Some standard content:
QB/T2262---1996
Based on the characteristics of my country's leather industry, this standard specifies the terms and naming principles for raw hides, finished products, leather, production process, physical and chemical analysis and sensory inspection, leather defects, and classification of leather and leather parts. Although they are within the scope of the leather industry, they are independent components and self-contained systems, and should be formulated separately, such as leather chemicals and leather machinery. This standard does not include their contents. In this standard, most of the English parts use the translated expressions in published leather professional books, and refer to the American ASTM Designation: D1517-80 (Reapproved 1987) "Standard Definitions Terms Relating to Leather" and "International Glossary of Leather Terms (2nd Edition)" to adapt to the needs of international trade, technical and economic exchanges and the leapfrog development of international standards as soon as possible. For my country's unique entries, use a clear and interpretative way, such as: yak skin (hide), pole-mark, etc. This standard is proposed by the Quality Standards Department of China Light Industry General Association. This standard is under the technical jurisdiction of the National Fur Leather Standardization Center. The drafting unit of this standard is China Leather Industry Research Institute. The main drafters of this standard are Yu Liangjun, Chen Yingyuan and Zhao Liguo. 151
1 Scope
Light Industry Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China
Leather Industry Terminology
QB/T2262—1996
This standard specifies the terms and naming principles for raw leather, in-process products, finished leather, production process, physical and chemical analysis and sensory inspection, leather defects, and classification of leather and leather parts in the leather industry.
This standard is applicable to the leather industry, and recycled leather should also be adopted by reference. It should be adopted in all standard formulation, quality evaluation, enterprise management, technical exchanges, and textbook compilation.
This standard does not apply to artificial leather and synthetic leather. 2 Raw hides and skins for tanning industry The basic raw materials for leather making are taken from the hides of various animals (mainly livestock), including hides that have not been treated with preservatives or have been treated with preservatives before leather making. Synonym: Raw hides
2.1 Naming principles
a) Classification by origin and route. Because the fiber weaving structure of the hides is different due to the different origins of the animals, it has an impact on the variety and quality of the leather to be processed, so the origin and route of the raw hides need to be stated. For example: Nanyang route for yellow cattle hides, Hankou route for goat hides, imported hides, etc. b) Classification by characteristics. They can be arranged by weight, size, gender and growth status. c) Classification by animal name. For example: yellow cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, pig, etc. d) Classification by preservative storage or processing method. For example: salt-dried, salt-wet, lightly dried, frozen, etc. The skin peeled off from the animal body, not dried or deteriorated, is added with the word "fresh".
e) Add the word "skin" at the end.
For example: Nanyang Road Yellow Cattle Salted Dried Hide
Jining Road Goat Light Dried Hide
(USA) Imported Heavy Cattle Salted Wet Hide
Fresh Pig Hide
2.2 Naming by Animal Name
2.2. 1 Pig skin
Is an important leather raw material, characterized by large pores, rough surface, uneven skin structure, and large differences in parts. Pig skin has a tough texture and can be made into various types of leather, and is widely used. 2.2.2 Bovine hide
Is an important leather raw material, including many varieties, mainly cattle hide (including different fur colors), followed by buffalo hide and yak hide. Bovine hide can be made into various types of leather, and is widely used. 2. 2. 2. 1 Cattle hide Cattle (including yellow, brown, black, mottled and other colors), including bull (bullorox), cow (cow) and milk cow (milkcow), the hide fibers are tightly woven, with small differences in parts and high utilization rate. The leather made from it has fine, plump grain and good elasticity, and is suitable for making various types of leather. 2.2.2.2 Buffalo hide, water buffalo hide is characterized by sparse hair, coarse grain, larger width than yellow cattle hide, thick and heavy hide, but loose fiber weaving and poor elasticity, approved by China Light Industry General Association on November 15, 1996
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implemented on July 1, 1997
2.2.2.3 Yak hide
QB/T 2262—1996
Its fur is long and thick, contains less fat, and its fiber weaving is looser than yellow cattle hide, but tighter than buffalo hide. 2.2.2.4 Pian niu hide Pian niu hide is a cross between male yellow cattle and female yak hide. Its hide is called pian niu hide. The fiber weaving density is between the two. It is produced in northwest and southwest China.
