrole in the marineecosystem.B.Dutkiewiczs modelaims toproject phytoplanktonchanges C.Phytoplankton have been used to controlglobal climateD.Oceans withmore phytoplanktonmay appeargreener.

45.What is the mainpurpose of thepassageA.To assessthe consequencesof oceancolour changesB.To analysethe compositionof theocean foodchain C.To explain the effectsof climatechange onoceans D.To introducea newmethod tostudy phytoplankton【语篇解读】本文为说明文一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿这一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游植物的生长

42.B【解析】段落大意题第一段“By theend of the century.If notsooner,the worldsoceans willbe bluerand greenerthanks toa warmingclimate,according toa newstudy.”可知，到本世纪末，一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿结合第二段“At theheart phenomenonlie tinymarine microorganismscalled phytoplankton.Becaust of the waylight reflectsoff theorganisms,these phytoplanktonscreate colourfulpatterns at theoceansurface.Ocean colourvaries fromgreen toblue,depending onthetypeand concentration”可知，这种现象的核心是一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，在光线的作用下在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案海洋的颜色从绿色到蓝色不等，这取决于海洋的类型和浮游植物浓度由此可推断出这两段主要叙述了海洋生物是海洋颜色变化的原因分析选项可知B符合题意，故选B

43.A【解析】词义猜测题根据戈1J线词后的“Warming changeskey characteristicsof theocean andcan affectphytoplankton growth,since theyneed notonly sunshineand carbondioxide togrow,but alsonutrients.“可知，气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长由此可判断“But phytoplanktonare vulnerableto theoceans wamningtrend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响可知A项正确

44.D【解析】推理判断题根据第四段“The modelprojects thatcurrently blueareas withlittle phytoplanktoncould becomeeven bluer.But insome waters,such asthose of the Arctic,a warmingwill makeconditions riperfor phytoplankton,and theseareas willturn greener”,可知Dutkiewicz的模型预测,目前只有少量浮游植物的蓝色区域可能会变得更蓝但是在一些水域，比如北极，气候变暖会使浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，而这些水域会变得更绿了“由此可推断，浮游植物的生长条件更加成熟，浮游动植物就更多了，这些水域会变得更绿了分析选项可知D项符合题意

45.C【解析】目的意图题第一段提出文章的主旨“By theend of thecentury.If notsooner,the worldsoceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,according toa newstudy.”可矢口至U本世纪末――项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿再结合第三段“But phytoplanktonare vulnerableto theoceans warningtrendWarming changeskey characteristicsof theocean andcan affectphytoplankton growth,?.」可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长工可知本文主要解释气候变化对海洋的影响故选C

8.2019年江苏卷之B篇In the1960s,while studyingthe volcanichistory ofYellowstone NationalPark,Bob Christiansenbecame puzzledabout somethingthat,oddly,had nottroubled anyonebefore:he couldnt find the parks volcano.It hadbeen knownfor along timethat Yellowstonewas volcanicin nature一thafs whataccounted for all itshot springs and othersteamy features.But Christiansencouldnt findthe Yellowstonevolcano anywhere.Most ofus,when wetalk aboutvolcanoes,think of the classiccone（圆锥体）shapes ofa Fujior Kilimanjaro,which arecreated whenerupting magma（岩浆）piles up.These canform remarkablyquickly.In1943,a Mexicanfarmer wassurprised tosee smokerising from a smallpart ofhis land.In oneweek he was theconfused ownerofacone fivehundred feethigh.Within twoyears ithad toppedout atalmost fourteenhundred feetand wasmore thanhalf amile across.Altogether thereare someten thousandof thesevolcanoes onEarth,all buta fewhundred of them extinct.There is,however,a secondles knowntype ofvolcano thatdoesnt involvemountain building.These arevolcanoes soexplosive that they burstopen ina singlebig crack,leaving behinda vasthole,the caldera.Yellowstone obviouslywas ofthis secondtype,but Christiansencouldnt findthe calderaanywhere.Just atthis timeNASA decidedto testsome newhigh-altitude camerasby takingphotographs ofYellowstone.A thoughtfulofficial passedon someof thecopies to the parkauthorities onthe assumptionthat theymight makea niceblow-up forone of the visitors1centers.As soonas Christiansensaw thephotos,he realizedwhy hehad failedto spotthe caldera;almost the whole park-

2.2million acres――was caldera.The explosionhad lefta holemore thanforty milesacross-much toohuge to be seenfrom anywhereat groundlevel.At sometime inthe pastYellowstone musthave blownup with a violencefar beyondthe scaleof anythingknown tohumans.

