This standard specifies the items, technical requirements, methods and data processing of ship-based marine hydrological and meteorological auxiliary observations. This standard applies to production and transportation ships, fishing vessels and other ships engaged in marine activities for marine hydrological and meteorological observations and reporting. GB/T 17838-1999 Specification for Ship-Based Marine Hydrological and Meteorological Auxiliary Observation GB/T17838-1999 Standard download decompression password: www.bzxz.net
This standard specifies the items, technical requirements, methods and data processing of ship-based marine hydrological and meteorological auxiliary observations. This standard applies to production and transportation ships, fishing vessels and other ships engaged in marine activities for marine hydrological and meteorological observations and reporting.

GB/T178381999
This specification is prepared in accordance with GB/T1.1-1993. Carrying out ship-based ocean hydrological and meteorological auxiliary monitoring and reporting work is of great significance to improving the accuracy of marine environmental topographic reporting, ensuring the safety of ship navigation and marine operations, and the development and utilization of marine resources. This specification aims to improve and improve ship monitoring and reporting work and realize the standardization of monitoring and reporting, and standardization of data products, so as to facilitate the exchange of ship monitoring and reporting data internationally. On the basis of the ship hydrological and meteorological auxiliary current measurement specifications formulated and implemented by the State Oceanic Administration in 191, the industry standard was upgraded to a national standard. It was compiled with reference to GB/T14914-1994 Coastal Observation Specifications, GB12763.3-1991 Marine Survey Specifications Marine Meteorological Observations, and GB12763.7-1991 Marine Survey Specifications Marine Survey Data Processing. The main contents are composed of general principles, observations and methods of various elements of marine hydrology and meteorology, data processing, report codes and appendices. Appendix A of this standard, Appendix B, Appendix (all are standard appendices. This standard is promoted from the beginning, and replaces the "Specifications for Auxiliary Observation of Hydrological and Meteorological Ships" formulated in 1984. This standard is proposed by the State Oceanic Administration and issued by the State Oceanic Standards and Metrology Center. The drafting unit of this standard: Donghai Branch of the State Oceanic Administration. The main editors of this standard: Xiaodi, Li Huantai, Wu Mucheng, Weng Guangming, Jie Qiang, Yuan Weizhong, Zhu Jincai 1 Scope
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Specifications for Auxiliary Observation of Marine Hydrological and Meteorological ShipsThc specification far the ships' auxiliary marine hydrology and metereological ohservations GB/T 178381999
This standard specifies the items, technical requirements, methods and data processing of auxiliary marine hydrological and meteorological observations and reports from ships (hereinafter referred to as ship observations and reports).
This standard is applicable to local product transport ships, fishing vessels and other ships engaged in marine activities for marine hydrological and meteorological observations and reporting. 2 Cited standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard. At the time of publication of the standard, the versions shown are valid. All standards will be revised, and parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest version of the following standards. Marine survey specification marine hydrological observation
GB/T 12753.2—1991
GB/T12763.7-1991 Marine Survey Specification Marine Survey Material Processing Part I General
3 Basic Requirements
3.1 The data obtained by ship surveys and reports should be able to convert the basic hydrological and meteorological conditions of the sea where the survey ship is located. 3.2 Ship surveys and reports include the observation, compilation and subsequent data processing of marine hydrological and meteorological elements. 3.3 Once the survey and reporting items of the survey and reporting ship (hereinafter referred to as the survey ship) and the accuracy of its measurements are determined, they shall not be changed at will. 4 Observation items and time, procedure
4. 1 Observation items
4.1.1 Meteorological items: effective visibility on the sea surface, clouds, atmospheric phenomena, wind, air pressure, air temperature and humidity, etc. 4.1.2 Hydrological items: sea waves, surface water temperature, surface seawater salinity, sea luminescence and vertical seawater temperature, etc. 4.2 Observation time
4.2.1 The observation time shall be in universal time. 4.2.2 Observation shall be made four times a day at 00:00, 06:00 and 12:18:00, but surface seawater salinity shall be observed once a day at 06:00, sea luminescence shall be observed after dark every day, and vertical seawater temperature shall be measured at 0:00 and 12:00 every day. 4.2.3 In case of bad weather at sea, wind, air pressure, waves and other items shall be increased to observations per hour. 4.3 Observation procedures
4.3.1 After the survey ship leaves the port, it shall make observations and reports in accordance with this specification. 4.3.2 The observation procedure is generally arranged by the survey ship. Each observation should start 30 minutes before the exact time and end at the exact time. However, the daily observation of meteorological items should be arranged within 15 minutes before the exact time, and the air pressure element should be observed close to the exact time. - Approved by the State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision on August 10, 1999, implemented on February 1, 2000
GB/T17838—1999
4.3.3 In case of a ship! When special circumstances such as avoidance make it impossible to observe on time, make-up measurements can be completed within 30 minutes after the exact time, and relevant notes should be made in the record form.
