This standard applies to the terminology related to powder metallurgy. Powder metallurgy is a branch of metallurgy and materials science. It involves the preparation of metal powders and the manufacture of products from mixtures of metal powders with (or without) non-metallic powder additives through forming and sintering; it also includes the manufacture of parts by combining metal and non-metallic powders. GB/T 3500-1998 Powder Metallurgy Terminology GB/T3500-1998 Standard download decompression password: www.bzxz.net

ICS.77.160
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T3500—1998
idt ISO 3252:1996
Powder Metallurgy Vocabulary
Published on July 15, 1998
Implemented on February 1, 1999
Published by the State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision
GB/T3500-1998
ISOForeword
Terms and Definitions·
1 Powder
Powder Types||tt| |Powder additives
Powder pretreatment
Powder particle shape
Powder properties, test methods, test equipment and test results Forming
.........
Powder pressing process
Forming conditions
Molds and adapters
2.4 Crushing properties
3 Sintering·
Sintering process
Sintering conditions and sintering furnace
3.3 Sintering phenomenon
3.4 Properties of sintered parts.
Post-sintering treatment...
5 Powder metallurgy materials
5.1 Terms related to materials
5.2 Terms related to applications
Appendix A (suggestive appendix)
Chinese index
English index
Bibliography
GB/T3500—1998
GB3500--83 "Powder Metallurgy Terms" is equivalent to the international standard ISO3252:1 982, this standard has been in effect for 14 years. In addition, ISO3252 was greatly revised in 1996. In order to align the national standard with the international standard, ensure the advancement and practicality of the national standard, and promote the technological progress of our country, the Powder Metallurgy Research Institute of Central South University of Technology and the Standard Metrology Research Institute of China Nonferrous Metals Industry Corporation are responsible for revising the national standard GB3500-83 "Powder Metallurgy Terminology" by adopting the international standard ISO3252:1996 "Powder Metallurgy - Vocabulary".
GB/T3500-1998 is completely equivalent to ISO3252:1996, and GB3500-83 is only equivalent to ISO3252:1982; ISO3252:1996 is more complete in content and more scientific and reasonable in definition than ISO3252:1982, and adds many new terms used in the current powder metallurgy industry, a total of 256, while GB3500-83 has only 175, and GB/T3500-1998 is closer to the original ISO3252:1996 in the definition and annotation of terms. Therefore, GB/T3500-1998 is more complete in content than GB3500-83, and the definition is more scientific, standardized and reasonable.
Appendix A of this standard is a reminder appendix.
From the date of implementation of this standard, the original national standard GB3500-83 "Powder Metallurgy Terms" will be invalid. This standard was proposed by China Nonferrous Metals Industry Corporation. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the Standard Metrology Institute of China Nonferrous Metals Industry Corporation. This standard was drafted by the Powder Metallurgy Research Institute of Central South University of Technology, and the Standard Metrology Institute of China Nonferrous Metals Industry Corporation participated in the drafting.
The main drafters of this standard are Liao Jiqiao, Li Xibin, Qu Xuanhui, and Liu Shaoyun. GB/T3500—1998
ISO Foreword
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation composed of national standardization groups (ISO member groups). The work of formulating international standards is usually completed by ISO's technical committees. If each member group is interested in a standard project established by a technical committee, it has the right to participate in the work of the committee. International organizations (official or unofficial) that maintain contact with ISO can also participate in the relevant work. In the field of electrotechnical standardization, ISO maintains a close cooperative relationship with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The draft international standard formally adopted by the technical committee is submitted to the member groups for voting. The international standard must obtain the consent of at least 75% of the member groups participating in the vote before it can be formally adopted. The international standard ISO3252 was drafted by the SC1 terminology subcommittee of the ISO/TC119 technical committee on powder metallurgy. The fourth edition of ISO3252:1996 replaces the third edition of ISO3252:1982 and adds many terms currently used. Appendix A is for reference only.
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Powder Metallurgy-Vocabulary
Powder metallurgy-VocabularyGB/T3500—1998
idtISO3252:1996
Replaces GB3500—83
This standard applies to terms related to powder metallurgy. Powder metallurgy is a branch of metallurgy and materials science that involves the preparation of metal powders and the manufacture of products from mixtures of metal powders with (or without) non-metallic powder additives by forming and sintering; it also includes the synthesis of metal and non-metallic powders to make parts.