58.What puzzledChristiansen whenhewasstudying YellowstoneA.Its complicatedgeographical features.B.Its ever-lasting influenceon tourism.C.The mysterioushistory of the park.D.The exactlocation of the volcano.

59.What doesthe second-paragraph mainlytalk about A.The shapesof volcanoes.B.The impactsof volcanoes.C.The activitiesof volcanoes.D.The heightsof volcanoes.

60.What doesthe underlinedword blow-up inthe lastparagraph most probably meanA.Hot-air balloon.B.Digital camera.C.Big photograph.D.Birds view.【语篇解读】本文为说明文讲述了二十世纪六十年代Bob Christiansen在研究黄石公园的火山历史时，奇怪地发现到处看不到火山的影子，原来，这儿的火山并不是像我们大部分人想象的那种圆锥体形状的高耸的样子，而是一个巨大的洞，这个洞太大了以至于从地面上的任何地方都看不见

58.D【解析】细节理解题根据第一段最后一句But Christiansencouldntfindthe Yellowstonevolcano anywhere,可知，他困惑的是到处看不到火山故选D

59.A【解析】主旨大意题本段讲述了两种形状的火山，一种是通常人们所理解的由火山岩浆堆积形成的圆锥体，还有一种极具爆发力的火山，它们会在一个大裂缝中爆裂，留下一个巨大的洞，故选A

60.C【解析】词义猜测题根据第三段第一句Just atthis timeNASA decidedto testsome newhigh-altitude camerasby takingphotographs ofYellowstone.A thoughtfulofficial passedon someof thecopies to theparkauthorities onthe assumptionthat theymight makea niceblow-up forone of the visitorscenters.可知，美国国家航空和宇宙航行局为测试一些新的高海拔照相机而拍摄了黄石公园的照片一位深思熟虑的官员把其中的一些照片副本转交给了公园管理部门，认为他们可能会将其放大以供一个游客中心展示故可知，此处意为将照片放大，选C

9.2019年浙江卷之C篇California haslost halfits big trees since the1930s,according toa studyto bepublished Tuesdayand climatechange seemsto be a majorfactor（因素）.The numberof treeslarger thantwo feetacross hasdeclined by50percent onmore than46,000square milesof California forests,the newstudy finds.No areawas sparedor unaffected,from thefoggy northerncoast tothe SierraNevada MountainstotheSan Gabrielsabove LosAngeles.In theSierra highcountry,the numberof big trees hasfallen bymore than55percent;in partsof southernCalifornia the decline wasnearly75percent.Many factorscontributed tothedecline,said Patrick McIntyre,an ecologistwho was the leadauthor ofthe study.Woodcutters targetedbig trees.Housing developmentpushed intothe woods.Aggressive wildfirecontrol hasleft California forests crowdedwith smalltrees thatcompete withbig treesfor resources（资源）.But incomparing astudy ofCaliforniaforestsdone inthe1920sand1930s withanother onebetween2001and2010,McIntyre andhis colleaguesdocumented awidespread deathof bigtrees thatwas evidenteven inwildlands protectedfrom woodcuttingor development.The lossof bigtrees wasgreatest inareas wheretrees hadsuffered thegreatest watershortage.The researchersfigured outwater stresswithacomputer modelthat calculatedhow muchwater treeswere gettingin comparisonwith howmuch theyneeded,taking intoaccount suchthings asrainfall,air temperature,dampness ofsoil,and thetiming ofsnowmelt（融雪）.Since the1930s,McIntyre said,the biggestfactors drivingup waterstress inthe statehave beenrising temperatures,which causetrees tolose morewater tothe air,and earliersnowmelt,which reducesthe watersupply availableto treesduringthedry season.

27.What is the secondparagraph mainlyabout A.The seriousnessof big-tree lossin California.B.The increasingvariety ofCalifornia bigtrees.C.The distributionof bigtrees in Californiaforests.D.The influenceof farmingon bigtrees inCalifornia.

28.Which ofthe followingis well-intentioned butmay bebad forbigtreesA.Ecological studiesof forests.B.Banning woodcutting.C.Limiting housingdevelopment.D.Fire controlmeasures.

