专题47.推理判断题——据文推理慎甄选（教师版）---2023届高三英语总复习（通用版）

推理判断题――据文推理慎甄选号目标导航推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题解答该类型题目时一定要从整体上把握语篇内容,在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息之间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”在进行推断时，要据文推理、合情推理，不可脱离原文主观臆断推理判断能力的考查主要体现在以下几个方面

（1）根据所提供的事实和证据得出结论⑵对语段的深层含义进行推理判断

（3）对语段的言外之意进行推理判断

（4）对文段的背景进行推理判断

一、题型特点要知晓

（一）推理判断题题干常用词一般来说，推理判断题题干中主要包括下面的词语know about,learn from,infer,imply,suggest,conclude,purpose,attitude,probably,most likely等

（二）推理判断题正确选项特征推理判断题中的正确选项是依据文章的事实或证据推断出的符合逻辑的结论或观点，正确选项一般具有以下特征

1.“立足原文，只推一步、即根据原文内容，一步即可推得

2.选项中一般不可以出现绝对概念如only,never,all,absolutely等，正确答案的表述一般有一点模糊，会用一些相对能够留有一些余地的词汇，如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等

（三）推理判断题干扰选项特征

1.曲解文意即推测意义与文章表层意义有区别推理判断题中有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话，命题者可能会利用里面的词设计出干扰项，看似表达文章的意思，其实是借题发挥，是对原文意思的曲解

2.张冠李戴即把文章中作者的观点与其他人的观点混淆在一起题干问的是作者的观点，选项中出现的却是其他人的观点；题干问的是其他人的观点，选项中却出现了作者的观点

3.偷梁换柱干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易忽视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变In Wickendensbook,she expandedon thehistory of the Westand alsoon feminism,which ofcourse influencedthe girlsdecision to go toElkhead.A hair-raising sectionconcerns thebuilding of the railroads,which entailed牵涉drilling throughthe Rockies,often inblinding snowstorms.The bookends withRosamond andDorothys returnto Auburn.

27.What is the textA.A newsreport.B.A bookreview.C.A childrensstory.D.A diaryentry.B【解析】推理判断题根据侄ij数第二段“The bookends withRosamond andDorothys returnto Auburn.这本书以Rosamond和Dorothy回到奥本结束”以及最后一段“Wickenden is a verygood storyteller.The sweepof theland and the stoicismof thepeople moveher to some beautifulwritings Wickenden是个很好的讲故事的人大地的辽阔和人们的坚忍使她创作出了一些美丽的作品户可知，本文简要介绍了Wickenden的书籍内容，并对其进行了评价，所以文本是一篇书评故选B项D对文段的背景进行推理判断

1.三种提问方式文章的写作背景是指所描述的事件发生的背景等，如文章的出处、事件发生的特定环境或原因等这类题目要求能根据文中关键细节和细节之间的逻辑关系对相关背景进行推理判断，常见的三种提问方式有In whichsection of the newspaperwould youmost probablyfind thispassage The...above isprobably providedby...From whichis the text probablytaken

2.解题关键这类题目常以文章出处为命题方式，要求通过阅读文章内容来推断文章的写作背景理解文章的写作目的、作者的措辞、语气和文章所涉及的具体内容等是这类题的解题关键以环保类文章为例1如果作者的目的是呼吁人们保护环境，措词比较主观，而语气以激励吸引为主，这样的文章往往会出现在报纸上，也许会是某个环保活动的广告；2如果是为了说明某个方面存在的问题，措辞比较严谨客观，语调较严肃，那么文章很可能出现在比较正式的媒体上，很可能出现在关于社会问题的版块上；3如果是为了告诉读者有关新发现，在文中提到了调查研究及其结果，则文章很可能出现在报纸或杂志的科学发现版块上［注意］一定要关注文章的措词、语气和写作目的，仅关注文章大意是不够的[例]11]Many of us loveJuly because its themonth whennatures berries and stone fruits arein abundance.These colourfuland sweetjewels fromBritish Columbiasfields arelittle powerhousesof nutritionalprotection.

