Packaging－Transport packages－Gencral principles for the compilation of performance test schedules
Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Transport packages
General principles for the compilation of performance test schedules
GB/T 4857.17—-92
ISO 4180/1-1980
This standard is equivalent to ISO 4180/1 "Complete and fully filled transport packages-General rules for the compilation of performance test schedules Part 1: General principles".
The test schedule varies with the transportation route of the transport package, so this standard is the basic principle for formulating an applicable test schedule. When compiling a performance test outline, if necessary, it should be determined by the relevant parties (for example, packaging designers, content manufacturers, transportation departments, cargo owners, law and regulation formulation departments or any joint research of all parties. This standard and GB/T4857.18 are two independent and complementary standards. Subject content and scope of application
This standard specifies the general principles for compiling a performance test outline for transport packages and the factors to be considered when evaluating the quality of transport packages after they have undergone performance tests.
This standard is applicable to the compilation of a performance test outline for transport packages in any circulation system. 2 References
GB3538 Labeling method for various parts of transport packages GB4857 Series of standards for packaging transport packages GB4122 General terms for packaging
3 Terms
3.1 Performance test schedule Technical documents used as the basis for conducting single or a series of laboratory tests to determine the performance of transport packages in the circulation system. 3.2 Single-test outline single-test schedule is a performance test schedule for multiple tests using the same method. If necessary, the test may be repeated with the same or different strengths and packaging conditions, see GB/T 4857.18.
3.3 multi-test schedule is a performance test schedule compiled when conducting certain tests or a series of tests, see GB/T4857.18. 3.4 transport package is the overall product after transport packaging. 3.5 distribution system is the entire operation performed after the product is packaged until it reaches the user, including all loading and unloading, transportation and storage. Approved by the State Bureau of Technical Supervision on November 25, 1992 306
Implementation on June 1, 1993
4 Composition of the distribution system
GB/T 4857.17—92
The circulation system is composed of a number of individual links, which include:. Transport packages are transported from one place to another by the same or different modes of transportation. Transportation includes loading and unloading operations. The mode of transportation in the circulation system can be road, rail, water, air, or a combination of these modes of transportation. b. Storage.
5 Hazard factors
In the circulation system, transport packages are subject to some hazards that may cause them to be damaged. These hazards are the result of the action of many factors, the most important of which are:
a. The characteristics of each link in the circulation system;
b. Package design, that is, the size, mass, shape of the package and the design of the integral handling aids (such as handles). 6 Tests
6.1 The purpose of laboratory testing of transport packages is to simulate or reproduce the hazards that transport packages are subjected to in the circulation system. 6.2 The stresses caused by these hazards are fully understood, and the ability to simulate and reproduce these stresses through specific tests is available so that the damage to the package in the test is the same as the damage observed in the actual circulation system. 6.3 The selection of the test intensity level depends mainly on the factors causing the hazard (see Chapter 5), the hazard stress and the ability to simulate and reproduce these stresses (see Article 6.2), and also on: a. The degree to which the packaging should achieve in terms of protection, sealing or prevention of environmental pollution of the contents; b. The characteristics of the contents, the number of transshipments and the transportation costs. 6.4 According to different test purposes and previous test experience, the test equipment should be appropriately selected. 6.5 Normal transport packaging is generally used as the test packaging. When considering the characteristics and value of the contents of the package, simulated contents can be used. The size and physical properties of the simulated contents should be close to the size and physical properties of the predetermined contents, and the package should be sealed according to the normal procedures before shipment.
7 Test methods and test sequence
7.1 Test methods
7.1.1 The test methods used when preparing single or multiple test outlines shall be in accordance with the provisions of Table 1 in GB/T4857.18. 7.1.2 When different test methods can achieve the same test purpose, select one of them. 7.2 Test sequence
7.2.1 When multiple test outlines are compiled according to the procedures proposed in Chapter 12 of this standard, the selected test items can be tested in the following recommended sequence. The recommended sequence is as follows:
a. Temperature and humidity conditioning during the test shall be in accordance with the provisions of GB/T4857.2. b. Stacking shall be in accordance with the provisions of GB/T4857.3 or GB/T4857.16. Impact shall be in accordance with the provisions of GB/T4857.5 and GB/T4857.11. c.
d. Climate treatment shall be in accordance with the provisions of GB/T4857.9. Vibration shall be in accordance with the provisions of GB/T4857.7 or GB/T4857.10. e.