29.What isa majorcause ofthe watershortage according to McIntyreA.Inadequate snowmelt.B.A longerdry season.C.A warmerclimate.D.Dampness ofthe air.

30.What can beasuitable title for the text A.Californias Forests:Where HaveAll the Big TreesGone B.Cutting ofBig Treesto BeProhibited inCalifornia SoonC.Why AretheBig Trees Importantto CaliforniaForests D.PatrickMcIntyre:Grow MoreBigTreesinCalifornia【语篇解读】本文为说明文，根据一项研究表明，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，气候变化似乎是其主要因素

27.A【解析】主旨大意题在第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区幸免或不受影响，故选A

28.D【解析】推理判断题根据第三段最后一句Aggressive wildfirecontrol hasleft Californiaforests crowdedwith smalltrees thatcompete withbigtreesfor resources（资源）.可知，野火控制在控制了森林大火的同时一，使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，它们与大树争夺资源，这对大树产生了不利的影响，故选Do

29.C【解析】细节理解题根据最后一段the biggestfactors drivingup waterstress inthe statehavebeenrising temperatures,...9and earliersnowmelt,…可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是气温的上升，以及较早的融雪，故选C

30.A【解析】主旨大意题通读全文可知，自20世纪30年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，文章分析了引起该现象的几个主要因素全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项A符合题意

10.2018年江苏卷之B篇In the1760s,Mathurin Rozeopened aseries ofshops thatboasted（享有）a specialmeat soupcalled consomme.Although themain attractionwas the soup,Roze*s chainshops alsoset a new standardfor diningout,which helpedto establishRoze asthe inventorofthemodern restaurant.Today,scholars havegenerated largeamounts ofinstructive researchabout restaurants.Take visualhints that influence whatwe eat:diners servedthemselves about20percent morepasta（意大利面食）when theirplates matchedtheir food.When adark-colored cakewas servedonablack platerather thana whiteone,customers recognizedit assweeter andmore tasty.Lighting matters,too.When Berlinrestaurant customersate indarkness,they couldnttell howmuch theyd had:those givenextra-large sharesate more than everyoneelse,none the wiser-they didntfeel fuller,and theywere justas readyfor dessert.Time ismoney,but thatprinciple meansdifferent thingsfor differenttypes ofrestaurants.Unlike fast-food places,fine dining shops prefercustomers tostay longerand spend.One wayto encouragecustomers tostay andorder thatextra round:put onsome Mozart（莫扎特）.When classical,rather thanpop,music wasplaying,diners spentmore.Fast musichurried dinersout.Particular scentsalso have an effect:diners whogot thescent oflavender（薰衣草）stayed longerand spentmore thanthose whosmelled lemon,or noscent.Meanwhile,things thatyou mightexpect todiscourage spending――“bad tables,crowding,high prices――dont necessarily.Diners atbad tables―next tothe kitchendoor,say―spent nearlyas muchas othersbut soonfled.It can be concludedthat restaurantkeepers neednot beoverly concernedabout badtables/*given that theyre profitable.As forcrowds,a HongKong studyfound that they increaseda restaurant^reputation,suggesting greatfood atfair prices.And doublinga buffetsprice ledcustomers tosay thatits pizzawas11percent tastier.

58.The underlinedphrase nonethewiserin paragraph3mostprobablyimplies that the customerswere.A.not awareof eatingmore thanusual B.not willingto sharefood with others C.not consciousofthefood qualityD.not fondofthefood provided

59.How coulda finediningshopmake moreprofit A.Playing classicalmusic.B.Introducing lemonscent.C.Making thelight brighter,D.Using platesof largersize.

60.What doesthe lastparagraph talkabout A.Tips toattract morecustomers.B.Problems restaurantsare facedwith.C.Ways toimprove restaurants*reputation.D.Common misunderstandingsabout restaurants.【文章大意】本文为说明文，介绍了现代餐馆面临的经营困境和解决方案，介绍了刺激消费和食欲的几种方法，以及人们对餐厅就餐的一些错误认识

58.A【解析】词义猜测题根据文章第三段划线部分的前句they couldnttell howmuch they!dhad:those givenextra-large sharesate morethan everyoneelse,可知在黑暗中，他们说不清自己吃了多少，再根据划线后的句子they didntfeel fuller,and theywere justas readyfor dessert.可知他们虽然吃得很多，但并没有感觉更饱，仍然在等着吃甜点，所以他们没有意识到自己吃多了，所以A正确

