专题48.主旨大意题——抽取主干细加工（教师版）---2023届高三英语总复习（通用版）

主旨大意题――抽取主干细加工?目标导航―主旨人意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，囚为该类试题不仅考直考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征正确选项特征干扰选项特征L过于笼统，不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容L涵盖性强，覆所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的盖全文或全段

2.以偏概全，主次不分细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的

2.确定的范围恰事实或细节充当全文的主要观点当，既不太大，所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B也不太小

3.移花接木，偷换概念上，若不留神，极易选错答案

3.精确性强，不所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔会改变语言表意

4.无中生有，生搬硬套细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无的程度及色彩联系类型一标题归纳题

一、常见设问方式?The best title of the passage is.?Which of the followingis the best titleof the passage?What would be thebesttitle for the passage?The mostappropriate titleof the passage is.

二、解题必备知能

（一）理解标题的3大特点一个好的标题应具备三大特点

1.概括性――准确而又简短；

2.针对性――标题外延正好与文章内容相符；

3.醒目性――能引发读者的阅读欲望4二）巧用3大方法确定文章标题

1.正面肯定法在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；

2.反面否定法撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容,of worldlanguages afterthe Neolithic age,with theuse off and increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years.These soundsare stillnot foundin the languages ofmany hunter-gatherer peopletoday.This researchoverturns thepopular viewthat allhuman speech sounds werepresent whenhuman beingsevolved around300,000years ago.The setof speech sounds weuse hasnot necessarilyremained stablesince theappearance of human beings,but ratherthe hugevariety ofspeech soundsthat wefind todayis theproduct ofa complexinterplay ofthings likebiological changeand culturalevolution/said StevenMoran,a memberof the research team.

34.What isparagraph5mainly about

1.Supporting evidencefor the research results.

8.Potential applicationof theresearch findings.

9.A furtherexplanation of theresearch methods.

10.A reasonabledoubt about theresearchprocess.A【解析】主旨大意题根据第五段中的“Analyses ofa languagedatabase alsoconfirmed that there was a globalchange in the soundof worldlanguages afterthe soNeolithicage,with theuse off andincreasingremarkablyduringthe lastfewthousandyears.These soundsare stillnot foundin thelanguages ofmany hunter-gatherer peopletoday.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，咛和“v”的使用显著增加这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果故选A项随堂练习2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新高考全国II卷）C ABritish womanwho won a SImillion prizeafter she was named the WorldsBest Teacherwill usethe cashto bringinspirational figuresinto UKschools.Andria Zafirakou,a northLondon secondaryschool teacher,said shewanted tobring abouta classroomrevolution（变革）.We aregoing to make achange,“she said.Ive starteda project to promotethe teaching of the arts inour schools.”The projectresults from the difficultiesmany schoolshave ingetting artistsof anysort-whether anup-and-coming localmusician ora majormovie star-into schoolsto workwith andinspire children.Zafirakou beganthe projectat AlpertonCommunity Schoolher placeof workfor the past twelveyears.Tve seenthose magicmoments whenchildren aretalking tosomeone they are inspiredby-their eyesare shiningand theirfaces lightup,“she said.We needartists.more thanever inour schools.1Artist MichaelCraig-Martin said:Andrias brilliantprojecttobring artistsfrom allfields intodirect contactwith childrenis particularlywelcome ata timewhen the arts arebeing downgradedin schools.n Itwas amistake tosee the arts asunnecessary,he added.Historian SirSimon Schamais alsoa supporterof theproject.He saidthat artseducation in schools wasnot justan add-on.It is absolutely necessary.The futuredepends oncreativity andcreativity depends on theyoung.What willremain ofus whenartificial intelligencetakes overwill beour creativity,and it is ourcreative spirit,our visionarysense offreshness,that hasbeen ourstrength forcenturies/

11.What willZafirakou dowith herprize moneyA.Make amovie.B.Build newschools.C.Run a project.D.Help localmusicians.

12.What doesCraig-Martin thinkof the teachingof the arts in UKschools A.It isparticularly difficult.B.It increasesartists*income.C.It openschildrens mind.D.It deservesgreater attention.

13.What shouldbe stressedinschooleducation according to SchamaA.Moral principles.B.Interpersonal skills.C.Creative abilities.D.Positive worldviews.