2.2.2.5 Steer hide
The hide of castrated cattle, generally with larger width and finer grain than that of bull hide. 2.2.2.6 Calf skin
The hide of calves from a few days to a few months old, with smaller width, finer grain and tightly woven fibers, suitable for making high-quality upper leather and clothing leather. 2.2.2.7 Slunk
The hide of unborn or premature calves, with finer fibers and slightly weaker strength. 2.2.2.8 Kip skin
The hide of cattle with a size and fiber weaving tightness between that of adult cattle and ox hide. 2.2.3 Ovine skin
Includes goat skin and sheep skin.
2.2.3.1 Goat skin
Thinner skin, with tighter fiber weaving than sheep skin, finer grain, can be used to make all kinds of light leather, especially clothing leather and glove leather. 2.2.3.2 Kid skin
The skin of immature goats.
2.2.3.3 Sheep skin
Its characteristics are dense hair, high fat content, loose fiber weaving, and very soft leather, which can be used to make fur and light leather. 2.2.3.4 Lamb skin
The skin of young sheep.
2.2.4 Horse hide
Includes the skin of various horses. The fiber tissue of the front of horse hide is loose, and there are two pieces of shell on the buttocks of the back, with very tight fiber weaving and great wear resistance.
2.2.5 Ass hide and mulehide
Hide taken from donkeys and mulehide, similar in characteristics to horse hide. 2.2.6 The other raw materiais for leather industryThe skin of animals that are small in number but have a certain value for leather making, including the skin of fish, reptiles, amphibians and other animals that are farmed or wild. The term for these animal skins is to add the word "skin" after the name of the animal. 2.2.6.1 Deer skin
Includes the skin of farmed or wild deer. Other skins that are closer to deer skin include suede or yellow suede (muntjak skin), elk skin (elk skin, brown horn deer skin) and reindeer skin (reindeer skin). Its skin is thicker than goat skin, and the fiber weaving is also tighter and more delicate. Deer skin with good surface can be made into shoe upper leather and positive clothing leather, while those with more damaged surface can be made into suede leather and oil leather. 2.2.6.2 Kangaroo skin Kangaroo skin Produced in Australia, its skin fibers are tightly woven, the skin is flexible and strong, and can be made into various light leathers. 2.2.6.3 Fisk skin Eel skin, shark skin, salmon skin, etc. have been used for leather making. After descaling, they can be made into shoe uppers or leather goods with unique patterns. 2.2.6.4 Snake skin and boa skin Snake skin and boa skin include wild and domesticated ones. The skin can be made into leather and used as ticket folders or shoe uppers. Its raw hide can be made into leather for musical instruments after special treatment, such as moon guitars, hand drums, etc.
2.3 Naming by preservation or processing methods
2.3. 1 Green hide QB/T 2262 Fresh hide peeled from animals without salting or other processing. Synonyms: blood skin
2.3.2 Frozen hide or skinFrozen hide or skinFresh hide or skin preserved by low temperature freezing.
Synonym: frozen hide or skin
2.3.3 Green salted hide or skinFresh hide or skin preserved for a short period after preliminary salting, generally not fully salted, with high water content and low salt content. Synonym: salty hide or skin
2.3. 4 Wet salted hide or skinWet hide or skin thoroughly salted with a large amount of salt, with a longer shelf life. Synonym: wet hide or skin
2. 3. 5 Dry salted hide or skinDry hide or skin obtained by drying wet hide or skin.
Synonym: salted hide or skin, salted hide or skin
2. 3. 6 Dried hide or skin, flintFresh hide or skin laid flat on the ground to dry in the sun or shade. Synonym: sweet dry board
2. 3.7 frame dried hide of skinFresh hide is stretched out with bamboo poles to dry in the sun or in the air, mostly buffalo hide. Synonym: support board
3 Semi-finished products Hides or leathers with different properties in various processing steps from the time of soaking to the end of the last process. 3.1 Naming principles
a) Indicated by the process state or appearance state of the hide or leather. b) Based on the process as the boundary, all the products of the processes before the process are added with the word "leather", and the products of the processes after the process are added with the word "leather".