59.A【解析1细节理解题根据第四段中的One wayto encouragecustomers tostay andorder thatextra round:put onsome Mozart（莫扎特）可知，要想让客人呆的时间更长应该播放莫扎特等古典音乐而不是流行音乐Particular scentsalso havean effect:diners whogot thescent oflavender（薰衣草）stayed longerand spentmorethanthose whosmelled lemon,or noscent,引入薰衣草香而不是柠檬香，而D项文章没有提及，所以用排除方法可以选A

60.D【解析】主旨大意题根据文章最后一段第一句Meanwhile,things thatyou mightexpect todiscourage spending一n badn tables,crowding,high prices一dont necessarily.可知你认为可能会影响人们消费的因素如不好的桌子，拥挤以及高价等不一定会真影响人们的消费，然后依次举例进行了证明，所以本段主要讲的是人们对于饭店的几个误解，故选D C.It isa complexand dynamicsystem.D.It drivesthe evolutionof human beings.【答案】

12.D

13.C

14.A

15.C【解析】本篇是一篇说明文主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音

12.D细节理解题根据文章第一段中的More than30years ago,the scholarCharles Hockettnoted thatspeechsoundscalled labiodentals,such asfandv,were morecommon inthelanguagesof societiesthat atesofter foods.Now ateam ofresearchers ledby Damian Blasi atthe Universityof Zurich,Switzerland,has foundhow andwhy thistrend arose.（30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如仔和v,在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的DamianBlasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因）”可知DamianBlasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上故选D

13.C细节理解题根据文章第三段中的“They discovered thattheupper andlowerfrontteeth ofancienthumanadults werealigned,making ithard toproducelabiodentals,which areformed bytouching thelower liptotheupperteeth.Later,our jawschanged toan overbitestructure,making iteasier toproduce suchsounds.（他彳门发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的后来，我们的下颗变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颗结构使他们很难发出唇齿音故选C

14.A主旨大意题根据文章第五段中的“Analyses ofa languagedatabase alsoconfirmed thatthere was a globalchangeinthe soundof worldlanguages afterthesoNeolithicage,with theuseofand increasingremarkably duringthe lastfew thousandyears.These soundsare stillnot foundinthelanguagesofmany hunter-gatherer peopletoday.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，叶和v”的使用显著增加这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果故选A

15.C推理判断题根据文章最后一段中的“The setofspeechsounds weuse hasnot necessarilyremained stablesincetheappearance ofhumanbeings,but ratherthe hugevariety ofspeechsoundsthat wefind todayis theproduct ofa complexinterplay ofthings likebiological changeand culturalevolution Jsaid Steven Moran,a memberoftheresearch team.（研究小组成员StevenMoran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物“）”可知，StevenMoran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统故选C

2.D【2022?全国甲卷】Sometime inthe early1960s,a significantthing happenedin Sydney,Australia.The citydiscovered itsharbor.Then,one afteranother,Sydney discoveredlots ofthings that were justsort ofthere-broad parks,superb beaches,and aculturally diversepopulation.But it isthe harbor thatmakes thecity.Andrew Reynolds,a cheerfulfellow inhis early30s,pilots Sydneyferryboats for a living.I spentthewholemorning shuttlingback andforth acrosstheharbor.After ourthird runAndrew shutdown theengine,and wewent ourseparate ways―he fora lunchbreak,I toexplore thecity.TH missthese oldboats/9he saidas weparted.“How doyou meanI asked.“Oh,theyre replacingthem withcatamarans.Catamarans arefaster,but they9re notso elegant,and theyre not fun to pilot.But thafsprogress,I guess.^^Everywhere in Sydney thesedays,changeandprogress arethe watchwords（口号），and traditionsare increasinglyrare.Shirley Fitzgerald,the citysofficial historian,told methat inits rushto modernityinthe1970s,Sydney sweptaside muchof itspast,including manyof itsfinest buildings.Sydney isconfused aboutitself^she said.We cantseem tomake upour mindswhether wewant amodem cityoratraditional one.Its aconflict thatwe arentgetting anybetter atresolving（解决）On the other hand,being young and old atthe same timehas itsattractions.I consideredthis whenT meta thoughtfulyoung businessmannamed Anthony.Many peoplesay thatwe lackculture inthis country；he told me.“What peopleforget isthattheItalians,when theycame toAustralia,brought2000years oftheir culture,the Greekssome3000years,and theChinese morestill.Weve gota foundationbuilt onancient culturesbut witha driveand dynamismofayoung country.If sa prettyhard combinationto beat.”He isright,but Icant helpwishing theywould keepthose oldferries.