[2]Of thecommon berries,strawberries arehighest invitamin C,although,because of their seeds,raspberries contain a littlemore protein（蛋白质），iron andzinc（not thatfruits havemuch protein）.Blueberries areparticularly high in antioxidants（抗氧化物质）.The yellowand orangestonefruitssuch aspeaches arehighin the carotenoidswe turninto vitaminA andwhich areantioxidants.As forcherries（樱桃），they are so deliciouswho caresHowever,they arerich invitamin C.

[3]When combinedwith berriesor slicesof otherfruits,frozen bananasmake anexcellent basefor thick,cooling fruitshakes andlow fatice cream”.For thispurpose,select ripebananas forfreezing as they aremuch sweeter.Remove theskin andplace themin plasticbags orcontainers andfreeze.If youlike,a squeezeof freshlemon juiceon thebananas willprevent themturning brown.Frozen bananaswill lastseveral weeks,depending on their ripenessand thetemperature of the freezer.|4]If youhave ajuicer,you cansimply feedin frozen bananas andsome berriesor slicedfruit.Out comesa soft-serve“creamy dessert,to beeaten rightaway.This makesa funactivity for a childrensparty;they lovefeeding thefruit andfrozenbananasinto thetop ofthe machineand watchingthe icecream comeout below.

27.From whichisthe text probablytaken A.A biologytextbook.B.A healthmagazine.C.A researchpaper.D.A travelbrochure.［解题示范］细研题干定文章出处题题型本文介绍了丰收的七月给我们带来的多种浆果和核果，并告诉我们这些果实富含的文章内容营养成分和可以制作成各种美食第一段介绍了七月是水果丰富的季节；第一段介绍了各种莓类所含的营养成分；第文章语气

三、四段介绍各种水果搭配的食用方法在这一过程中作者使用了客观的语气，通俗易懂的方法，形象地说明了水果搭配的技巧确定答案本文是向大众介绍饮食方法，跟健康有关，应该出自健康杂志所以B项止确2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国乙卷）C篇节选Drones arealready beingused toexamine high-tension electricallines.They coulddo preciselythe samething toinspect railwaylines andother vitalaspects ofrail infrastructuresuch as the correctposition ofrailway tracksand switchingpoints.The moreregularly theycan beinspected,the morerailway safety,reliability andon-time performancewill beimproved.Costs would be cutand operationswould bemore efficient（高效）across theboard.

28.What makesthe applicationof dronesto raillines possibleA.The useof dronesin checkingon powerlines.B.Drones9ability to work athigh altitudes.C.The reductionof costin designingdrones.D.Drones reliableperformance inremote areas.A【解析】推理判断题根据文章第二段“Drones arealready beingused toexamine high-tension electricallines.They coulddo preciselythe samething toinspect railwaylines andother vitalaspects ofrail infrastructuresuch asthe correctposition ofrailway tracksand switchingpoints.（无人机已经被用于检查高压电线他们完全可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置广可推知，无人机在高空工作的能力使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能故选A Byusing thelatest technologies,drones couldalso startproviding higher-value servicesfor railways,detecting faultsin the rail orswitches,before theycan cause any safetyproblems.To performthese tasks,drones fbrrail dontneed to be flyingoverhead.Engineers arenow workingon a new concept:therail drones ofthe future.They willbe movingonthetrack ahead ofthe train,and programmedto runautonomously.Very smalldrones with advanced sensorsand AIand travellingahead ofthe traincould guideit likea co-pilot.With theirability tosee ahead,they couldsignal anyproblem,so thatfast-moving trainswould be able toreact intime.