For example: soaked hide; acid-soaked hide; chrome wet leather. 3.2 Terminology
3. 2.1 Soaked hide or skinHide in the process of soaking and after soaking, with hair on the hide. 3.2.2 limed hide or skin hides or skins that are in the process of liming or liming, the hides or skins have swelled and the hairs have been removed. 3.2.3 pelt hides or skins that have had their hairs and epidermis removed.
3.2.4 bated hide or skin hides or skins that are about to be softened or have been softened. 3.2.5 pickled hide or skin hides or skins that are in the process of pickling or have been pickled but have not been processed. Synonyms: pickled hides or skins
3.2.6 raw hide hides or skins
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QB/T 2262--1996
hides or skins that have been dehaired, carbonized, treated with oils and fats (or treated with saltpeter and oils and fats) and dried, and sometimes other preparatory treatments, but have not been processed, can be used to make loom skins, transmission gears and drum skins, etc. 3.2.7 Chrome tanned, wet blue Wet leather that is blue-green after chrome treatment.
Synonym: wet blue leatherwww.bzxz.net
3.2.8 Wet white
Generally refers to white wet leather that has been treated (pre-treated) with aluminum salts and (or) other agents, except for chrome and plant. 3.2.9 Crust, crust leather Leather that has been greased, dried, undyed or dyed but not yet finished after processing. Synonym: semi-tanned leather
3.2.10 Split leather
Leather that is split before processing is called split leather, leather with grain is called top leather, the following are split leather, triple leather, leather with flesh surface is called flesh surface split leather
Leather that is split after processing is called split leather, leather with grain is called top leather, the following are split leather, triple leather, leather with flesh surface is called flesh surface split leather.
4 Finished leather, resultant leather Leather that has been processed and can be sold as a finished product. 4.1 Leather
Raw hides with roughly intact original structure, which have been processed into non-rotten materials; the hair on the hides has generally been removed, but it may not be removed intentionally. Leather can also be made from raw hides or leather pieces that are split into several layers, and the splitting can be done before or after the process. Note: If the thorny leather is crushed by a machine or made into fiber particles, small pieces or powder by chemical methods, and then made into sheets or other shapes regardless of whether it is bonded with adhesives, such sheets or other shapes cannot be called leather. 4.2 Naming principles
a) According to the method of preparation. For example: chrome, plant, aldehyde, combination, etc. b) According to the origin and road of the raw leather. For example: Nanyang Road, Hankou Road, Jining Road, etc. c) According to the name of the animal. For example: pig, cattle, goat, etc. d) According to the color of the leather. For example: white, blue, red, etc. e) According to the surface state of leather, for example: front, modified, suede, second layer, woven, etc. g) According to the finishing method and the color effect of the leather surface. For example: aniline, printing, rubbing, etc. g) According to the thickness, softness and hardness of the leather. For example: thin, soft, etc. h) According to the purpose of the leather. For example: shoe uppers, clothing, luggage, etc. i) Add the word "leather" at the end.
For example: chrome yellow cattle two-layer embossed luggage leather; chrome Hankou Road goat brown aniline clothing leather; chrome pig suede printed clothing leather;
Chrome yellow cattle white suede upper leather.