4.3.4 When make-up measurements are required for some reason, the reasons should be stated. 4.3.5 The record format of observation elements is shown in Appendix A (Standard Appendix). 5 Real-time transmission of observation data and reporting of non-real-time data 5.1 Real-time transmission of observation data
5.1.1 Each observation record should be immediately coded and reported in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 13 of this Code after completion. 5.1.2 The real-time transmission of observation data shall be the responsibility of the onboard radio operator and shall be implemented on time. 5.1.3 The survey ship shall send the observation message to the designated survey radio station or receiving station. 5.1.4 If the shipowner's engineering management department of the ocean-going survey ship has other requirements and regulations, it may not send the message temporarily. 5.2 Submission of non-real-time data
Each observation record and water sample collected after the survey ship's survey report shall be kept safely. After arriving at the domestic port, it shall be reported or notified to the nearest ship report management department for collection.
6 General provisions
6.1 The survey personnel shall calibrate the observation clock regularly every day. The error of the observation clock is generally not more than 1min within 21 hours. 6.2 The instruments and equipment used for observation must be products approved by the state or confirmed by the relevant state institutions, and within the validity period of the instrument calibration. It is strictly forbidden to use super-inspection instruments for observation. The super-inspection instruments shall be sent to the designated unit for calibration by the ship survey and reporting management department. 6.3 Before observation, inspect the equipment and perform maintenance on the equipment. If any fault occurs, it should be promptly eliminated or replaced, and noted in the notes column of the record sheet.
6.4 When the instrument fails, use the spare instrument for observation or daily measurement. 6.5 The measurement and reporting management department shall establish a technical file of the measurement and reporting work of the survey ship and fill it out in a timely and careful manner in accordance with the regulations. 6.6 Each measurement and reporting management department shall process the collected data in accordance with the regulations and report it on time. Part II Observation of Effective Visibility on the Sea Surface
7 Terminology
Effective Visibility on the Sea Surface
Effective visibility on the sea surface refers to the maximum horizontal distance within the visual field that a person with normal vision can see within one-tenth of the sea surface under the current conditions
8 Technical Requirements
8.1 Measurement Elements
Effective Visibility on the Sea Surface
8.2 Units and Accuracy
Visibility is measured in kilometers (km) with an accuracy of ±20.8.3 Observation Site
It should be selected at a higher place on the ship with a wide field of vision (at night, it should be stood in a place not affected by lights). 9 Observation Method
9.7 Observation Method of Self-Fire
Effective visibility on the sea surface should be determined based on the clarity of the boundary between water and man. When the boundary between water and sky is completely unclear, it should be determined based on experience. Refer to Table 1.
Clearance of water-sky boundary
Very clear
Just barely discernible
Vaguely discernible
Not clearly discernible at all
9.2 Observation methods at night
GB/T 17838-1999
Table 1 Reference table of effective visibility on sea surface
Effective visibility on sea surface
When eye altitude is above sea
20.0~50.0
H, 0 ~ 20. 0
1. 0 ~10. 0
Unit: km
When service altitude is above sea surface>
20. 0~50. 0
10.0-- 20. 0
When observing at night, you should stay in the dark for at least 5 minutes, and then observe after your eyes have adapted. Alternatively, you can make an estimate based on the trend of visibility changes before the moonlight and before dark, as well as the changes in weather phenomena and meteorological elements at that time, combined with practical experience. 9.3 Recording method of effective visibility on the sea surface
Record effective visibility on the sea surface with one decimal place. If the visibility distance is less than 0.1km, record 0.0. If there is no starlight or moonlight at night and observation is impossible, record \\ in the corresponding column.