Terms are classified according to the following main headings:
1 Powder
2 Forming
3 Sintering
Post-sintering treatment
Powder metallurgy materials
Terms and definitions
1 Powder
1001 Powder
Usually refers to an aggregate of discrete particles with a size of less than 1 mm. 1002 Particle
Individual bodies that are not easily divided by ordinary separation methods and constitute powders. Note: Grains and particles are not the same in metallurgical definitions (see Figure 1). 1003 Agglomerate
A polymer composed of several particles bonded together (see Figure 1). 1004 Slurry
A pourable viscous dispersion system formed by powder in a liquid. 1005 Cake
A block of metal powder bonded together without forming. 1006Feedstock
Plasticized powder used as raw material for injection molding or powder extrusion. 1.1 Powder type
1101 Atomized powderatomized powder
Powder in which molten metal or alloy is dispersed into droplets and solidified into single particles. Note: The dispersion medium is usually a high-speed gas or liquid flow. 1102 Carbonyl powdercarbonyl powder
Powder made by thermal dissociation of metal carbonyl compounds. Approved by the State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision on July 15, 1998 and implemented on February 1, 1999
1103 Crushed powder
comminuted powder
Powder made by mechanically crushing solid metal 1104 Electrolytic powderelectrolytic powderPowder made by electrolytic deposition.
1105 Precipitated powderprecipitated powderPowder made by chemical precipitation from a solution. 1106 Reduced powder reduced powder
GB/T3500—1998
Powder made by reducing metal compounds by chemical reduction. 1107 Sponge powder
Sponge powder
Porous reduced powder made by crushing highly porous metal sponge obtained by reduction. 1108 Alloy powder alloyed powder
Metal powder made by partial or complete alloying of two or more components. 1109 Completely alloyed powder completely alloyed powder Alloy powder in which each powder particle has the same chemical composition as the whole powder. 1110 Pre-alloyed powder pre-alloyed powder usually refers to completely alloyed powder made by atomizing the melt. 1111 Partially alloyed powder partially alloyed powder Alloy powder in which the powder particle composition has not yet reached a completely alloyed state. 1112 Diffusion alloy powder diffusion alloyed powder Partially alloyed powder made by heat treatment. 1113 Mechanically alloyed powder Mechanically alloyed powder is a composite powder formed by mechanically combining several immiscible components to disperse the hard phase in the softer matrix metal powder particles.
1114 Master alloy powder Master alloyed powder is an alloying powder containing one or more elements with high concentrations, which are difficult to add in the pure metal state. Note: The required final composition can be obtained by mixing the master alloy powder with other powders. 1115 Composite powder composite powder
Powder in which each particle consists of two or more different components. 1116 Coated powder coated powder
Composite powder formed by a layer of heterogeneous components coated on the surface of the particles. 1117 Blended powder blended powder
Powder made by mixing different batches of powders with the same nominal composition. 1118 Mixed powder mixed powder || tt || Powder made by mixing powders of different chemical compositions, 1119 Press-ready mix, pre-mix powder prepared for pressing and mixed powder with other additives. 1120 Dehydride powder dehydride powder powder made by dehydrogenating metal hydrides. 1121 Rapidly solidified powder rapidly solidified powder powder made directly or indirectly by high condensation rate, whose particles have improved or metastable microstructure. 1122 Chopped powder chopped powder || tt || Powder made by pounding thin plates, thin strips, fibers or wires. 1123 Ultrasonically gas-atomized powder ultrasonically gas-atomized powder 2 || tt || GB/T3500—1998 || tt || In the process of gas atomization powder making, the powder is made by using ultrasonic vibration at the nozzle. 1.2 Powder additives
1201 Binder
A substance that can be removed before or during sintering and is added to the powder to improve the crush strength or prevent powder segregation. 1202 Dopant
A small amount of substance added to metal powder to prevent or control the recrystallization or grain growth of the sintered body during the sintering process or during use.
Note: This term is mainly used in tungsten powder metallurgy. 1203 Lubricant
A substance added to the powder to reduce the friction between particles and between the crush and the mold wall surface. 1204 Plasticizer
A thermoplastic material used as a binder to improve the formability of the powder. 1.3 Powder pretreatment
1301 Batch blending
The process of uniformly blending powders of the same nominal composition. 1302Mixing
The process of uniformly blending two or more powders of different components. 1303Milling
A general term for mechanical treatment of powders, the purpose of which is to: a) change the particle size or shape (crushing, agglomeration, etc.); b) fully mix;
c) coat the particles of one component with another component. 1304Granulation
The process of agglomerating finer particles into coarse powder agglomerates to improve the fluidity of the powder. Spraydrying
1305Spray drying
The process of granulating by rapidly evaporating the liquid in the slurry droplets. 1306Ultrasonic gas-atomizingUltrasonic gas-atomizingAtomization process in which an ultrasonic vibrating device is installed in the gas nozzle. 1307Chill-block coolingThe process of rapidly solidifying a thin layer of molten metal into powder on a solid substrate. 1308 Reaction milling
Mechanical alloying process, in which the metal reacts with additives or with the atmosphere or with both. 1309 Mechanical alloying The process of achieving solid-state alloying using a high-energy grinder or ball mill. 1.4 Powder particle shape
1401 Particle shape
The geometric shape of the powder particles.