4.3 Naming according to the processing method
4.3.↑ Vegetable tanned leather Vegetable tanned leather is a leather made with vegetable agents alone or mainly with vegetable agents and a small amount of other agents. The small amount of other agents added is only to help or improve the tanning process, and the amount is not enough to significantly change the basic properties of the tanned leather. Synonyms: vegetable leather, baked leather
4.3.2 Mineral tanned leather mineral tanned leather leather155
QB/T 2262—1996
Leather made with mineral agents such as chromium salts, aluminum salts or zirconium salts. Synonyms: inorganic leather
4.3.2.1 Chrome tanned leather Leather made with chromium salts alone, or with a small amount of other agents that only assist the chromium process and chromium salts, and the amount of other agents is not enough to change the characteristics of chrome leather, and the leather is blue-green. Synonyms: chrome leather
4.3.2.2 Aluminum leather
aluminium-tanned leather
Leather made with aluminum salts as the main agent component, the leather is white. 4. 3. 2.3 Zirconium tanned leather Leather made with zirconium salts as the main agent component, the leather is pure white. 4. 3. 2.4 Titanium tanned leather 4.3.2.5 Iron-tanned leather Iron-tanned leather is made of iron salt as the main agent component, which is generally not resistant to storage. 4.3.2.6 Silica tanned leather is made of silicon compounds, which is white and generally not resistant to storage. 4.3.3 Aldehydes tanned leather is made of aldehyde compounds with toxicity. Leather made with formaldehyde solution is called formaldehyde tanned leather, leather made with glutaraldehyde solution is called glutaraldehyde leather, and so on. 4.3.4 Chamois leather is made by infiltrating fish oil or marine animal oil into the leather, and then oxidizing it to produce a production effect. Now it is mostly made of sheepskin flesh split layer or sheepskin after removing the grain layer. The leather is mostly yellow, with a soft and fluffy texture. Synonyms: suede
4. 3. 5 Combination tanned leather Leather made with two or more agents, such as semi-chrome, semi-alum, etc. 4.4 Naming by surface state
4.4.1 Full grain leather Full grain leather Leather with intact grain pattern and clear visible natural pores and texture. Synonyms: Top leather
4. 4. 2 Top grain snuffed, snuffed leather Leather with only a part of the grain layer of the leather lightly polished off, but the part of the grain that has not been polished off should still be retained on the entire leather surface, and the natural pores and texture can still be seen on the grain.
Synonyms: lightly repaired leather, half-grain leather. 4.4.3 Corrected grain leather The grain surface is partially polished to reduce the impact of grain defects, and then a false grain is created through different finishing methods to imitate full-grain leather.
Synonym: Corrected leather
4.4. 4 Nubuck, velvet leather Leather with velvety fine velvet on the grain surface, fine velvet and faintly visible pores. Synonym: Nubuck, frosted leather
4.4.5 Suede
Leather with velvet on the flesh surface.
Synonym: Siwei leather
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4.4.6 Hunting suede
Leather used with the flesh side facing outward and not polished. Synonyms: reverse leather
4.4.7 Hair-on leather
QB/T2262--1996
is leather that intentionally retains hair, with trimmed short hair on the leather surface. 4.4.8 Doubleface leather
is leather with fur on the hair side and painted or velveted on the flesh side, one side is fur and the other side is leather, and can be worn on both sides. 4.4.9 Weaved leather
Leather strips are woven into sheets of leather with different patterns, used as shoe uppers and leather goods. 4.5 Naming by finishing method
4.5.1 Embossed leather
Leather with concave and convex patterns or other animal grain patterns pressed on the leather surface by machine. 4.5.2 Boarded (grain) leather Leather with different patterns on the grain surface of leather rubbed by hand or machine. Synonyms: rubbed leather
4.5.3 Shrunk (grain) leather, wrinkled leather Leather with wrinkles on the leather surface made by chemicals. 4.5.4 Dry milled leather Leather with wrinkles made by dry milling in a drum.
4.5.5 Morocco leather Exquisite goat leather with special gravel pattern rubbed on the leather surface. 4.5.6 Transfer coating leather Leather with pre-made coating film adhered to the leather surface. Synonyms: film leather
4.5.7 Pigment finished leather Mainly refers to leather coated with a mixture of opaque pigments. Synonyms: Pigment leather
4.5.8 Aniline leather
Leather modified with dyes that produce aniline effect without using pigments. 4.5.9 Semi-aniline finished leather Leather that is mainly made of aniline dyes and mixed with a small amount of pigments, and still has a certain aniline effect after modification. 4.5.10 Dull-finished leather Leather that is finished with a matting agent to produce a matte effect. 4.5.11 Embossed buffs Leather that is embossed and then part of the raised pattern is ground off to make the leather surface appear different colors and patterns, such as stone-ground blue leather. 4.5.12 Patent leather, Japanese leather is a leather with a shiny mirror surface, which is based on linseed oil, nitrocellulose, polyurethane or other synthetic resins and is coated with one or more layers of paint; it can also be made by transfer film method. Its derivatives include wrinkled patent leather, printed patent leather, etc. 4.5.13 Metallic leather Metallised leather Leather with metallic luster by applying metal foil to the leather surface or adding metal powder to the finishing agent. 4.5.14 Gold leather Leather with golden foil or painted with paint emulsion containing golden fine powder. 4.5.15 Silver leather Silver leather QB/T 2262—1996 Leather with silver foil or more commonly pan foil or aluminum-containing paint applied to the leather surface to give it a silvery-white metallic luster. 4.5.16 Two-tone effect leather Two-1one effect leather Leather with two-tone effect after finishing. 4.5.17 Multi-tone finished leather Leather with multiple tone effects after finishing. 4.5.18 Pearl leather
Leather with pearlescent material to make the leather surface appear pearly. 4. 5. 19 Fluorescent leather Leather with fluorescent material to make the leather surface appear fluorescent. 4.5.20 Pull-up
Leather treated with special color-changing oil. When the leather is bent, the color of the leather surface becomes lighter, and when it is flattened, the color of the leather surface is restored. Synonyms: color-changing effect leather, Pull-up leather 4.5.21 Brush-off
This leather is treated with special coating materials and methods. After being made into shoe uppers or leather goods, the color of the leather surface is wiped off and the base color appears.