Chapter 1
Observation of clouds
10 Terminology
A cloud is a visible combination of small water droplets or ice crystal particles suspended in the air, or a mixture of the two. 10.2 Cloud shape
Clouds are divided into three families and ten categories according to their appearance characteristics, tree formation characteristics, and the height of the cloud end and cloud base. 10-3 Cloud Book
Cloud refers to the percentage of the sky obscured by clouds, total cloud cover refers to the total percentage of the sky obscured by all clouds, and low cloud cover refers to the percentage of the sky obscured by low clouds (Cu, Ch, Sr, St, Ns). 10.4 Cloud height
Cloud height refers to the vertical distance between the cloud base and the sea surface. 11 Technical requirements
When observing clouds, if the sunlight is strong, you need to wear black (or dark) glasses. When observing at night, you should avoid strong lights. Connect the appearance characteristics, structural characteristics and cloud layers and cloud base height of clouds. Divide clouds into three groups and ten categories. 11.1 Observation elements
Cloud shape, cloud amount and cloud base height of the lowest cloud. 11.2 Units and accuracy
11.2.1 Cloud amount observation is divided into total cloud amount and low cloud amount. The unit is divided into (1/10) and the accuracy is ±1%. 11.2.2 Cloud shape observation is divided into three groups and ten categories. See Table 2 for cloud shape. Cloud family
Cumulus Cu
Cumulonimbus Cb
Good cumulus Se
Certificate cloud St
Stratus (including broken rain clouds) Ns(Fn)
Altostratus As
Altocumulus Ac
Cirrus Ci
Cirrostratus Cs
Cirrocumulus
GB/T 17838
Table 2 Cloud shape table
Common range of cloud base height, m
6002000
600~2000
600～2500
50~800
600--2 000
2 500--4 500
2 500:4 500
4 500~10 000
4500-8000
4500--8000
Fa Category
11.2.3 The cloud height is measured as the lowest cloud height, in meters (m), and the integer is taken. When the cloud height is 100m or below, the accuracy is ±10m, and when the cloud height is above 100m, the accuracy is 10% of the cloud height. 11.3 Observation site
Cloud observation should be carried out as far as possible at a position where the vehicle can see the entire sky and the horizon. 12 Observation method
12.1 Observation method of cloud shape
When observing, attention should be paid to the appearance, structure, color and height of the cloud at that time and various common weather phenomena, and a comprehensive judgment should be made based on different geographical latitudes and seasons, combined with the development and evolution of the cloud, and based on the characteristics of the cloud shape and reference to cloud maps. The characteristics of cloud shape are shown in Appendix B (Appendix to the Standard).
12.1.1 Cloud shape is divided into three groups, high, medium and low, according to the international abbreviations in Table 2 and recorded in the corresponding columns of the record table. When there are multiple clouds of the same group, the cloud with more cloud volume is recorded first. When the clouds are the most similar, the order of recording is determined by oneself. 12.1.2 When there are no clouds (including a certain group), the corresponding cloud shape column is blank. 12.1.3 When the cloud shape cannot be determined, the corresponding column is recorded as ". -\12.2 Observation method of cloud amount
Observation of cloud amount includes observation of total cloud amount and low cloud amount. 12.2.1 Observation of total cloud amount
Divide the whole sky into 1 equal parts. If there are no clouds in the whole day, record 0; if the sky is completely covered by clouds, record 10; if the sky is covered by clouds, but the blue sky can be seen through the clouds, record 10; if clouds occupy one tenth of the whole sky, record 1; if clouds occupy two tenths of the whole sky, record 2; the rest are deduced in the same way. When there are a few clouds, the total cloud amount is also recorded as 0 when the amount is less than 0.5 tenths. The total cloud amount is recorded in the corresponding column of the record sheet. 12.2.2 Observation of low cloud amount
The observation method of low cloud amount is the same as that of total cloud amount, with a slight difference that when low clouds cover the entire sky, but there are gaps in the clouds where blue clouds or upper clouds can be seen: the low cloud amount is recorded as 10. The low cloud amount is recorded in the corresponding column of the record sheet. 12.3 Observation of the lowest cloud base height
When observing, refer to Table 2 and combine it with the current Daily measurements are made according to different seasons, weather conditions and geographical latitudes. Record in meters (m) in the corresponding column of the record sheet.