Stacking shall be in accordance with the provisions of GB/T4857.3 or GB/T4857.16. f.
g. Impact, in accordance with the provisions of GB/T4857.5 and GB/T4857.11. Note: 1) Temperature and humidity adjustment treatment at the beginning of the test sequence, but does not exclude the adjustment treatment of other conditions required by each individual test. 2) More complete climate condition tests will be a future research topic. 7.2.2 In order to determine whether the resonance in the circulation system causes harm to the transport package, a resonance test should be added between b "stacking" and c "impact" in the recommended sequence 307
GB/T 4857. 17-92
, and the test method should be carried out in accordance with GB/T4857.10. If it can be proved that this resonance is unlikely to cause damage, this test can be omitted.
7.2.3 According to the actual status of the circulation system, other tests can be appropriately inserted in the test outline. 7.2.4 When a different test sequence is required under special environmental conditions, the applicable test sequence can be determined and stated in the test report. 7.2.5 The number of single tests for transport packages is determined by factors such as single-way or multi-way transport. When a specific hazard often occurs in the circulation system, it is necessary to increase the number of corresponding single tests. 8. Selection of test intensity
The test intensity should be selected based on the hazards in the circulation system, the characteristics of the contents of the transport package and the transportation method used. 8.1 Basic value of test intensity
8.1.1 The basic value of test intensity is the test intensity\basic\ value considered based on the general circulation system and the transport package of "average" mass and size.
8.1.2 The basic value of test intensity applicable to different transportation methods and storage methods shall be in accordance with the provisions in Table 2 of GB/T4857.18. 8.2 Optimal value of test intensity
Due to the influence of factors such as transportation method and transportation status, the test intensity varies within a certain range. The optimal series of test intensity shall be in accordance with the provisions in Table 3 of GB/T4857.18. When determining the test intensity, the applicable quantitative value should be selected within this range in priority according to the test method and the nature of the hazard.
9 Correction of the basic value of test intensity
9.1 Test intensity correction factor
When the characteristics of the known circulation system or the characteristics of the packaging are different from those in Article 8.1.1 of this standard, or when the test intensity is reasonably changed due to the characteristics of the transport packaging and the contents, it constitutes a correction factor for the basic value of the test intensity. 9.2 Selection of test intensity correction factor
Correction factors cannot be selected by rigid regulations, but must be selected based on the actual situation of the circulation system and other human factors. The correction factors corresponding to different test variables and transportation methods are specified in Table 4 of GB/T4857.18. In some cases, other aspects of the test intensity can be adjusted. For example, shorten the test time, use various stacking loads, etc. 9.3 Comprehensive test intensity correction factors
9.3.1 The combination of test strength correction factors should be based on a particularly important factor. When such a factor does not exist, the highest value in this group of correction factors should be selected.
9.3.2 Considering the cumulative effect of the selected factors, the total deviation from the basic value of the test strength should not exceed two levels within the reasonable test strength optimization series, except for the drop height of vertical impact (see GB/T4857.18). If there is a detailed understanding of the circulation system, indicating that more levels of changes are feasible, this provision can be amended. 10 Selection of packaging state
10.1 The state of the transport package during the test should be used to simulate or reproduce the state of the package when it is subjected to hazards under normal transportation conditions. 10.2 Other aspects that should be considered when selecting the state of the package: a. The same test package should not be subjected to too many single tests in different states. For example: for packages transported one way, the reasonable number of single tests can be 5 impact tests and 1 other test; b. Duplication between vertical impact test and horizontal impact test should be avoided. For example, these two tests are carried out on the same surface of the tested package;
c. Where possible, the symmetry of the transport package should be considered to avoid repeated tests. 11 Performance test outline
11.1 Purpose of using the performance test outline
GB/T 4857.17-92
Evaluate whether the performance of the transport package in the circulation system is suitable: a.
b. Study the causes and preventive measures for damage to the transport package; compare the rationality of the transport package;bzxZ.net
d. Determine whether the transport package complies with Taiwan standards, specifications, regulations and decrees. 11.2 Use of performance test outline
Single test outlines are generally used for a specific hazard or to study and evaluate the adaptability of the transport package to it. Multi-item test outlines are generally used to evaluate the function of the transport package in the entire circulation system. Both single and multi-item test outlines can be used to compare the functions of transport packages. When implementing the test program, the test program can be used as a whole for one or more test packages, or in other words, each test can be carried out separately on the same package.
11.3 The performance test program should comply with relevant laws, regulations or national standards. 11.4 In addition to the above factors, the following factors should be considered in the preparation of the test program: time used for adjustment processing and testing;
b. Test costs related to other factors; c.