1402 Acicular
The powder particles are needle-like (see Figure 2).
1403 Angular
GB/T3500—1998
The powder particles are polygonal or multi-angled (see Figure 3). 1404 Dendritic
The powder has a typical dendritic structure (see Figure 4). 1405 Fibrous
The powder has a regular or irregular slender fiber morphology (see Figure 5). 1406 flaky, flaked
powder particles are flat (see Figure 6). 1407 granular
powder particles are close to equiaxed, but irregular in shape (see Figure 7). 1408 irregular
powder particles are asymmetrical in shape (see Figure 8).
1409 nodular
powder particles are smooth on the surface and irregular in shape (see Figure 9). 1410 spheroidal
powder particles are close to spherical in shape (see Figure 10). 1.5 Powder properties, test methods, test equipment and test results 1501 Angle of repose
The angle between the slope of the pyramid formed when the powder is naturally piled up and the horizontal plane. 1502 Apparent density
The mass of the unit volume of powder freely filled under specified conditions. 1503 Bulk density
The mass of the unit volume of powder measured under non-specified conditions. 1504 Tap density
The mass of the unit volume of powder measured after the powder in the container is tapped under specified conditions (see GB/T5162). 1505 Compressibility
The degree to which the powder is compressed under pressure, usually uniaxial pressing in a closed mold. It can be expressed as the pressure required to achieve the required density or as the density value obtained under a known pressure (see GB/T1481). 1506 compactibility
The ability of a powder to be compressed into a certain shape and to maintain this shape during subsequent processing. It is a function of the powder's fluidity, compressibility and crush strength.
1507 compression ratio compressionratio
The ratio of the volume of the powder before pressurization to the volume of the crushed powder after demolding (refer to 1508). 1508 filling factor fillfactor
The ratio of the height of the powder filling the mold to the height of the crushed powder after demolding. 1509 flowability
A qualitative term describing the flow of powder through a defined hole (see GB/T1482). 1510 flow time flowtime
The time required for a certain mass of powder to flow out of a standard funnel under specified conditions (see GB/T1482). 1511 hydrogen loss hydrogenloss
The relative mass loss caused by heating metal powder or crushed powder in pure hydrogen under specified conditions (see GB/T5158). 1512 Hydrogen-reducible oxygen Hydrogen-reducible oxygen Under standard conditions, the oxygen content released by the oxygen-containing component of the powder being reduced by hydrogen. 1513 Segregation demixing, segregation GB/T3500--1998
The phenomenon of poor separation of one or several components in a powder mixture. 1514 Specific surface area specificsurfacearea The total surface area of ​​a unit mass of powder.
1515 Classification classification
The powder is divided into several grades according to the particle size.
1516 Particle size particle size
The linear size of a single powder particle measured by sieving or other suitable methods. 1517 Particle size distribution particlesizeddistribution The powder sample is divided into several grades according to different particle sizes, and the percentage of each grade of powder (by mass, by number or by volume). 1518 Elutriation
The powder particles are classified by moving in a fluid medium. For example: gas classification and liquid classification.
1519 Particle size cut
The portion of powder that is between two nominal particle sizes after classification. 1520 Sieve analysis sieve analysis, screen analysis, screen classification Determination of powder particle size distribution by sieve (also used to describe test results) (see GB/T1480). 1521 Sedimentation sedimentation
The process in which powder particles suspended in a liquid fall under the action of external forces (gravity or centrifugal force). 1522 Sampler samplethief
A device for taking a representative sample from a large amount of powder (see GB/T5134). 1523 Sample splitter samplesplitter
A device for dividing the obtained powder sample into several representative portions (see GB/T5134). 1524 Sieve set
A series of calibrated non-magnetic metal wire mesh sieves. 1525flowmeter
Standard funnel and cylindrical cup used to measure bulk density and fluidity (see 1502 and GB/T1479, GB/T5060, GB/T1509 and GB/T1482 respectively).