14.Which of the followingis asuitable titlefor the text A.Bring Artiststo SchoolsB.When HistoriansMeet ArtistsC.Arts Educationin BritainD.The WorldsBest ArtsTeacher【分析】这是一篇记叙文文章讲述了英国一名女子在被评为世界最佳教师后获得了100万英镑的奖金，她将用这笔奖金发起一个项目，让艺术家进入学校8C【解析】细节理解题根据文章第二段“Andria Zafirakou,a northLondon secondaryschool teacher,said shewanted tobring abouta classroomrevolution.6We aregoing tomake achange Jshe said.“Ive starteda projectto promotethe teachingof the arts inour schools.”（伦敦4匕部中学教师安德里亚?扎菲拉库（Andria Zafirakou）表示，她想掀起一场课堂革命「我们将做出改变，”她说“我已经启动了一个项目，以促进我们学校的艺术教学”可知，Zafirakou打算用自己的奖金运行一个项目故选C9A【解析】推理判断题根据文章第三段“The projectresults from the difficultiesmany schoolshave ingetting artistsof anysort-whether anup-and-coming localmusician ora majormovie star-into schoolsto workwith andinspire children.（许多学校很难让任何类型艺术家--------------------------无论是当地崭露头角的音乐家还是主要的电影明星――进入学校，与孩子们一起工作并激励他们，因此才有了这个项目）”可知，Craig-Martin认为，英国学校的艺术教学尤其困难故选Ao10C【解析】细节理解题根据文章最后一段“It is absolutely necessary.The futuredependsoncreativity andcreativity dependson theyoung.（这是绝对必要的未来取决于创造力，而创造力取决于年轻人）”可知，Schama认为学校教育应该强调创造力故选C11A【解析】主旨大意题根据文章第二段“Andria Zafirakou,a northLondon secondaryschool teacher,said shewanted tobring abouta classroomrevolution.We aregoing tomake achange,“she said.Ive startedaprojectto promotetheteachingof the artsinour schools.（伦敦北部中学教师安德里亚?扎菲拉库（Andria Zafirakou）表示，她想掀起一场课堂革命“我们将做出改变，‘她说“我已经启动了一个项目，以促进我们学校的艺术教学）可知，文章讲述了Andria Zafirakou用自己的奖金启动了一个项目，将艺术家带进学校，促进艺术教学故选Ao2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（天津卷）D Artis everywhere.Any publicspace hasbeen carefullydesigned by an artisticmind to be bothfunctional andbeautiful.Why,then,is artstill sowidely consideredto bethe easysubject1at school,insignificant towider society,a wasteof timeand effortArt canconnect culturewith commercial products in a waythat notmany otherthings can;art generatesmoney andholds significantemotional and cultural valuewithin communities.When peopleattend a concert,they arepaying fbrmusic,sure,maybe evenhotel rooms,meals,and transport,but theyalso gain an incredibleexperience,a uniqueatmosphere and a memorythat willgo throughthe restof theirlives.People don!t justwant materialthings anymore,they wantto experiencelife一theartsare aperfect crossover（交迭）between cultureand commerce.Furthermore,theartscan bringcommunities together,reducing lonelinessand makingpeople feelsafer.Social bondsare createdamong individualswhen theyshare their arts experiencesthrough reflection and discussion,and theirexpression ofcommon valuesthrough artworksin honourof eventssignificant to a nationsexperience.The artsclearly have a prettypositive impacton physicaland psychologicalhealth.It isfound thatpeople whofrequent culturalplaces orparticipate in artistic eventsare morelikely togain goodhealth comparedto thosewho donot;more engagement with thearts islinked to a higherlevel ofpeoples wellbeing.The RoyalSociety ofPublic Healthdiscovered thatmusic andart,when used in hospitals,help toimprove theconditions ofpatients byreducing stress,anxiety andblood pressure.Children who are involvedwith thearts makegreater achievementsin theireducation:those engagedwith dramahave greaterliterary abilitywhile otherstaking partin musicalpractice exhibitgreater skillsin mathand languages.Kids withpreference for theartshaveagreater chanceof findingemployment in the future.Participating in theartsis essentialfor childdevelopment;encouraging childrento expressthemselves inconstructive wayscould helpto formhealthy emotionalresponses inlater life.Vital tohuman life,art iscelebrated andused bynations across the worldfor variouspurposes.Life withoutart would be boringand deadstill,for art is apart of what makesus human.

51.Art productsdiffer frommost othercommercialproductsbecause.A.most peoplepurchase themfor collectionB.theyare more expensiveand lessaccessible C.they haveboth commercialandculturalvalues D.their pricesmay climbup astime passes

52.By sharingtheirarts experiences,community memberscan.A.keep thecommunity safefrom illnessesB.develop astronger tiebetween themC.learn toappreciate their own worksof artD.offer honourablesolutions to their problems

53.What canwe learnabout people whoare involved inartistic activitiesA.They enjoybetter livingconditions.B.They liketo comparethemselves withothers.C.They areparticularly goodat bothmusic andart.D.They tendto behealthier physicallyand mentally.