Synonyms: Brush-off effect leather
4.5.22 Printed leather
Leather with beautiful patterns printed on any side of the leather by hand or machine. 4.5.23 Fancy dyeing leather Leather with unique patterns on the surface of the leather, the methods include discharge dyeing, tie dyeing, batik, etc. 4.5.24 Fancy leather
Leather with aesthetic and artistic appreciation value due to its unique grain or through special processing and finishing, used to make high-end women's bags, exquisite handbags, etc.
Synonym: exquisite leather
4. 5.25 Photo-sensitive leather Leather with photographic images on the surface of the leather.
Synonym: photosensitive leather
4.5.26 Imitative second-hand leather Leather with a special finishing method to make the leather surface look old. 4.5.27 Antique grain leather Generally, the leather surface is decorated with irregular patterns, and the depressions or recesses on the leather surface are made of contrasting colors to create a two-tone effect. The leather texture is simulated by embossing, rubbing and other methods to simulate the antique effect. 4.5.28 Nappa, nappa leather used to refer to sheepskin or kid goat glove leather made by chrome or combination method and drum dyed. Now it also refers to full-grain soft leather and clothing leather made from other animal skins. 4.5.29 Glazed leather Leather that is polished by a polishing machine to make the grain surface highly shiny and smooth. 4.6 Naming by use: 4.6.1 Shoe leather 4.6.1.1 Shoe upper leather refers to leather for shoe uppers. Synonym: shoe upper leather.
4.6.1.2 Lining leather158
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Leather used for lining of leather shoes and other leather goods. Synonym: lining leather
4.6.1.3 Welting leatherLeather used for the lining of leather shoes.
4.6.1.4 Outer sole leatherLeather used for the outer sole of leather shoes, mostly made of yellow cowhide, buffalo hide and thicker pigskin. 4.6.1.5 Insole leather
Leather used for the inner sole of leather shoes, mostly made of the secondary part of leather, and can also be made of pigskin or cow split leather with poor grain. Synonym: Bottom leather
4. 6.2 Garment leather General term for leather used to make coats, jackets, leather pants, leather skirts and other clothing. 4.6.3 Glove leather
General term for leather used to make various gloves. 4.6.4 Hat leather
Leather used to make hats.
4.6.5 Hat-band leather Leather used to make the sweatband inside the hat.
Synonym: Hat-band leather
4.6.6 Waist belt leather Leather for making belts.
4.6.7 Watch strap leather Leather for making watch straps.
4.6.8 Wallet leather
Leather for making wallets. It can be made from pig, cow, sheep leather slices thin to a certain thickness. Synonyms: Wallet leather
4.6.9 Case leather
Leather for making suitcases. It is mostly made of cow and sheep leather, but can also be made of pig leather. 4.6.10 Bag leather
Leather for making bags, handbags, soft bags, briefcases (briefcase). 4.6.11 Upholstery leather, furniture leather This leather is used to make seat cushions and backrest covers for furniture (such as chairs and sofas). Usually made of large leather, such as yellow cowhide, buffalo leather, etc., high-end leather with grain top layer, medium and low-end leather can be made of modified leather, suede or split leather. 4.6.12 Ball leather
Includes all kinds of leather for sports balls. 4.6.12.1 Basketball leather is mostly made of chrome cowhide dyed leather, requiring uniform thickness, toughness, wear resistance, and small elongation. 4.6.12.2 Volleyball leather is mostly made of chrome cowhide leather, requiring soft texture, uniform thickness, small elongation, and good elasticity. 4.6.12.3 Football leather is mostly made of chrome cowhide leather, requiring tough texture, good wear resistance, uniform thickness, small elongation, and good elasticity. 4. 6. 12. 4 Baseball leather Baseball leather is used as the outer layer of baseball.