30.What functionis expectedoftheraildronesA.To provideearly warning.B.To maketrains runautomatically.C.To earnprofits for the crews.D.To acceleratetransportation.A【解析】推理判断题根据文章最后一段Very smalldrones withadvanced sensorsand AIand travellingahead ofthetraincould guideit likea co-pilot.With theirability tosee ahead,they couldsignal anyproblem,so thatfast-moving trainswouldbe able toreact intime.（带有先进传感器和人工智能的非常小的无人机可以像副驾驶一样在火车前面行驶凭借他们的预见能力，他们可以发出任何问题的信号，以便快速行驶的火车能够及时做出反应广可知对于无人机期待的功能是提前发现问题故选A

三、系统归纳谨记牢推理判断题除因题型不同，解题方法稍有不同外，其推理判断的原则是一致的，那就是依据原文，合理推断、适度推断，而不是妄加推断、过度推断无论何种类型推断题，其推断的出发点是一致的，均应该掌握以下技巧和防范以下错误［推断6技巧］技巧1理解通篇大意，把握写作意图做推理判断题时，考生应对整篇文章有完整、准确的理解，从总体上把握文章的主题,善于抓住文中的关键词或关键句子对文章的引申含义进行分析，整合与题目相关的信息,综合起来去把握写作意图，确定最佳结论技巧2关注特定措辞，推断作者态度作者的态度、倾向是指作者对陈述的观点是赞同、反对还是犹豫不定，对记叙或描写的人、物或事件等是赞颂、同情、冷漠还是厌恶、憎恨、反对、批评、怀疑、悲观、客观、中立作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩往往隐含在文章的字里行间，或流露于修饰的词语之中因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词技巧3利用语境褒贬，进行逻辑推断几乎每篇文章的语境都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了故事人物的特定心理、情绪状态及作者的写作意图因此，考生阅读文章时一定要找出反映语境褒贬性的标志性词汇或句子，掌握文章主旨大意，了解人物的心理特点及发展变化，从而正确地进行逻辑推断技巧4抓住有效信息，逆向或正向推理逆向推理的推理方式和正向推理相反，它是由结论出发，去验证结论的正确性并寻找论据做此类命题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理和判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义技巧5结合已知常识，进行逻辑推理阅读理解命题通常源于材料，略高于材料，但一般不会离开所给材料但有时，命题者会巧妙地把人们所知的常识融入命题如果考生忽略了常识或不知道这一常识，这样的命题就很难处理技巧6根据文章体裁和内容推断文章出处判断文章出处的题目应从文章的体裁和内容来着手一般来说，报纸上的新闻前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称等；广告类文章因其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明类文章，如器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式；药品有服用时间、次数、药量等；来自网络的文章一般比较新颖、时效性强［谨防4失误］解答推理判断题一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，即立足已知，推断未知，不能主观臆想，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点推理判断题难度大，主要在于它的干扰项极具迷惑性，极易转移考生视线，使他们掉入陷阱考生常出现的典型错误有张冠李命题人把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，粗心的考生往往会不知不觉地中了戴圈套以偏考生做题往往忽略了文章的主体，把注意力过度集中在某一点，最终得出“以偏概全”概全的结论每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个信息，或是娱乐读者，或是阐浮于表述某个观点这些信息通常以叙述的形式展现出来，作者并不发表自己的观点，因此主面题往往比较含蓄但是许多考生会分不清现象与本质，把现象等同于作者的意图推己很多时候作者的态度倾向一般不会明确表明，往往隐含其中考生易脱离原文而进行及人主观臆断，用自己的观点代替作者的观点随堂练习2021年英语高考全国甲卷D Who isa genius Thisquestion hasgreatly interestedhumankind forcenturies.Lets stateclearly:Einstein was a genius.His faceis almostthe internationalsymbol forgenius.But wewant togo beyondone manand explorethe natureof geniusitself.Why isit that some peoplearesomuch moreintelligent orcreative than the restofusAnd who are theyIn the sciences and arts,those praisedas geniuseswere mostoften whitemen,of Europeanorigin.Perhaps thisis nota surprise.Its said that history is written by thevictors,and thosevictors setthe standards for admission to thegenius club.When contributionswere madeby geniusesoutside theclub-women,or peopleof adifferent coloror belief-they wereunacknowledged andrejected byothers.A studyrecently publishedby Sciencefound thatas youngas agesix,girls areless likelythan boysto say that membersoftheirgender（性别）are“really,really smart.Even worse,the studyfound thatgirls acton thatbelief:Around agesix theystart to avoid activitiessaid tobe forchildren who are really,really smart.Can ourplanet affordto have any great thinkers becomediscouraged andgive upIt doesnttake agenius toknow theanswer:absolutely not.Heres thegood news.In awired worldwith constantglobal communication,were allpositioned tosee flashesof geniuswherever theyappear.And the more welook,themorewe willsee thatsocial factors（因素）like gender,race,and classdo notdetermine theappearance of genius.As awriter says,future geniusescome fromthose withintelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力），and simplegood fortune,whoareable tochange theworld.^^