54.How doeskids*engagementwith theartsbenefit themA Ttpromotes theiracademic performanceand emotionalgrowth.B.It givesthem moreconfidence inexhibiting theirlearning skills.C.It inspirestheir creativityin designingtheir futurecareer.D.It helpstomakeresponsible peopleout of them.

55.What is thebesttitleforthis passageA.How ArtCures OurHearts B.Art:A Blessingto HumankindC.How ArtBenefits CommunitiesD.Art:A BridgeBetween Cultures【分析】本文是一篇说明文讲述了艺术这一活动对人类的重要意义，是我们不可或缺的社会生活之一从赋予商品的商业价值，人类的身心健康和青少年的学术和情感发展等方面论述了艺术的重要意义51c【解析】细节理解题根据第一段“Any publicspace hasbeen carefullydesigned byan artisticmind to be bothfunctional andbeautiful.（任何公共空间都是由艺术家精心设计的，既实用又美观）以及“Art canconnect culturewith commercialproducts ina waythat notmany otherthings can”（艺术可以将文化与商业产品联系起来，这是其他很多东西都做不到的）可以看出，可见艺术参与的作品兼具文化价值和商业价值故选择C52B【解析】细节理解题根据第三段“Social bondsare createdamong individualswhen theyshare theirartsexperiencesthrough reflectionand discussion,,and theirexpression ofcommon valuesthrough artworksin honorof eventssignificant toa nationsexperience.”（当个人通过反思和讨论分享他们的艺术经验，并通过艺术作品表达共同的价值观，以纪念对一个国家的经验有重要意义的事件时，社会纽带就在他们之间建立起来），可见通过分享经历，可以建立一种特殊的联系和纽带故选择B53D【解析】细节理解题根据第四段“It isfound thatpeoplewhofrequent culturalplaces orparticipate inartistic eventsaremorelikely togain goodhealth comparedto thosewho donot”（研究发现，经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人比不经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人更容易获得健康；），可见参加艺术活动的人们在身心上都相对更加健康故选择D54A【解析】细节理解题根据第五段“Children whoareinvolvedwith thearts makegreater achievementsin theireducation^^（参与艺术的孩子在他们的教育中取得更大的成就）以及encouraging childrento expressthemselves inconstructive wayscould helpto formhealthy emotionalresponses inlater life/9（有助于在以后的生活中形成健康的情感反应）可见艺术活动促进了孩子们的学业表现和情感成长故选择A55B【解析】主旨大意题根据最后一段Vital tohuman life,artiscelebrated andused bynations acrossthe worldfor variouspurposes.Life withoutart wouldbe boringand deadstill,for artis apart ofwhat makesus human.”（艺术对人类的生命至关重要，世界各国为各种目的庆祝和使用艺术没有艺术的生活将是无聊和死气沉沉的，因为艺术是我们人类的一部分）可见艺术是人类重要的部分，文章中也详细描述了艺术对不同人群的好处所以短文的最佳标题为“艺术:人类的福祉”故选择B2021年高考浙江卷B Welive ina townwith threebeaches.There aretwo partsless than10minutes,walk fromhome whereneighborhood childrengather to play.However,what mychildren wantto doafter schoolis pickup ascreen-any screen-and stareat itfor hours.They arenot alone.Todays childrenspend anaverage offour anda halfhours a day lookingat screens,split betweenwatching televisionand usingthe Internet.In thepast fewyears,an increasingnumber ofpeople andorganisations havebegun comingup withplans tocounter thistrend.A coupleof years ago film-maker David Bond realisedthat hischildren,then agedfive andthree,were attachedto screensto thepoint wherehewas able tosay“chocolate“into histhree-year-old sonsear withoutgetting aresponse.He realisedthat somethingneeded tochange,and,being aLondon mediatype,appointed himselfmarketing directorfrom Nature”.He documentedhis journeyas heset abouttreating natureas abrand tobe marketedto youngpeople.The resultwas Project Wild Thing,a filmwhich chartsthe birthof theWorld Network,a group of organisationswith thecommon goal of gettingchildren outinto nature.Just fivemore minutesoutdoors can make adifference,David Bondsays.There isa lot of reallyinteresting evidencewhich seemstobesuggesting thatif childrenare inspiredup to the ageof seven,then beingoutdoors will be onhabit forlife/5His ownchildren havegot into the habitof playingoutside now:u Wejust sendthem outinto thegarden andtell themnot tocome backin for a while.^^Summer isupon us.There isan amazingworld out there,and itneeds ourchildren as much asthey needit.Let usget themout andlet themplay.