12.4 Measurement and recording of cloud amount and cloud shape in several special situations 12.4.1 When the cloud amount and cloud shape in the sky cannot be clearly distinguished due to fog, the total low cloud amount is recorded as 10, and the low cloud shape column is recorded as "1"; when the cloud amount and cloud shape in the sky cannot be completely distinguished due to fog, the total low cloud amount is recorded as 10, and the low cloud shape column is recorded as *3"; the visible cloud shape is recorded in the corresponding column GB/T17838—1999
12.4.2 If the cloud amount and cloud shape in the sky are completely or partially unknown due to the above reasons, the total cloud amount shall be recorded as \” in the low cloud amount column and “-” in the low cloud shape column. The cloud shape of the discernible part shall be recorded in the corresponding column. If the cloud amount and cloud shape can be fully discerned through these phenomena, the normal situation shall be recorded. 12.4.3 If the cloud shape cannot be judged at night without moonlight, the part of the sky that is blocked and the starlight cannot be seen shall be estimated as the total cloud amount. In the columns of cloud type and low cloud amount, record "-".
Chapter 4 Observation of Weather Phenomena
13 Terminology
Weather Phenomena
Weather phenomena refer to precipitation, condensation of water vapor (except clouds), frozen matter, dry suspended matter, light and electricity phenomena generated or appearing in the atmosphere, on the sea surface and on the hull (or other buildings), and also include some wind characteristics. 14 Technical Requirements
14.1 The types and symbols of weather phenomena to be observed are shown in Table 3. The signs of various weather phenomena are shown in Appendix C (Standard Appendix) 14.2 Observation Elements
Current Weather Phenomena and Past Weather Phenomena. 15 Observation Methods
15.1 Current weather phenomena are the weather phenomena observed during scheduled observations! 15.2 Past weather phenomena are the weather phenomena observed within six hours between scheduled observations (e.g., observations at 06:00, past weather phenomena refer to the weather phenomena that occurred within six hours between 12:00 and 12:00). 15.3 Observe and record weather phenomena that occur in the visual area at any time, see Table 3. The characteristics of the twelve common weather phenomena listed at sea are described in the Appendix (Standard Appendix). The weather phenomena observed during the time of observing atmospheric phenomena are recorded in the current weather phenomenon column and the past weather phenomenon column respectively using weather phenomenon symbols (see Table 3). Table 3 Types of weather phenomena and corresponding symbols
Weather phenomena
16 Terminology
Wind refers to the horizontal movement of air.
16.2 Wind speed
Atmospheric phenomena
Drizzle
Chapter 5
Wind speed refers to the distance traveled by an air particle per unit time 16.3 Wind direction
Wind direction refers to the direction from which the wind blows
16.4 Synthetic wind
Observation of wind
Weather phenomena
Sensitive wind
None of the above weather phenomena
GB/T 17838B—1999
The synthetic wind is the vector synthesis of the navigation wind and the true wind. 17 Technical requirements
17.1 Observation elements
Wind speed and wind direction: the average wind speed 10 minutes before the hour and the corresponding maximum wind direction. 17.2 Units and accuracy
17.2.1 The wind speed is in meters per second (m/s); when the wind speed is not greater than 5.0 m/s, the accuracy is ±0.5 m/s: When the wind speed is greater than 5.0m/s, the accuracy is 10%
17.2.2 The wind direction is in degrees (\), proportional to 0°. Clockwise measurement; its accuracy is +10°. 17.3 Instrument installation requirements
The wind sensor should be installed in the cabin, where there are no obstacles and no wind blocking. The 0 of the wind direction sensor should be consistent with the direction of the ship lying.