4.6.13 Musical instrument leather
Musical instrument leather Leather used on musical instruments.
QB/T2262—1996
4.6.13.1 Drumhead leather, drum skin Generally made of raw rubbed leather, used on drum surfaces. 4.6.13.2 Piano leather Piano leather includes specially processed leather used for related parts or auxiliary parts in pianos, usually made of high-quality sheepskin grain split leather. 4.6.13.3 Accordion leather Leather used to make the bellows of accordions.
4.6. 13.4 Organ-pipe leather Leather used to make organ (pipe) parts.
4.6.13.5 Leathers for national musical instruments Includes leathers used in various national musical instruments, such as the leather and leather used on instruments such as horse-head fiddle, dongbula, yueqin, lipa, and hand drum. 4.6.14 Harness leather
-Usually made of raw cow and pig skins, mostly planted, used for safety belts, armed belts, gun belts, gun holsters, telescope cases, etc. 4.6.15 Harness leather This is a type of leather with high strength and flexibility, including horse collar leather and saddle leather, etc., mainly made of planted cow leather. 4.9.15.1 Collar Jeather A type of harness leather, made of cow leather or cow split leather, used as the outer layer of horse collars. 4.6.15.2 Saddle leather Saddle, leather-Planted natural cow leather, soft and flexible, can be used as saddle. 4.6.15.3 Skirting leather A special type of planted cowhide leather, used as the edge or overhang of a saddle. 4.6. 15.4 Bridle leather, rein leather A strong and flexible harness leather, cut into appropriate thickness, shaved evenly, planted and fat-added, without coating, can be used to make bridles and reins.
4. 6. 16 Industrial leather, mechanical leather A general term for leather used in textile machinery and other machinery. Synonym: machine leather
4. 6. 16. 1 Leather Apron leather is used as the cushioning parts of spinning machines, requiring the leather to have a smooth grain, dense and soft texture, low elongation, and uniform thickness. 4.6.16.2 Roller leather Leather wrapped on the roller of cotton spinning machine, requiring the leather to be compact, wear-resistant, smooth and fine grain, flat flesh surface, plump feel, small elongation, uniform thickness.
4.6.16.3 Comber (apron) leather, combing leather Leather used on textile combing machine, requiring softness, good strength, resilience, preferably no permanent extension. 4.6.16.4 Gill box leather, gilling leather is used on the machine for combing wool and other textile fibers. Its function is similar to that of combing machine leather, but its performance requirements are lower than those of combing machine leather.
4.6.16.5 Condenser rubbing leather is used in the combing machine of wool textile industry, requiring small elongation, high temperature resistance, flexibility and resilience. 4.6.16.6 Condenser tape leather is used in textile machinery and together with carding machine leather. It is a kind of leather with strong flexibility and small elongation. 4.6.16.7 Picking band leather, loom strap leather is used as the shuttle belt on the loom, and requires high strength (tensile strength, tear strength and flexural strength). 160
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Synonym: Picker leather
4.6.16.8 Picker leather QB/T 2262
It is used as the leather knot on the loom, and requires a tough texture. Some are made of vegetated cowhide, and some are made of raw buffalo leather. Synonyms: leather, leather
4.6.16.9 beltingleather is installed on the machine pulley for power transmission and operation of the machine, requiring high tensile strength, firmness, small elongation, and uniform thickness. Synonyms: transmission belt leather
4. 6.16.10 Gasket leather, hydraulic leather, packing leather, oil seal leather, valve leather, cup leather
Including many varieties, such as gasket leather, oil seal leather, cup leather, etc., generally after planting or combining, and then grease with special methods, processed and formed, used as valve gaskets and piston seals of pumps, etc. 4.6.16.11 Gas meter leather, meter leather is mostly made of sheep leather impregnated with oil to make it airtight, used as diaphragm leather for gas meters. Synonyms: air-table leather, instrument leather
4.6.17 Other categories
4.6.17.1 Wash leather A kind of oil leather used to wipe various glasses, glass instruments and optical instrument lenses. 4.6.17.2 Washable leather Leather that can be washed under normal water washing conditions, its color fastness, flexibility, volume and area stability should meet certain requirements. 4.6.17.3 Waterproof leather Leather with a large amount of oil and other materials or water-swelling fat-added materials to block the pores and gaps in the leather. This kind of leather is impermeable but not necessarily hydrophobic.