32.What isthe firstparagraph mainlyabout A.Sydneys strikingarchitecture.B.The culturaldiversity ofSydney.C.The keyto Sydneysdevelopment.D.Sydneys touristattractions inthe1960s.

33.What canwe learnabout Andrew Reynolds A.He goesto workby boat.B.He looksforward toa newlife.C.He pilotscatamarans well.D.He isattached tothe oldferries.

34.What doesShirley Fitzgeraldthink ofSydney A.It islosing itstraditions.B.It shouldspeed upits progress.C.It shouldexpand itspopulation.D.It isbecoming moreinternational.

35.Which statementwill theauthor probablyagree withA.A citycanbeyoungand oldatthe same time.B.A citybuilt onancient culturesis moredynamic.C.modernity isusually achievedatthecost ofelegance.D.Compromise shouldbe madebetween thelocal and the foreign.【文章大意】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文文章作者和悉尼人士的交流反映了悉尼发展中面临的问题――发展为一个传统文化城市还是现代化城市

32.C主旨大意题根据文章第一段中的“Sometime inthe early1960s,a significantthing happenedinSydney,Australia.The citydiscovered itsharbor.20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事这座城市发现了它的港口”以及“But itistheharbor thatmakes thecity.正是港口造就了这个城市“可知，本段的大意是悉尼发展的关键是港口故选C

33.D细节理解题根据文章第二段中的Andrew Reynolds,a cheerfulfellow inhis early30s,pilot Sydneyferryboats fora living.30多岁的Andrew Reynolds是个快乐的小伙子，他在悉尼担任渡轮领航员为生“、第三段中的Ill missthese oldboats.我会想念这些旧船的“以及第五段中的Catamarans arefaster,but theyrenotsoelegant,and they^enotfuntopilot.双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣”可知，AndrewReynolds喜欢老式渡船故选D

34.A推理判断题根据文章倒数第三段中的Shirley Fitzgerald,the citysofficial historian,toldmethatinits rushto modernityinthe1970s,Sydney sweptaside muchof itspast,including manyof itsfinest buildings.悉尼的官方历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑，可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼正在失去它的传统故选A

35.A推理判断题根据文章倒数第二段中的On the other hand,being youngandoldatthe sametimehas itsattractions.I consideredthis whenI meta thoughtfulyoung businessmannamed Anthony.（另――方面,同时既年轻又古老也有它的魅力当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我考虑到了这一点）以及最后一段He isright,可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老故选A

3.2021年全国乙卷之B篇When almosteveryone hasa mobile phone,whyaremorethanhalf ofAustralian homesstill payingfora landline（座机）？These daysyoud behard pressedto findanyone inAustralia overthe ageof15who doesnt own a mobile phone.In factplenty ofyounger kidshave onein theirpocket.Practically everyonecan makeand receivecalls anywhere,anytime.Still,55percent ofAustralians havea landlinephone athome andonly justover aquarter（29%）rely onlyon theirsmartphones accordingtoasurvey（调查）.Of thoseAustralians whostill havea landline,a thirdconcede thatits notreally necessaryand theyrekeeping it asasecurity blanket-19percent saythey neveruse itwhile afurther13percent keepit incase ofemergencies.I thinkmy homefalls intothat category.More thanhalf ofAustralian homesare stillchoosing tostick with their home phone.Age isnaturally afactor（因素）一only58percent ofGeneration Ysstill uselandlines nowand then,compared to84percent ofBaby Boomerswhove perhapshad thesame homenumber for50years.Age isntthe onlyfactor;Id sayifs alsoto dowith themakeup ofyour household.Generation Xerswith youngfamilies,like mywife andI,can stillfind itconvenient tohaveahome phonerather thanproviding amobilephonefor everyfamily member.That said,to behonest theonly peoplewho everring ourhome phoneare ourBaby Boomersparents,tothepoint wherewe playa gameand guesswho iscalling beforewe pickup thephone（using CallerID wouldtake thefun outof it）.How attachedare youto yourlandline Howlong untilthey gothe wayof gasstreet lampsand morningmilk deliveries

24.What doesparagraph2mainly tellus aboutmobile phonesA.Their targetusers.B.Their widepopularity.C.Their majorfunctions.D.Their complexdesign.