The number of test packages;
Previous experience in transportation and testing of specific or similar packages. d.
12 Procedure for preparing the performance test program
Determine the tests to be conducted in the test program based on each link that constitutes the distribution system (see Chapter 4) (if a specific hazard does not exceed a certain predetermined level, the test corresponding to this hazard can be omitted). The preparation procedure is as follows:
Find out each link in the circulation system and the order and number of repetitions; a.
Determine the form or degree of hazards contained in these links; h.
Determine the tests needed to simulate or reproduce these hazards. Including transport packaging adjustment, packaging status, setting obstacles c.
objects, etc.:
For specific packaging, determine the basic value of test strength for the circulation system related to it; d.
According to needs. Select the correction factor and correction value added to the basic value of test strength to determine the final test strength value;,
f. Arrange the test according to Article 7.2 of this standard. For an example of the preparation of a performance test outline, see Appendix A (reference) of GB/T4857.18. 13 Determination of acceptance criteria
The acceptance criteria for the tested packages shall be determined based on the degree of reduction in the quality of the packages or their contents, the degree of reduction in the contents, the degree of deterioration of the packages or their contents, or whether the damaged packages represent a hazard or potential hazard in the subsequent circulation system. These factors can be expressed in quantitative values. The quantitative method for the degree of damage to the packages or their contents is shown in Appendix A (reference) of this standard.
When determining the acceptable degree of damage, the following factors shall be considered: a. Unit value of the contents;
b. Unit quantity of the contents;
Number of packages shipped;
d. Circulation costs;
The hazard of the contents: no hazard, hazard to human body, hazard to other commodities, etc. e.
A1 The degree of damage can be quantified as follows:
GB/T 4857.17-92
Quantitative method for the degree of damage to packages or their contents (reference part)
Use the loss of the contents in quantity, volume, and quality (the loss of leakage is related to time). Use appropriate test methods to measure the damage to the contents, for example: moisture content of biscuits, calibration of instruments. Other damage to packages and their contents: dimensional changes;
Damage dimensions (e.g. crack length, rust area): repair time or cost.
A2 A scoring method can be used for quantitative evaluation. In this method, scoring values are used to indicate the degree of damage to different types of contents and the relative importance of different types of damage to the contents. Table A1 gives two examples in this regard. Table A1 Example of using the scoring method to determine damage
Contents
Radio
Additional notes:
Method of determining the amount of damage
Measurement of the damaged diameter
Evaluation of the severity of damage
Diameter mm
25～30
Severity of damage
1. No damage
2. Damage requiring repair:
Scoring method
a) Repair before normal sale;
b) Repair after returning to the factory,
3. No repair value
This standard was proposed by the Ministry of Machinery and Electronics Industry of the People's Republic of China. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Packaging Standardization. This standard was drafted by the Electronic Standardization Institute of the Ministry of Machinery and Electronics. The main drafters of this standard are Cao Hanbin, Liu Dongsheng, Wang Jugang, Fu Chongguang, Xiong Caiqi, and Li Jingzhang. 310
Number of tested transport packages;
Experience with previous transport and testing of specific or similar packages. d.
12 Procedure for preparing performance test outlines
Determine the tests to be conducted in the test outline based on each link that constitutes the distribution system (see Chapter 4) (if a specific hazard does not exceed a certain predetermined level, the test corresponding to this hazard can be cancelled). The preparation procedure is as follows:
Identify each link contained in the distribution system and the order and number of times it is repeated; a.
Determine the form or degree of hazards contained in these links; h
Determine the tests needed to simulate or reproduce these hazards. Including transport package adjustment, package status, obstacle setting c.
objects, etc.:
For specific packages, determine the basic test strength value for the relevant circulation system; d.
According to the needs. Select the correction factor and correction value added to the basic test strength value to determine the final test strength value;,
f. Arrange the test according to Article 7.2 of this standard. For an example of the preparation of the performance test outline, see Appendix A (reference) of GB/T4857.18. 13 Determination of acceptance criteria
The acceptance criteria for the tested packages should be determined based on the degree of reduction in the quality of the packages or their contents, the degree of reduction in the contents, the degree of deterioration of the packages or their contents, or whether the damaged packages represent a hazard or potential hazard in the subsequent circulation system. These factors can be expressed in quantitative values. The quantitative method for the degree of damage to the packages or their contents is shown in Appendix A (reference) of this standard.