4.What is the problemwith the authors childrenA.They oftenannoy theirneighbours,homework.B.They aretired ofdoing theirC.They haveno friendstoplaywith long.D.They stayin front of screensfor too

5.How didDavid Bondadvocate hisidea A.By makinga documentaryfilm.B.By organizingoutdoor activities.C.By advertisingin London media.D.By creatinga networkof friends.

6.Which of the followingcan replacethe underlinedword“charts“in paragraph2A.records B.predicts C.delays D.confirms

7.What can be asuitable titlefor the text A.Let ChildrenHave Fun

8.Young ChildrenNeed MoreFree TimeC.Market Natureto ChildrenD.David Bond:A RoleModel forChildren【分析】本文是一篇记叙文文章主要讲述了电影制作人David Bond为了让孩子们远离屏幕，拍摄自己的旅行，并将自然当作一个品牌，推销给年轻人4D【解析】细节理解题根据第一段中的“However,what mychildren wantto doafter schoolis pickup ascreen-any screen-and stareat itfor hours.（然而，我的孩子们放学后想做的是拿起一个屏幕――任何屏幕――盯着它看几个小时）“可知，作者的孩子在屏幕前呆的时间太长了故选D项5A【解析】细节理解题根据第二段“He documentedhis journeyas heset abouttreating natureas abrand tobe markedto youngpeople.（他记录了他的旅程，他开始把大自然当作一个品牌，让年轻人看到）”可知，David Bond通过拍一个纪录片宣传他的想法故选A项6A【解析】词句猜测题根据划线词上文“a film”可知，本句主语是一部电影，下文“the birthof theWorld Network（世界网络的诞生）‘‘解释了这部电影的主旨由此推知，划线词charts意为“记录、描绘”，与records”意思一致故选A项7C【解析】主旨大意题根据第二段中的He documentedhis journeyas heset abouttreating natureasabrand tobe marketedto youngpeople.The resultwas ProjectWild Thing,a filmwhich chartsthe birthof theWorld Network,a group of organisationswith thecommon goalof gettingchildren outinto nature（.他把自己的旅行记录下来，开始把自然当作一个品牌，推销给年轻人其结果是ProjectWildThing,一部记录了World Network（世界网络）诞生的电影，World Network（世界网络）是以让孩子们接触大自然为共同目标的团体广可推知，本文主要讲述了电影制作人DavidBond为了让孩子们远离屏幕，拍摄自己的旅行，并将自然当作一个品牌,推销给年轻人由此可知，C项Market Natureto Children（把自然推销给年轻人）适合作本文标题故选C项2021年高考浙江卷C Ifyou everget theimpression thatyour dogcan tell1whether youlook contentor annoyed,you maybe ontosomething.Dogs mayindeed be able todistinguish betweenhappy andangry humanfaces,according toa newstudy Researchers trained a groupof11dogs todistinguish betweenimages（图像）of the same person making either a happy or an angry face.During the training stage,each dogwas shownonly theupper halfor thelower half of the persons face.The researchersthen testedthe dogs*ability todistinguish betweenhuman facial expressions byshowing themthe otherhalf of the persons face onimages totallydifferent fromthe onesused intraining.The researchersfound that the dogswere able to pickthe angryor happyface bytouching apicture ofit with their nosesmore oftenthan onewould expectby randomchance.The studyshowed theanimals hadfigured outhow toapply what they learnedabout humanfaces during training to new facesin thetesting stage.We canrule outthat the dogs simplydistinguish betweenthe picturesbased ona simplecue,such asthe sightof teeth,n saidstudy authorCorsin Muller.n Instead,our resultssuggest that the successfuldogs realizedthat asmiling mouthmeans the same thingas smilingeyes,and the same ruleapplies toan angrymouth havingthe samemeaning asangry eyes.”With ourstudy,we thinkwe cannow confidentlyconclude that at leastsome dogs can distinguishhuman facialexpressions,Muller toldLive Science.At this point,itisnot clearwhy dogsseem tobe equippedwith theability to recognize differentfacialexpressionsin humans.n To us,the mostlikely explanationappears tobe that the basislies in their livingwith humans,which givesthem a lot ofexposure tohuman facialexpressions/and thisexposure hasprovided themwith manychances tolearn todistinguish betweenthem,Muller said.