4. 6. 17.4 Water-repellent leather Leather that uses chemical materials that change the surface tension to make the leather fibers hydrophobic, thereby resisting water from penetrating into the leather. 4.6.17.5 Orthopedic leather Leather used for orthopedic purposes such as making prostheses. Synonyms: prosthetic leather
4. 9. 17.6 Written book-binding leather is generally made of calfskin, which is used as a writing material for hardcover books. It is used to beautify and protect books and show their preciousness. 4.6.17.7 Certificate leather, vellum is used to write important diplomatic, legal documents or certificates for long-term preservation. It is usually made of processed sheepskin; and the one made of calfskin is called vellum.
Synonym: parchment
5 Production process
5.1 Naming principle
This standard is named according to the different types of leather products and the usual leather making process, directly according to the different operations of each process (such as one-bath method, two-bath method) and various processing methods. For example: soaking, depilation, dyeing. Note: The order of the three major sections of preparation section, preparation and dyeing section, and finishing section is listed in sequence. For the same term used in multiple processes, this standard only appears once, and the term mentioned in the previous process is no longer mentioned in the later process. 5.2 Preparation Section
5.2.1 Sorting
At a certain stage of leather making, raw hides and finished products with basically the same properties are grouped into batches for unified processing. 161
Synonym: Sorting
5.2.2 Weighing
QB/T 2262—1996
Before a certain process, the weight of the finished product is weighed for accurate material use, and this weight is used as the basis for subsequent material use. Synonym: Weighing
5.2.3 Soaking
The process of soaking the raw hides to be processed in water. This process increases the distance between the hide fibers, fully absorbs water, and restores the fresh hide state.
Synonym: soaking
5.2.4 breaking
During the soaking process of raw hides, the flesh side is scraped manually or mechanically to break the oil film and facilitate water diffusion. Synonym: scraping, peeling
5.2.5 unfolding
Unfolding the folded hides during the soaking process. 5. 2. 6 cutting the head, tail and legs off cutting off the head, tail, legs and other unnecessary parts in the leather processing. 5.2.7 fleshing
Removing the subcutaneous tissue of the hides after soaking or depilation by machine or manually. Synonym: scraping, shaving
5.2.8 hand shaving
Using a planer to scrape off the extra thick part of the flesh side of the hide to meet the processing thickness requirements. Synonyms: planing
5.2.9 washing
Washing the hides and skins with water to remove impurities attached to the hides and some soluble substances in the hides and skins. 5.2.10 degreasing
The process of removing unnecessary fat from the hides and skins. 5.2.11 liming
The process of immersing the hides and skins in a lime suspension after fleshing. 5.2.12 alkali treating
The process of immersing the hides and skins in an alkaline solution. 5.2.13 alkali swelling
The process of immersing the hides and skins in an alkaline solution to loosen the hide fibers and cause swelling. 5.2.14 unhairing, depilation
The process of removing the hair and epidermis from the hides and skins by various methods. Synonyms: dehairing
5.2.14.1 Paint unhairing
Sodium sulfide, calcium oxide and water are mixed into a paste and applied to the raw material skin and flesh surface to remove the hair on the skin. Synonyms: lime unhairing, starch unhairing
5.2. 14.2 Lime and sodium sulfide unhairing uses the action of a mixture of calcium hydroxide and sodium sulfide to remove hair. 5.2.14.3 Sodium sulfide and calcium chloride unhairing uses the action of sodium sulfide and calcium chloride to remove hair. 5. 2.14. 4 Sodium sulfide and sodium hydroxide unhairing uses the action of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide to remove hair. 162
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