25.What doesthe underlinedword concede“in paragraph3meanA.Admit.B.Argue.C.Remember.D.Remark.

26.What canwe sayabout Baby Boomers A.They likesmartphone games.B.They enjoyguessing callers9identity.C.They keepusing landlinephones.D.They areattached totheir family.

27.What canbe inferredaboutthelandline from the lastparagraph A.It remainsa familynecessity.B.It willfall outof usesome day.C.It mayincrease dailyexpenses.D.It isas importantasthegas light.【答案】

24.B

25.A

26.C

27.B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点【24题】主旨大意题根据文章第二段“These daysyoud behard pressedto findanyone inAustralia overthe ageof15who doesn*townamobilephone.In factplenty ofyounger kidshave onein theirpocket.Practically everyonecan makeand receivecalls anywhere,anytime.（现在你很难在澳大利亚找至15岁以上的没有手机的人事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话厂可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎故选B项【25题】词句猜测题根据划线单词的上文“Of thoseAustralians whostill havealandline（在那些仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人中户可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人;根据下文“its notreally necessaryand theyrekeeping itasasecurity blanket-19percent saythey neveruse itwhile afurther13percent keepit incase ofemergencies（固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障-----------------19%的人表示他们从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况）”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话的非必要性由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”故选A项【26题】推理判断题根据文章第四段84percent ofBaby Boomerswho!ve perhapshad thesame homenumber for50years.（婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50年相同的家庭号码了厂以及文章第五段“That said,to behonest theonly peoplewho everring ourhomephoneare ourBabyBoomersparents（也就是说，老实说，唯一打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母）“可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话故选C项【27题】推理判断题根据文章最后一段“How attachedare youto yourlandline Howlong untilthey gothe wayof gasstreet lampsand morningmilk deliveries（你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨送牛奶的道路？户可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的故选B项

4.2021年6月浙江卷之C篇If youever getthe impressionthat yourdog cantell whetheryou lookcontent or annoyed,you maybe ontosomething.Dogs mayindeed beabletodistinguish betweenhappy andangry humanfaces,accordingtoanewstudy Researchers trained a group of11dogs todistinguish betweenimages（图像）ofthesame person making either a happy oran angry face.During thetraining stage,each dogwas shownonly theupper halfor thelower half ofthe persons face.The researchersthen testedthe dogs*ability todistinguish betweenhuman facial expressions byshowing themtheotherhalf ofthe persons face onimages totallydifferent from the onesused intraining.The researchersfound thatthe dogswere ableto pickthe angryor happyface bytouching apicture ofit withtheir nosesmore oftenthan onewould expectby randomchance.The studyshowed theanimals hadfigured outhow toapply whatthey learnedabout humanfaces during training tonew facesinthetesting stage.We canrule outthatthe dogs simplydistinguish betweenthe picturesbased ona simplecue,such asthe sightof teeth/said studyauthor CorsinMuller.Instead,our resultssuggest thatthe successfuldogs realizedthat asmiling mouthmeans thesame thingas smilingeyes,and thesame ruleapplies toan angrymouth havingthesamemeaning asangry eyes.*With ourstudy,we thinkwe cannow confidentlyconclude thatat leastsome dogs can distinguishhuman facialexpressions/Muller toldLive Science.At thispoint,itisnot clearwhy dogsseem tobe equippedwiththeability torecognize differentfacialexpressionsin humans.n To us,the mostlikely explanationappears tobe thatthe basislies intheir livingwith humans,which givesthem a lot ofexposure tohuman facialexpressions/1and thisexposure hasprovided themwith manychances tolearn todistinguish betweenthem,Muller said.

8.The newstudy focusedon whetherdogscan.A.distinguish shapesB.make senseofhumanfaces C.feel happyor angryD.communicate witheach other

9.What canwe learnaboutthe study fromparagraph2A.Researchers testedthe dogsin randomorder.B.Diverse methodswere adoptedduringtraining.C.Pictures used inthe two stageswere differentD.The dogswere photographedbefore thelest.