8.The newstudy focusedon whetherdogscan.A.distinguish shapesB.make sense ofhumanfaces C.feel happyor angryD.communicate witheach other

9.What canwe learnaboutthe study fromparagraph2A.Researchers testedthe dogsin randomorder.B.Diverse methodswere adoptedduringtraining.C.Pictures usedin thetwo stageswere differentD.The dogswere photographedbefore thelest.

10.What isthelastparagraph mainly about A.A suggestionfor futurestudies.B.A possiblereason for the studyfindings.C.A majorlimitation of thestudyD.An explanationoftheresearchmethod.【分析】这是一篇说明文一项研究证明狗能够识别人类的面部表情，但目前还不清楚它们为什么有这种能力，可能的原因是它们长时间与人类共同生活8B【解析】细节理解题根据第二段的“Researcherstrainedagroupof11dogs todistinguish betweenimages ofthesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.（研究人员训|练了11只狗来区分同一个人脸上的表情是高兴还是愤怒）”可知，该新研究的关注点是狗是否能够区分人的面部表情故选B9C【解析】细节理解题根据第二段的“During thetraining stage,each dogwas shownonly theupper halforthelower halfofthepersonsface.The researchersthen testedthedogsability todistinguish betweenhuman facialexpressions byshowing themthe otherhalfofthepersonsface orimages totallydifferent fromthe onesusedintraining4在训练阶段，每只狗只看到人脸的上半部分或下半部分研究人员随后测试了狗辨别人类面部表情的能力，向狗展示了人的另一半面部或与训练中使用的完全不同的图像厂可知，在训练和测试阶段，狗看的照片是不一样的故选C10B【解析】主旨大意题根据最后一段的““Tous,the mostlikely explanationappears tobe thatthe basislies in their livingwith humans,which givesthem a lotofexposure tohuman facialexpressions,and thisexposure hasprovided themwith manychances tolearn todistinguish betweenthem,9Muller said.（Muller“对我们来说，最可能的解释似乎是，基于他们与人类生活在一起,这让他们有很多机会接触人类的面部表情,而这种接触为他们提供了很多机会,让他们学会区分他们”户可知，最后一段主要讲述了狗能够辨别人类面部表情的可能原因故选Bo然后和原文章对照,排除不符选项;

3.研读备选项本身研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等［例］Good MorningBritains SusannaReid isused togrilling guestson thesofa everymorning,but sheis cookingup astorm in her latestrole-showing familieshow toprepare deliciousand nutritiousmeals ona tightbudget.In Save Money:Good Food,she visitsa differenthome eachweek andwiththehelp ofchef MattTebbutt offerstop tipson howto reducefood waste,while preparingrecipes forunder￡5per familyaday.And theGood MorningBritain presentersays shesbeen ableto put alotofwhatshes learntinto practiceinherown home,preparing mealsfor sons,Sam,14,Finn,13,and Jack,

11.“We loveMexican churros,so Ibuy themon myphone frommy localMexican takeawayrestaurant,she explains.I pay￡5foraportion（一份），but Mattmakes themfor26p aportion,because theyare flour,water,sugar andoil.Everybody canbuy takeawayfood,but sometimeswere notaware howcheaply wecanmakethis foodourselves.^^The eight-part series（系列节目），Save Money:Good Food,follows in the footstepsof ITVsSave Money:Good Health,which gaveviewers adviceon howto getvalue fromthe vastrange ofhealth productson themarket.With foodour biggestweekly householdexpense,Susanna andMatt spendtime with a differentfamily eachweek.In tonightsEaster specialthey cometotheaid ofa familyin needof somedelicious inspirationonabudget.The teamtransforms thefamily*s longweekend ofcelebration with less expensivebut stilltasty recipes.