18 Observation method
18.1 The current course and speed of the ship should be recorded during observation. The navigation record is in degrees (\), and the speed is in nmile/h. 18.2 According to the instructions for use of each wind measuring instrument, record the wind direction and wind speed measured during navigation. The wind speed is in meters/second (m/s) and is recorded to one decimal place. The wind direction is in degrees (\), and is recorded as an integer. 18.2.1 Calculation of true wind direction and true wind speed
According to the principle of vector synthesis, convert the synthetic wind direction and synthetic wind speed into true wind direction and true wind speed and record them in the corresponding columns. 18.2.2 In calm wind, record the wind speed as 0.0 and the wind direction as °C. 18.3 Visual wind measurement
When the ship's meteorological instrument fails or cannot be observed with instruments, the wind can be measured visually according to the sea surface conditions. The measured wind direction and wind speed are recorded in the true wind direction and wind speed columns respectively.
18.3.1 Visually estimate the true wind direction: On the open sea, the direction of the wind and waves is basically consistent with the wind direction. The direction of the wind and waves can be determined by a compass as the true wind direction.
Daily true wind speed: Refer to the sea surface symptoms in Table 4 to estimate the wind force level, and record the middle value of the wind level in the true wind speed column. Table 4 Wind force level table
Wind force level
Wind dissipates
Wave height·tn
Sea surface is calm
Sea surface symptoms
Scattered waves are like horns and scales, without waves
Small waves, short wavelength, obvious waveform, bright but not broken crests
Small waves increase, crests begin to break, and the waves are light and white waves are seen occasionally
Small waves, wavelength becomes longer, white waves appear in groups
Medium waves, only more obvious long wave shapes form many waves, and flying waves are seen
Mild big waves begin to form; there are large white foams everywhere on the crests, and there are flying foamswww.bzxz.net
Mild big waves, waves fall into white foam. Wind direction
Distribution in strips
Wind range
0. 0~-0. 2
0. 3--1. 5
1. 6~~ 3. 3
3. 4-- 5. 4
5. 5 -- 7. 9
8. 0--10. 7
10.8~~13.8
13. 9~17.1
Medium value
Small wind level
19Terms
GB/T 17838-1999
Table 4 (end)
Braid surface symptoms
Moderately large waves, longer wavelength, the edge of the wave crest
begins to be broken into flying foam pieces; the white foam is distributed in obvious strips along the wind direction
Wild waves. The foam appears in thick strips along the wind direction, and the wave bees begin to flip and may affect the horizontal visibility
Positive waves, the wave crest is long and rolling, and the foam appears in pieces
, and the white sea blood appears along the wind direction, which is difficult to move. Horizontal visibility is affected
Abnormally extended waves (small and medium-sized ships can hide
behind the waves) The sea surface is completely covered or foamed by the white foam blown
in the wind direction: the waves are broken everywhere; horizontal visibility is affected
Chapter 6
Observation of air pressure
Air pressure refers to the atmospheric pressure acting on a single area. 20 Technical requirements
20.1 Observation elements
Sea level and air pressure
20.2 Units and accuracy
Air pressure is measured in hPa (hPa) with an accuracy of ±1 hPa. 21 Instrument placement
Wind speed range
17. 2 --20, 7
20.8-24.4
24. 5-~28. 4
28. 5 -32. 6
Medium value
Barometer sensor and barometer should be placed horizontally and fixed in a place with little temperature change, no heat source, and no direct ventilation. There should be a vibration reduction device and avoid direct sunlight.
22 Observation method
22.1 When using the instrument sensor for observation, follow the instrument instructions. 22. 2 Observation of empty box barometer
22.2.1 Before observation, tap the glass surface of the barometer with your hand. When the pointer is still, read the pressure value indicated by the pointer. When reading, the gauge line should pass through the pointer and be perpendicular to the scale surface. Record the reading in the barometric pressure reading column to one decimal place 22.2-2 The barometer reading is corrected for scale (given in the calibration certificate), temperature (the average base value 25 multiplied by the temperature coefficient given in the calibration certificate is the temperature correction value), supplementary correction (given in the calibration certificate), and altitude correction (the height from the average waterline of the ship to the placement of the barometer on board is multiplied by 0.13 as the altitude correction). The algebraic sum of these four corrections is the comprehensive correction value, and the corrected value is the sea level pressure value, which is recorded to one decimal place. Record in the corresponding column. Chapter 7 Observation of Air Temperature and Humidity
23 Terminology
23.1 Air Temperature
Air temperature is a physical quantity that indicates the degree of hotness or coldness of air, and is also called air temperature. 23.2 Air Humidity
Air humidity is a physical quantity that indicates the water vapor content and humidity in the air, and is usually expressed by water vapor pressure, relative humidity and dew point temperature.