10.What isthe lastparagraph mainlyaboutA.A suggestionfor futurestudies.B.A possiblereason for the studyfindings.C.A majorlimitation ofthestudyD.An explanationoftheresearchmethod.【答案】

8.B

9.C

10.B【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文一项研究证明狗能够识别人类面部表情，但目前还不清楚它们为什么有这种能力，可能的原因是它们长时间与人类共同生活【8题】细节理解题根据第二段的“Researcherstrainedagroupof11dogs todistinguish betweenimages ofthesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.（研究人员训练了11只狗来区分同一个人脸上的表情是高兴还是愤怒厂可知，该新研究的关注点是狗是否能够区分人的面部表情故选B【9题】细节理解题根据第二段的“During thetraining stage,each dogwas shownonly theupper halforthelower halfofthepersonsface.The researchersthen testedthedogsability todistinguish betweenhuman facialexpressions byshowing themtheotherhalfofthepersonsface orimages totallydifferent fromthe onesusedintraining.（在训|练阶段，每只狗只看到人脸的上半部分或下半部分研究人员随后测试了狗辨别人类面部表情的能力，向狗展示了人的另一半面部或与训练中使用的完全不同的图像）“可知，在训练和测试阶段，狗看的照片是不一样的故选C【10题】主旨大意题根据最后一段的“Tous5the mostlikely explanationappears tobe thatthe basislies intheir livingwith humans,which givesthem a lot ofexposure tohuman facialexpressions,and thisexposure hasprovided themwith manychances tolearn todistinguish betweenthem Mullersaid.（Muller说“对我们来说，最可能的解释似乎是，基于他们与人类生活在一起，这让他们有很多机会接触人类的面部表情，而这种接触为他们提供了很多机会，让他们学会区分他们”户可知，最后一段主要讲述了狗能够辨别人类面部表情的可能原因故选B

5.2020年新课标I卷之D篇The connectionbetween peopleand plantshas longbeen thesubject ofscientific research.Recent studieshave foundpositive effects.A studyconducted inYoungstown,Ohio,for example,discoveredthatgreener areasofthecity experiencedless crime.In another,employees wereshown tobe15%more productivewhen theirworkplaces weredecorated withhouseplants.The engineersattheMassachusetts Instituteof Technology（MIT）have takenitastep furtherchanging theactual compositionof plantsin orderto getthem toperform diverse,even unusualfunctions.These includeplants thathave sensors printed ontotheir leavesto showwhen theyreshort ofwater anda plantthat candetect harmfulchemicals ingroundwater.”Were thinkingabout howwe canengineer plantsto replacefunctions ofthe thingsthatweuse everyday,explained MichaelStrano,a professorof chemicalengineering atMIT.One ofhis latestprojects hasbeen tomake plantsgrow（发光）in experimentsusing somecommon vegetables.Stranos teamfoundthatthey couldcreate afaint lightfor three-and-a-half hours.The light,about one-thousandth ofthe amountneeded toread by,is justa start.The technology,Strano said,could oneday beusedtolight therooms oreven toturn treeinto self-powered streetlamps.inthefuture,the teamhopes todevelop aversion ofthe technologythat canbe sprayedonto plantleaves ina one-off treatmentthat wouldlast theplants lifetime.The engineersare alsotrying todevelop anon andoff”switch”where theglow wouldfade whenexposed todaylight.Lighting accountsfor about7%ofthetotal electricityconsumed inthe US.Since lightingis oftenfar removedfromthepower source（电源）-such asthe distancefrom apower plantto streetlamps ona remotehighway-alotof energyis lostduring transmission（传输）.Glowing plantscould reducethis distanceand thereforehelp saveenergy.

32.What isthe firstparagraph mainlyaboutA.A newstudy ofdifferent plants.B.A bigfall incrime rates.C.Employees fromvarious workplaces.D.Benefits fromgreen plants.

33.What isthe functionofthesensorsprinted on plantleaves byMIT engineerA.To detectplants9lack ofwater B.To changecompositions of plants C.To makethe lifeofplantslonger.D.To testchemicals inplants.

34.What canwe expectoftheglowing plantsinthefuture A.They willspeed upenergy production.B.They maytransmit electricitytothehome.C.They mighthelp reduceenergy consumption.D.They couldtake theplace of power plants.