27.What canbe asuitable titlefor thetext A.Keeping Fitby EatingSmart B.Balancing OurDaily DietC.Making Yourselfa PerfectChef D.Cooking Wellfor Less［解题示范］第一步读文章，概括文意本文是一篇新闻报道《早安英国》的节目主持人苏珊娜?瑞德新推出了一档节目SaveMoney:Good Food,向观众展示如何用较少的预算做出美味营养的饭菜第二步析选项，斟酌判断A通过明智的吃来保持健康文中虽提到有关饮食和健康方面的内容，但这不是文章主要以偏概全，主次不分内容B平衡我们的日常饮食无中生有，生搬硬套文中没有提到平衡日常饮食C让你自己成为一个完美的厨师文中只是提到用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜，没有说做一个以偏概全，主次不分完美的厨师D用的少，烹饪好涵盖性强，覆盖全文文章围绕用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜展开的［答案I D2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国甲卷）B篇节选Goffins cockatoos,a kindof smallparrot nativeto Australasia,have beenshown to have similarshape-recognition abilitiestoahuman two-year-old.Though notknown touse toolsin thewild,the birdshave provedskilful attool usewhile keptinthecage.In arecent experiment,cockatoos werepresented with a boxwithanut insideit.The clearfrontofthe boxhad a“keyhole”inageometric shape,and thebirds weregiven fivedifferently shaped“keys”to choosefrom.Inserting the correct keywould letoutthenut.In humans,babies canputaround shapeinaround holefrom aroundone yearof age,but itwill be another yearbefore theyare ableto dothesamewithlesssymmetrical（对称的）shapes.This ability torecognizethatashape willneed tobe turnedinaspecific directionbefore itwill fitis calledan allocentricframe ofreference^^.In theexperiment,Goffins cockatooswere ableto selectthe righttool for the job,in mostcases,by visualrecognition alone.Where trial-and-error wasused,the cockatoosdid betterthan monkeysin similartests.This indicatesthat Goffinscockatoos doindeed possessan allocentricframe ofreference whenmoving objectsin space,similar totwo-year-old babies.The nextstep,accordingtothe researchers,is totry andwork outwhether thecockatoos relyentirely onvisual clues（线索），or alsouse asenseoftouch inmaking theirshape selections.

27.Which canbe asuitable titleforthetext A.Cockatoos:Quick ErrorCheckers B.Cockatoos:Independent LearnersC.Cockatoos:Clever Signal-Readers D.Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters D【解析】主旨大意题通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin、cockatoos,a kindof smallparrot nativeto Australasia,have beenshown tohave similarshape-recognition abilitiestoahuman two-year-old.（科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似）”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉D项“Cockatoos:Skilfiil Shape-Sorters（凤头鹦鹉识别形状的熟练工）”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题故选D类型二文章大意题

一、常见设问方式?Whats the main idea/point ofthepassage?The passageis mainly about.?The passageis mainlyconcerned about.?Which ofthe followingbest statesthe main idea ofthepassage?Which ofthe followingstatements bestexpresses themain idea/theme ofthepassage?In thispassage theauthor discussesprimarily.?The subjectdiscussed inthis textis.?The general/mainidea ofthepassageisabout.

二、解题必备知能掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意文章是由段落组成的段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节用浏览法skimming,即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句以下是找主题句的四个小窍门

1.段落中出现表示转折的词语如however,but,in fact,actually等时，该句很可能是主题句

2.首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨

3.作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词

4.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore,thus,in short,conclude,conclusion等词，通常是主旨［例］Languages havebeen coming and goingfor thousandsof years,but inrecent timesthere hasbeen lesscomingandalotmore going.When the world wasstill populatedby hunter-gatherers,small,tightly knit联系groups developedtheirownpatterns ofspeech independentof eachother.Some languageexperts believethat10,000years ago,when the world hadjust fiveto tenmillion people,they spokeperhaps12,000languages betweenthem.Soon afterwards,many ofthose peoplestarted settlingdown tobecome farmers,and theirlanguages toobecame moresettled andfewer innumber.In recentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,the development ofthenation-state and the spreadof universalcompulsory education,especially globalisationand bettercommunications inthepastfew decades,all havecaused manylanguages todisappear,and dominantlanguages such as English,Spanish andChinese areincreasingly takingover.At present,the worldhas about6,800languages.The distributionof theselanguages ishugely uneven.The generalrule isthat mildzones haverelatively fewlanguages,often spoken by manypeople,while hot,wet zoneshave lots,often spokenby smallnumbers.Europe hasonly around200languages;the Americasabout1,000;Africa2,400;and AsiaandthePacific perhaps3,200,of whichP叩ua NewGuinea aloneaccounts forwell over

800.The mediannumber中位数of speakersisamere6,000,which meansthat halfthe worldslanguages arespokenbyfewer peoplethan that.Already wellover400ofthetotal of6,800languages areclose toextinction消亡，with onlya fewelderly speakersleft.Pick,at random,Busuu inCameroon eightremaining speakers,Chiapaneco inMexico150,Lipan ApacheintheUnited Statestwo orthree orWadjigu inAustralia one,withaquestion-mark:none ofthese seemstohavemuch chanceof survival.