When determining the acceptable degree of damage, the following factors should be considered: a. Unit value of the contents;
b. Unit quantity of the contents;
Number of packages shipped;
d. Circulation costs;
Hazard of the contents: harmless, harmful to human body, harmful to other commodities, etc. e.
A1 The degree of damage can be quantified as follows:
GB/T 4857.17-92
Quantitative method for damage degree of packages or their contents (reference)
Use the loss of quantity, volume and quality of the contents (the loss of leakage is related to time). Use appropriate test methods to measure the damage of the contents, for example: moisture content of biscuits, calibration of instruments. Other damage to the packages and their contents: dimensional changes;
Damage size (e.g. crack length, rust area): repair time or cost.
A2 Scoring method can be used for quantitative evaluation. In this method, scoring values are used to indicate the degree of damage to different types of contents and the relative importance of damage to different types of contents. Table A1 gives two examples of this. Table A1 Example of using scoring method to determine damage
Contents
Radio
Additional notes:
Method of determining the amount of damage
Measurement of the damaged diameter
Evaluation of the severity of damage
Diameter mm
25～30
Severity of damage
1. No damage
2. Damage requiring repair:
Scoring method
a) Repair before normal sale;
b) Repair returned to the factory,
3. No repair value
This standard is proposed by the Ministry of Machinery and Electronics Industry of the People's Republic of China. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Packaging Standardization. This standard is drafted by the Electronic Standardization Institute of the Ministry of Machinery and Electronics. The main drafters of this standard are Cao Hanbin, Liu Dongsheng, Wang Jugang, Fu Chongguang, Xiong Caiqi and Li Jingzhang.
Number of tested transport packages;
Experience with previous transport and testing of specific or similar packages. d.
12 Procedure for preparing performance test outlines
Determine the tests to be conducted in the test outline based on each link that constitutes the distribution system (see Chapter 4) (if a specific hazard does not exceed a certain predetermined level, the test corresponding to this hazard can be cancelled). The preparation procedure is as follows:
Identify each link contained in the distribution system and the order and number of times it is repeated; a.
Determine the form or degree of hazards contained in these links; h
Determine the tests needed to simulate or reproduce these hazards. Including transport package adjustment, package status, obstacle setting c.
objects, etc.:
For specific packages, determine the basic test strength value for the relevant circulation system; d.
According to the needs. Select the correction factor and correction value added to the basic test strength value to determine the final test strength value;,
f. Arrange the test according to Article 7.2 of this standard. For an example of the preparation of the performance test outline, see Appendix A (reference) of GB/T4857.18. 13 Determination of acceptance criteria
The acceptance criteria for the tested packages should be determined based on the degree of reduction in the quality of the packages or their contents, the degree of reduction in the contents, the degree of deterioration of the packages or their contents, or whether the damaged packages represent a hazard or potential hazard in the subsequent circulation system. These factors can be expressed in quantitative values. The quantitative method for the degree of damage to the packages or their contents is shown in Appendix A (reference) of this standard.
When determining the acceptable degree of damage, the following factors should be considered: a. Unit value of the contents;
b. Unit quantity of the contents;
Number of packages shipped;
d. Circulation costs;
Hazard of the contents: harmless, harmful to human body, harmful to other commodities, etc. e.
A1 The degree of damage can be quantified as follows:
GB/T 4857.17-92
Quantitative method for damage degree of packages or their contents (reference)
Use the loss of quantity, volume and quality of the contents (the loss of leakage is related to time). Use appropriate test methods to measure the damage of the contents, for example: moisture content of biscuits, calibration of instruments. Other damage to the packages and their contents: dimensional changes;
Damage size (e.g. crack length, rust area): repair time or cost.
A2 Scoring method can be used for quantitative evaluation. In this method, scoring values are used to indicate the degree of damage to different types of contents and the relative importance of damage to different types of contents. Table A1 gives two examples of this. Table A1 Example of using scoring method to determine damage
Contents
Radio
Additional notes:
Method of determining the amount of damage
Measurement of the damaged diameter
Evaluation of the severity of damage
Diameter mm
25～30
Severity of damage
1. No damage
2. Damage requiring repair:
Scoring method
a) Repair before normal sale;
b) Repair returned to the factory,
3. No repair value
This standard is proposed by the Ministry of Machinery and Electronics Industry of the People's Republic of China. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Packaging Standardization. This standard is drafted by the Electronic Standardization Institute of the Ministry of Machinery and Electronics. The main drafters of this standard are Cao Hanbin, Liu Dongsheng, Wang Jugang, Fu Chongguang, Xiong Caiqi and Li Jingzhang.
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