1526tappingapparatusAn instrument used to measure tapped density (see 1504). 1527oversize
The portion of powder with particles larger than the specified upper limit size. 1528undersize
The portion of powder with particles smaller than the specified lower limit size. 1529fines
The portion of powder that passes through the finest sieve during the screening process. 1530oversizeparticleParticle larger than the specified upper limit size.
1531undersizeparticleParticle smaller than the specified lower limit size.
1532 Bridging
The arched holes formed in the powder. bzxz.net
2 Forming
2001 Forming
GB/T3500—1998
The process of transforming powder into agglomerates with the desired shape. 2002 Consolidation
The process of compacting powder or compacting.
2003 Pressing
The process of compacting powder into a predetermined shape and size under the action of external force in a mold or other container. Compacting
2004 Pressing
The process of making compacted parts (see 2005).
2005 Compacting, greencompact The parts made by cold pressing or injection molding of powder. 2006 Blank
A pressed, pre-sintered or sintered piece that has not reached its final size and shape. 2007 Composite compact: A metal powder pressed piece consisting of two or more layers of different metals or alloys connected to each other in annular or other shapes, in which each material retains its original properties.
2008 Preform
Parts that need to be deformed and densified, including parts with changed shapes. 2009 Skeleton
A porous pressed or sintered body for melt infiltration. 2.1 Powder pressing processes
2101 Cold pressing
Uniaxial pressing of powders at room temperature.
2102 Warm pressing
Uniaxial pressing of powders, usually at a temperature between ambient temperature and the temperature at which diffusion is likely to occur, with the aim of enhancing densification. 2103 Hot pressing
Uniaxial pressing of powders or compacts at elevated temperatures, thereby activating diffusion and creep phenomena (compare 3105). 2104 Uniaxial pressing A method of pressing and forming powders by applying pressure from a single axial direction. 2105 Single-action pressing A method of pressing powders in a fixed female die between a moving punch and a fixed punch. 2106 Double-action pressing A method of pressing powders in a female die between punches moving in opposite directions. 2107 Multiple pressing A method of pressing two or more compacts simultaneously in a single female die cavity. 2108 Isostatic pressing is the pressing of the powder (or crushed) surface or the surface of the soft mold part filled with powder (or crushed) with approximately equal pressure in all directions. 2109 Cold isostatic pressing (CIP) is isostatic pressing at room temperature, and the pressure transmission medium is usually liquid. 2110 Wet-bag isostatic pressing is a cold isostatic pressing method in which the flexible mold filled with powder (or crushed) is immersed in a pressure transmission medium. 6
GB/T3500—1998
2111 Dry-bag isostatic pressing is a cold isostatic pressing method in which the flexible mold filled with powder (or crushed) is rigidly fixed. 2112 Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is isostatic pressing at high temperature, which can activate diffusion and mite transformation. The pressure transmission medium is usually gas. 2113 encapsulation
the encapsulation of powders or crushed pieces in a thin-walled container. 2114 canning
the encapsulation of powders or crushed pieces in a metal container, usually evacuated before sealing. 2115 metal injection moulding (MIM) a forming method in which a plasticised mixture of metal powder and its binder is injected into a mould. 2116 powder rolling
a method in which powder is introduced between a pair of rotating rollers to compact it into a cohesive continuous strip. 2117 vibration-assisted compaction a method in which powder is compacted by vibrating one or more dies. 2118 explosive compaction a method in which the powder is consolidated by the high energy of the explosion wave. 2119 continuous-spray deposition a method of manufacturing solid products by impinging atomised molten or partially molten liquid streams on a substrate before solidification, whereupon solidification occurs.
2120 Shaping
Fixing of the crushed geometry before final sintering (in the cemented carbide industry). 2121 Plasticized-powder extrusion A method of shaping a plasticized mixture of powder and binder by extrusion. 2.2 Forming conditions
2201 Fill (n.)
The amount of powder required to be filled into a female mold.
2202 Volume filling
A method of metering the powder into a female mold by setting the filling depth. 2203 Weight filling
A method of metering the powder into a female mold by weighing the powder. 2204 Vibration-assisted filling A method of filling powder into a vibrated model or female mold. 2205 Overfill system See Figure 11.
2206Underfilling system See Figure 12.
2207Filling positionfillposition
The position of the die after the required powder is filled into the cavity of the female mold. 2208Filling heightfillheight
The distance between the end face of the lower die and the top face of the female die when the press die frame is in the powder filling position. 2209Filling volumefillvolume
The volume of the female mold cavity at the powder filling position.
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