31.What isthemainidea ofthetext A.New languageswill becreated.B.Peoples lifestylesare reflectedin languages.C.Human developmentresults infewer languages.D.Geography determineslanguage evolution.［解题示范］第一步读文章，概括文意文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象第二步析选项，斟酌判断A新语言将会被创造移花接木，偷换概念文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造B人们的生活方式会反映到语言上无中生有，生搬硬套文中没有这种说法C人类的发展导致语言越来越少文章介绍了世界上语言多样性的发展变化以及现在很多语涵盖性强，覆盖全文言面临消亡的威胁这一现象D地理决定语言的发展无中生有，生搬硬套文中没有这种说法［答案］C2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试全国甲卷C篇节选As GinniBazlinton reachedAntarctica,she foundherself greetedbyagroupoflittle Gentoopenguins企鹅longing tosay hello.These gentle,lovely gatekeeperswelcomed herand kick-started whatwas tobeatrip Ginniwould neverforget.Ever sinceher childhood,Ginni,now71,has hada deeplove fortravel.Throughout hercareer（职业）asaprofessional dancer,she touredintheUK,but alwayslonged toexplore further.When sheretired fromdancing andher sonseventually flewthe nest,she decidedit wastime totake theplunge.After takinga degreeat ChichesterUniversity inRelated Arts,Ginni beganto traveltheworld,eventually gettingwork teachingEnglish inJapan andChile.And it was inChile shediscovered shecould getlast-minute cheapdeals onships goingto Antarcticafromtheislands offTierra delFuego,the southernmosttip ofthe SouthAmerican mainland.I justdecided Iwanted togo Jshe says.I hadno ideaabout whatId findthere andI wasntnervous,I justwanted to do it.And Iwanted todo italone asI alwaysprefer itthat way.”In March2008,Ginni boardeda shipwith48passengers shednever metbefore,to beginthe journeytowards Antarctica.From seeingthe wildlifeto witnessingsunrises,the wholeexperience wasamazing.Antarctica leftan impressiononmethat noother placehas,“Ginni says.“I rememberthe firsttime Isaw ahumpback whale;it justrose outofthewater likesome prehistoriccreature andI thoughtitwassmiling atus.You couldstill hearthe operaticsounds itwas makingunderwater.^^The realizationthat thisisaprecious land,toberespected byhumans,was oneofthebiggest thingsthat hithome toGinni.

31.What isthetextmainlyabout A.A childhooddream.B.An unforgettableexperience.C.Sailing aroundtheworld.D.Meeting animalsin Antarctica.B【解析】主旨大意题通读全文可知，文章主要讲述了GinniBalinton去南极旅行的经历,再根据第――段“These gentlelovely gatekeeperswelcomed herand kick-started whatwas tobeatrip Ginniwould neverforget.（这些温柔可爱的看门人欢迎了她，并开始了一次Ginni永远不会忘记的旅行）”和倒数第二段GinniBalinton对南极之旅的评价可知，文章主要介绍了Ginni Balinton去南极洲之旅让她非常难忘由此可知，An unforgettableexperience.（一次难忘的经历）能够概括文章主旨故选B类型三段落大意题

一、常见设问方式?What doestheauthortell usin Paragraph...?The mainideaofthe secondparagraph probablyis.?The firstparagraph ismainlyabout.?Which ofthe followingcan bestsummarize Para.1?What isthe firstparagraph mainlyabout

二、解题必备知能归纳段落大意的2种方法方法1:概括段落大意要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构1如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；2如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；3如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；4如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；5如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；6如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意方法2揣摩段落大意有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意［例］Terrafugia Inc.said Mondaythat itsnew flying car hascompleted itsfirst flight,bringing thecompany closerto itsgoalofselling theflyingcarwithin thenext year.The vehicle―namedthe Transition-has two seats,four wheelsand wingsthat foldup soit canbe drivenlike acar.The Transition,which flewat1,400feet foreight minuteslast month,can reacharound70miles perhour on the roadand115inthe air.It fliesusing a23-gallon tankof gasand burns5gallons perhour inthe air.On theground,it gets35miles pergallon.???

28.What isthe firstparagraph mainlyaboutA.The basicdata ofthe Transition.B?The advantagesof flying cars.C.The potentialmarket forflyingcars.D.The designersofthe Transition.［解题示范］第一步读文章，概括段意该段没有主题句，但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车the Transition的相关情况

①制造商Terrafugia Inc.