12.What does the author think ofvictors*standardsforjoining thegenius clubA.They*re unfair.B.Theyre conservative.C.Theyre objective.D.Theyre strict.

13.What canwe inferabout girls from the study inScience!A Theythink themselvessmart.B.They lookup togreatthinkers.C.They seegender differencesearlier thanboys.D.They arelikely tobe influencedby socialbeliefs

14.Why aremore geniusesknown to the publicA.Improved global communication.B.Less discriminationagainst women.C.Acceptance ofvictors concepts.D.Changes inpeoples socialpositions.

15.What isthe besttitle forthetextA.Geniuses ThinkAlike B.Genius TakesMany FormsC.Genius and Intelligence D.Genius andLuck【分析】这是一篇议论文文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力12A【解析】推理判断题根据第三段的“It issaid thathistoryiswrittenbyvictors,and thosevictors setthe standardsfor admissionto thegenius club.When contributionswere madeby geniusesoutside theclub-women,or peopleof adifferent coloror belief-they wereunacknowledged andrejected byothers.（据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准当俱乐部以外的天才――女性或不同肤色或信仰的人――做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝户可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的故选Ao13D【解析】推理判断题根据第四段的“Even worse,the studyfound thatgirls acton thatbelief.Around agesix theystart to avoid activitiessaid tobe forchildren whoare“really,really smart.%更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动户可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子做的事情故选Do14A【解析】细节理解题根据最后一段的“In awired worldwith constantglobalcommunication,were allpositioned tosee flashesofgeniuswherever theyappear.（在――个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现户可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道故选A15B【解析】主旨大意题根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Whoisagenius（谁是天才）”和最后一段的“As awriter says,future geniusescome fromthose withintelligence,creativity,perseverance,and simplegeniuses,whoareable tochange theworld.”（正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题故选B2021年全国高考乙卷英语试题During aninterview forone of my books,my interviewersaid somethingI stillthink about often.Annoyed bythe level of distraction（干扰）in hisopen office,he said,Thats whyI havea membershipat thecoworking spaceacross thestreet-so I can fbcus”.His commentstruck me as strange.After all,coworking spacesalso typicallyuse an open officelayout（布局）.But Irecently cameacross astudy thatshows whyhis approachworks.The researchersexamined variouslevels ofnoise onparticipants asthey completedtests ofcreative thinking.They wererandomly dividedinto fourgroups andexposed tovarious noiselevels in the background,from totalsilence to50decibels（分贝）,70decibels,and85decibels.The differencesbetween mostofthegroups werestatistically insignificant;however,the participantsin the70decibels group-those exposedto alevel ofnoise similarto backgroundchatter in a coffeeshop-significantly outperformedthe othergroups.Since theeffects weresmall,this maysuggest thatour creative thinking doesnot differthat muchin responseto totalsilence and85decibels of background noise.But sincethe resultsat70decibels weresignificant,the studyalso suggests that the right level of background noise-not tooloud andnot totalsilence-may actuallyimprove ones creativethinking ability.The right level of backgroundnoise may interruptour normalpatterns ofthinking justenough toallow ourimaginations towander,without makingit impossibleto focus.This kindof distractedfbcus“appears tobe thebest statefbr workingon creativetasks.So whydo somany ofus hateour openoffices Theproblem maybe that,in ouroffices,we cantstop ourselvesfrom gettingdrawn intoothers conversations while were trying to focus.Indeed,the researchersfound thatface-to-face interactionsand conversationsaffect thecreative process,and yeta coworking space ora coffeeshop providesa certainlevel ofnoise while also providingfreedom frominterruptions.