24 Technical Requirements
24.1 Observation Elements
Dry-bulb temperature, condensation temperature, relative humidity. 24.2 Units and Accuracy
Dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures are expressed in degrees Celsius (℃), and the accuracy of dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures is ±0.2C. Relative humidity is expressed in percentage (ring). When the relative humidity is less than or equal to 50%, the accuracy is ±5%, and when the relative humidity is greater than 50%, the accuracy is ±2%. 25 Instrument Installation
25.1 Installation of thermometer box: The louvered box should be fixed horizontally on the top of the bridge where air is circulated and away from heat sources, 1.5m away from the deck. The direction of the box door should not be opposite to the bow.
25.2 Various thermometers and instrument sensors should be installed in the louvered box. 26 Observation method
26.1 Observation using thermometer
26.1.1 When observing the ten-bulb and wet-bulb thermometers, the line of sight should be kept at the same height as the top of the mercury column of the thermometer. The reading should be quick and accurate. Read the decimal first and then the integer.
26.1.2 When the wet-bulb gauze freezes, stop observing the wet-bulb temperature. 26.2 Observation using instrument sensors should follow the instructions for use of the instrument to observe the dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature and relative humidity. Chapter 8 Observation of surface sea water temperature
27 Technical requirements
28.1 Observation elements
Surface sea water temperature
28.2 Measurement and accuracy
The unit of surface sea water temperature is degrees Celsius (C), and the accuracy is ± D.5℃. 28.3 Selection of observation points
Water should be collected away from the ship's drainage holes.
29 Observation method
29.1 Observation with surface water temperature meter
GB/T17838—1999
When observing, first put the canvas bucket into the sea water to sense the temperature for 1 minute, then collect water and lift it up. Put the water temperature meter into the bucket and sense the temperature for 2 minutes, then read the reading. When reading, the water temperature meter storage cup cannot leave the water surface of the water collection channel, and the water temperature meter should be tilted to keep the eye and the mercury column head of the water temperature meter at the same level. Read the decimal first and then the integer. When observing at night, the water temperature meter should be placed between the eye and the light source for reading, and try not to lift the water temperature meter out of the canvas bag. If you can't read in the bucket, keep the seawater in the cup. After the observation, rinse the observation meter and the canvas with fresh water. 29.2 When the observation is affected by strong winds, waves or freezing, it is not necessary to observe. 29.3 Observation with other water temperature measuring instruments
When observing, follow the specific instrument usage method. Chapter 9 Observation of Sea Waves
30 Terminology
30.1 Sea Waves
Wind waves and swells appearing on the sea surface are collectively referred to as sea waves. Waves directly generated by wind force are called wind waves; waves transmitted from other seas or waves left after the local wind force decreases sharply, the wind direction changes, or the wind subsides are called swells. 30.2 Wave Height
Wave height refers to the vertical distance between adjacent wave crests and troughs. 30.3 Direction
Wave direction refers to the direction from which the wave comes.
31 Technical Requirements
31.1 Observation Elements
Wave height, swell.
31.2 Units and Accuracy
31-2.1 The unit of wave height is meter (m), with an accuracy of =15%. 31.2.2 The unit of swell direction is degree (\), with an accuracy of ±10°. 31.3 Selection of observation points
The observation point should be selected in an open area.
32 Current measurement methods
32.1 Observation of wave height
When observing, first distinguish between wind waves and swell waves according to the characteristics of the waves, and then select five distant waves and take their average values ​​as their respective wave heights.