②首飞成功completed itsfirst flight

③上市时间within thenext year

④飞车名字the Transition

⑤飞车构成twoseats,four wheelsand wings

⑥飞行时速around70miles perhour onthe roadand115intheair

⑦耗油5gallons perhour intheair;On theground,35miles pergallon由以上信息可以看出该段主要描述了飞车the Transition的一些基本数据第二步析选项，斟酌判断飞车the Transition的基本数据A涵盖性强，覆盖全段A项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结飞车的一些优点该选项错误在于以下两点B

①该段介绍了名字为theTransition的飞车；而不是全无中生有，生搬硬套部飞车flying carso

②该段列举的是基本数据而不是优点飞车的潜在市场原文没有提及C无中生有，生搬硬套飞车theTransition的设计商D以偏概全，主次不分该选项仅仅是文章中的一个方面［答案］A2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试全国乙卷C篇节选Can asmall groupof drones（无人机）guarantee thesafety andreliability of railways and,atthesame time,help railwayoperators savebillions ofeuros eachyear Thatisthevery likelyfuture ofapplying todayseyes inthe sky“technology tomaking surethatthemillions ofkilometres ofrail tracksand infrastructure（基石出设施）worldwide aresafe fortrains ona24/7basis.Drones arealready beingused toexamine high-tension electricallines.They coulddo preciselythesamething to inspect railwaylines andother vitalaspects ofrail infrastructuresuch asthecorrectposition ofrailway tracksand switchingpoints.The moreregularly theycanbeinspected,the morerailway safety,reliability andon-time performancewillbeimproved.Costs wouldbe cutand operationswouldbemore efficient（高效）acrosstheboard.That includeshuge savingsin maintenancecosts andbetter protectionofrailwaypersonnel safety.It iscalculated thatEuropean railwaysalone spendapproximately20billion eurosa yearon maintenance,including sendingmaintenance staff,often atnight,toinspectand repairthe railinfrastmcture.That canbe dangerouswork thatcould beavoided withdrones assistingthe crews9efforts.By usingthe latesttechnologies,drones couldalso startproviding higher-value servicesfor railways,detecting faultsinthe rail orswitches,before theycan causeany safetyproblems.To performthese tasks,drones fbrrail dontneed tobe flyingoverhead.Engineers arenow workingonanew concept:theraildrones ofthe future.They willbe movingonthetrack ahead ofthetrain,and programmedto runautonomously.Very smalldrones withadvanced sensorsand AIand travellingaheadofthetraincould guideit likeaco-pilot.With theirabilitytosee ahead,they couldsignal anyproblem,so thatfast-moving trainswouldbeabletoreact intime.

31.Which isthe mostsuitable titleforthetextA.What FaultsCan BeDetected withDrones B.How Productionof DronesCan BeExpanded C.What DifficultyDrone DevelopmentWill FaceD.How DronesWill Changethe Futureof RailwaysD【解析】主旨大意题根据文章主题段第一段“Can asmall groupof drones（无人机）guarantee thesafety andreliability ofrailways and,atthesame time,help railwayoperators savebillions ofeuros eachyear Thatisthevery likelyfuture ofapplying todays“eyes inthe sky^technology tomaking surethatthemillions ofkilometers ofrail tracksand infrastructure（基石出设施）worldwide aresafe fortrains ona24/7basis.（一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行户以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题故选D2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新高考I卷）D节选Human speechcontains morethan2,000different sounds,fromthecommon mandatotherare clicksof somesouthern Africanlanguages.But whyare certainsounds morecommon thanothers Aground-breaking,five-year studyshows thatdiet-related changesin humanbite ledtonewspeechsoundsthat arenow foundin halfthe worldslanguages.More than30yearsago,the scholarCharles Hockettnoted thatspeechsoundscalled labiodentals,suchasfandv”,were morecommon inthelanguagesof societiesthat atesofter foods.Now ateam ofresearchers ledby DamianBlasi atthe Universityof Zurich,Switzerland,has foundhow andwhy thistrend arose.They discoveredthattheupper andlower frontteeth ofancient humanadults werealigned（对齐），making ithard toproduce labiodentals,which areformed bytouching thelower liptotheupper teeth.Later,our jawschanged toan overbitestructure（结构），making iteasier toproduce suchsounds.The teamshowed thatthis change in bitewas connectedwiththedevelopmentofagriculture inthe Neolithicperiod.Food becameeasier tochew atthispoint.The jawbonedidnt havetodoasmuchwork andso didntgrow tobe solarge.Analyses ofa languagedatabase alsoconfirmed thatthere wasa globalchangeinthe sound。

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