32.Why doesthe interviewerprefer a coworking spaceA.It helpshim concentrate.B.It blocksout backgroundnoise.C.It has a pleasantatmosphere.D.It encouragesface-to-face interactions.

33.Which levelofbackgroundnoisemaypromote creativethinking abilityA.Total silence.B.50decibels C.70decibels.D.85decibels.

34.What makesanopenoffice unwelcome to manypeople A.Personal privacyunprotected.B.Limited workingspace.C.Restrictions ongroup discussion.D.Constant interruptions.

35.What canwe inferabout the author from thetextA.Hes a news reporter.B.Hes anoffice manager.C.Hes aprofessional designer.D.Hes apublished writer.【分析】这是一篇说明文作者通过自身经历讲述人们为什么不喜欢开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪音最有利于人们的创造性思维的研究32A【解析】细节理解题根据第一段“That，s whyI havea membershipat thecoworkingspaceacross thestreet-so Ican focus.（这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格------------------这样我就可以集中精力了）“可知，采访者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助他集中精力故选A项33C【解析】细节理解题根据第二段“The differencesbetween mostofthegroups werestatistically insignificant;however,the participantsin the70decibels group-those exposedtoalevelofnoise similarto backgroundchatter in a coffeeshop-significantly outperformedthe othergroups.（大多数组之间的差异在统计学上是不显著的；然而，音量为70分贝的那组参与者（置身于类似于咖啡店背景噪音的环境中）的表现明显好于其他组）和第三段But sincethe resultsat70decibels weresignificant,thestudyalso suggeststhat therightlevelofbackgroundnoise-not tooloud andnot totalsilence-may actuallyimprove one*screativethinkingability.（但由于70分贝的结果很显著，该研究还表明，适当的背景噪音――不要太大声，也不要完全安静――实际上可能会提高一个人的创造性思维能力）”可知，70分贝的那组参与者表现好于其他组,所以70分贝的噪音背景环境更有可能促进创造性思维能力故选C项34D【解析】细节理解题根据最后一|^C6So whydo somany ofus hateour openoffices Theproblem maybe that,in ouroffices,we cantstop ourselvesfrom gettingdrawn intoothers*conversationswhilewe*retryingtofocus.Indeed,the researchersfound thatface-to-face interactionsand conversationsaffect thecreative process,and yetacoworkingspace ora coffeeshop providesa certainlevelofnoise while also providingfreedom frominterruptions.（刃么，为什么我们中有那么多人讨厌开放式办公室呢？问题可能是，在我们的办公室里，当我们试图集中注意力时，我们无法阻止自己卷入别人的谈话中的确，研究人员发现，面对面的互动和对话会影响创作过程，然而，共同工作空间或咖啡馆在提供一定程度的噪音的同时，也提供不受干扰的自由）“可知，开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰故选D项35D【解析】推理判断题根据第一段“During aninterview fbrone ofmy books,my interviewersaid somethingI stillthink about often.（在一次采访我的一本书时，我的采访者说了一些我至今还经常想起的话）”可知，作者提到有人采访自己的书，所以可以推断，作者是一位作家故选D项2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新高考I卷）Popularization hasin somecases changedthe originalmeaning of emotional（情感的）intelligence.Many peoplenow misunderstandemotional intelligenceas almosteverything desirableinaperson*s makeupthat cannotbe measuredby anIQ test,such ascharacter,motivation,confidence,mental stability,optimism andpeople skills.Research hasshown thatemotional skillsmay contributeto some of thesequalities,but mostof themmove farbeyond skill-based emotional intelligence.We preferto describeemotional intelligenceasaspecific setof skillsthat can be usedfor eithergood orbad purposes.The abilityto accuratelyunderstand howothers arefeeling maybe usedby adoctor to find howbest tohelp herpatients,whileacheater mightuse itto controlpotential victims.Being emotionallyintelligent doesnot necessarilymake onea moralperson.Although popularbeliefs regardingemotional intelligencerun faraheadofwhat researchcan reasonablysupport,the overalleffects ofthe publicityhave beenmore beneficialthan harmful.The mostpositive aspectof thispopularization isanewand muchneeded emphasis（重视）on emotionby employers,educators andothers interestedin promotingsocial well-being.The popularizationof emotional intelligence hashelped boththe publicand researchersre-evaluate thefunctionality of emotions andhow theyserve peopleadaptively ineveryday life.Although thecontinuing popularappeal of emotionalintelligenceis desirable,we hopethat suchattention willexcite a greater interestin thescientific andscholarly studyofemotion.It isour hopethat incoming decades,advances inscience willoffer new perspectives（视角）from which to study how people manage their lives.Emotional intelligence,with itsfocus onboth headand heart,may serveto pointus in therightdirection.