35.Which ofthe followingcanbethe besttitle forthe textA.Can wegrow moreglowing plantsB.How dowe livewith glowing plants C.Could glowingplants replacelamps D.How areglowingplantsmade pollution-free【答案】

32.D

33.A

34.C

35.C【解析】这是一篇说明文文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用

32.主旨大意题根据第一段中A studyconducted inYoungstown,Ohio,for example,discoveredthatgreener areasofthecity experiencedless crime.In another,employees wereshown tobe15%more productivewhen theirworkplaces weredecorated withhouseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率较低在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处故选D

33.细节理解题根据第二段中These includeplants thathave sensorsprintedontheir leavesto showwhen theyreshort ofwater anda plantthat candetect harmfulchemicals ingroundwater.可矢口这就包括叶子上E[3有传感器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质由此可知，麻省理工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况故选Ao

34.细节理解题根据最后一段中Glowing plantscould reducethis distanceand thereforehelp saveenergy.可知发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能源消耗故选C

35.主旨大意题根据最后一段中Lighting accountsfor about7%ofthetotal electricityconsumed inthe US.Since lightingis oftenfar removedfromthepower source-such asthe distancefromapower plantto streetlamps ona remotehighway-alotof energyis lostduring transmission.Glowing plantscould reducethis distanceand thereforehelp saveenergy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%0由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题故选C

6.2019年全国卷I之D篇During therosy years of elementary school（小学），I enjoyedsharing mydolls andjokes,which allowedme tokeep myhigh socialstatus.I was the queenoftheplayground.Then camemy tweensand teens,and meangirls andcool kids.They roseintheranks notby beingfriendly butby smokingcigarettes,breaking rulesand playingjokes onothers,among whomI soonfound myself.Popularity isa well-explored subjectin socialpsychology.Mitch Prinstein,a professorof clinicalpsychology sortsthepopularinto twocategories:the likableandthestatusseekers.The likables9plays-well-with-others qualitiesstrengthen schoolyardfriendships,jump-start interpersonalskills and,when tappedearly,are employedever afterin lifeand work.Then theresthe kindof popularitythat appearsin adolescence:status bornofpowerand evendishonorable behavior.Enviable asthe coolkids mayhave seemed,Dr.Prinsteins studiesshow unpleasantconsequences.Those who were highestin statusin highschool,as wellasthoseleast likedin elementaryschool,are mostlikely toengage（从事）in dangerousand riskybehavior9In onestudy,Dr.Prinstein examinedthetwotypes ofpopularity in235adolescents,scoring theleast liked,the mostliked andthe highestin statusbased onstudent surveys（调查研究）.We foundthattheleast well-liked teenshad becomemore aggressiveover time toward theirclassmates.But sohad thosewhowerehigh instatus.It clearlyshowed thatwhile likabilitycan leadto healthyadjustment,high statushas justthe oppositeeffect onus.”Dr.Prinstein hasalso foundthatthequalities thatmade theneighbors wantyou ona playdate-sharing,kindness,openness――carry overto lateryears andmake youbetter ableto relateand connectwithothers.In analyzinghis andother research,Dr.Prinstein cameto anotherconclusion:Not onlyis likabilityrelated topositive lifeoutcomes,but itis alsoresponsible forthose outcomes,too.n Beingliked createsopportunities forlearning andfor newkinds oflife experiencesthathelpsomebody gainan advantage,he said.

32.What sortof girlwastheauthor inher earlyyearsof elementaryschoolA.Unkind.B.Lonely.C.Generous.D.Cool.

33.What isthe secondparagraph mainlyaboutA.The classificationofthepopular.B.The characteristicsof adolescents.C.The importanceof interpersonalskills.D.The causesof dishonorablebehavior

34.What didDr.Prinsteins studyfind aboutthe mostliked kidsA.They appearedtobeaggressive.B.They tendedtobemore adaptable.C.They enjoyedthe higheststatus.D.They performedwell academically.

35.What isthe besttitleforthetextA.Be Nice-You WontFinish LastB.The Higherthe Status,the BeerC.Be theBest-You CanMake ItD.More Self-Control,Less Aggressiveness【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响

32.C【解析】推理判断题根据第一段During therosy yearsofelementaryschool,I enjoyedsharing mydolls andjokes,which allowedmetokeep myhigh socialstatus（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我保持了高高的社会地位）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩unkind不友善的；lonely寂寞的；generous慷慨的；cool冷静的，故选C。

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