32.2 Observation of swell direction
When observing, use the azimuth on the compass to make its sighting line parallel to the line connecting the crests of swell waves that are farther away from the ship and have larger wave heights, and then turn it 90° to face the swell. The pointer reading is the direction of the swell. 33 Terminology
33.1 Practical salinity
GB/T17838--1999
Chapter 10 Observation of seawater salinity
The practical salinity of seawater is determined by the following formula
S=u+ak+ak+a+ak+ak2
Where: S---practical salinity
4a0.0080;
a1-0.1692:
4=25.3851
a:=11. 034 1:
44 = -7. 026 1;
+=2. 708 1;
:---When the temperature is 15℃ and the standard atmospheric pressure, the conductivity of the seawater sample is the ratio of the conductivity of the chemical liquid with a mass ratio of 32.1356×10-\ at the same temperature and pressure. When k1 is exactly equal to 1, the practical salinity of the seawater sample is exactly equal to 35, that is, a. -35.000 0,33.2 Surface seawater salinity
refers to the practical salinity of seawater between the seawater surface and a depth of 0.5m. 34 Technical requirements
34.7 Observation elements
Surface seawater salinity
34.2 Units and accuracy
Surface seawater salinity units are dimensionless, and the accuracy is specified as ±0.05. 35 Observation methods
35.1 Collection and preservation of seawater samples
35.1.1 Take a bottle of water sample when measuring water temperature at 06:00 every day. 35.1.2 Use a sample bottle with good sealing performance and a canvas bucket to collect water. Each collection should be at least 250ml. 35.1.3 When filling the sample, pour out the remaining sea ice in the bottle, rinse the sample bottle and bottle stopper twice with the freshly collected seawater, then fill it with the water sample, cover the bottle stopper tightly, and record the bottle number.
35.1.4 Seawater samples must be stored in a dark place indoors and handed over to the survey and reporting management department for timely observation after arriving at the port. 35-2 Measurement of seawater samples
Use a laboratory salinometer (inductive or electrode type) to measure the salinity of seawater samples. When measuring, the instrument should be operated according to the instructions for use. However, the following regulations must be followed:
35.2.1 Before measuring seawater samples, the instrument should be calibrated. When calibrating (or calibrating), the operation and reading should be repeated more than two times. When the calibration results meet the requirements, the measurement can be carried out:
35.2.2 Before each measurement, the sample bottle should be shaken thoroughly. After the seawater sample in the bottle is settled, the upper clear liquid should be extracted for measurement. 35.2.3 When measuring, it must be ensured that the temperature difference between the sample and the standard seawater is within the specified range. 35.2.4 Each sample must be measured twice or more. When the difference between the readings of two consecutive measurements is not greater than 6×10- or the difference between the salinity readings is not greater than 0.C01: the measurement result is considered to be repeated. Record the last measurement value. 36 Terminology
Sea luminescence
GB/T 17838-1999
Chapter 11 Observation of sea luminescence
Sea luminescence refers to the luminescence phenomenon of organisms appearing on the sea surface at night. 37 Technical requirements
Sea luminescence observation is carried out by visual observation in a dark place with backlight at night. 38 Observation method
38.1 During observation, observe the luminescence phenomenon on the sea surface spray or the track spray. Determine the luminescence intensity and grade according to the intensity of sea luminescence in Table 5 and record it in the swimming luminescence column.
Table 5 Sea luminescence level table
38.2 Observation of vertical sea temperature when sea luminescence cannot be observed due to moonlight or other reasons
Twelveth
39 Terminology
Vertical sea temperature.
Vertical sea temperature refers to the continuous distribution of sea temperature in the vertical direction. 40 Technical requirements
40.1 Observation elements
Temperature, depth and corresponding ship position (latitude and longitude coordinates) at the time of observation. 40.2 Unit and accuracy
Sea luminescence level
No sea luminescence phenomenon
Luminescence is barely visible
Luminescence is clear and visible
Luminescence is obviously visible
Luminescence is particularly bright
Unit of sea temperature The unit is Celsius (:), with an accuracy of ±0.2℃. The unit of seawater depth is meter (m). The accuracy is ±5m; the unit of longitude is degree (\).
40.3 Observation requirements
Measure the vertical continuous distribution of water temperature. Generally, a disposable temperature depth meter (XBT) is used for observation. The operating sea area is generally suitable for the ocean or sea areas with a water depth of not less than 400m. Other waters should not be measured with this instrument unless there is a special need. 41 Observation method
When observing with XBT, if the warhead fails to launch or the record is abnormal, re-measurement should be carried out immediately. For specific observation methods, please refer to the instruction manual and GB/T12763.2-1991 Part I: Relevant provisions on water temperature observation. The data processing shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of 7.3 of GB/T12763.7-1991.
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