32.What isa commonmisunderstanding of emotionalintelligence A.It canbe measuredby anIQ test.B.It helpsto exercisea personsmind.C.It includesa setof emotional skills.D.It referstoapersons positivequalities.

33.Why doesthe authormention“doctor andcheater“in paragraph2A.To explaina rule.B.To clarifya concept.C.To presenta fact.D.To makea prediction.

34.What isthe authorsattitude tothe popularizationofemotionalintelligence A.Favorable.B.Intolerant.C Doubtful.D.Unclear.

35.What doesthe last paragraph mainlytalk aboutconcerning emotionalintelligenceA.Its appealtothe public.B.Expectations forfuture studies.C.Its practicalapplication.D.Scientists withnewperspectives.【分析】本文是一篇说明文文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望32D【解析】细节理解题通过文章第一段“Research hasshown thatemotionalskillsmay contributetosome of thesequalities（研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成）“可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质故选D项33B［解析】推理判断题通过文章第二段The abilityto accuratelyunderstand howothers arefeeling maybe usedby adoctor tofind howbest tohelp herpatients,whileacheater mightuseitto controlpotential victims.（医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者）“可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点――情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人故选B项34A【施隼析】推理判断题通过文章第三段“the overalleffects ofthe publicityhave beenmore beneficialthan harmful....The popularizationofemotionalintelligence hashelped boththe publicand researchers（宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员广可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的故选A项35B【解析】推理判断题通过文章最后一段“we hopethat suchattention willexcite agreater interestin thescientific andscholarly studyofemotion.It isour hopethat incoming decades,advances inscience willoffer newperspectives fromwhichto studyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.（我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角广可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望故选B项

4.无中生有这种类型的干扰项往往是基本的生活常识或普遍认可的观点，但在文章中并无相关的信息支撑点其次，这种干扰项也有可能与设置的问题毫不相干

5.鱼目混珠鱼目混珠类型的干扰项常出现在词句理解类试题的选项中，即利用某个词或句子的字面含义代替其在文章特定语境中的具体含义

6.扩缩范围为了准确、严密地表达文章内容，命题者特别注意对文意范围的限定，有时通过加上almost,all,nearly,more than,normally,usually等词语对文意加以限制“扩缩范围”干扰法就是在选项中通过改变或去掉限制性词语，将信息的范围、程度、感情色彩等改变，从而给考生解题造成干扰的命题方法

二、方法技巧要用好A.根据所提供的事实和证据得出结论

1.判定信息源的要素――题干特征这类题型的常见提问方式是By mentioning…，the authorindicates that.The story/example in the secondparagraph ismeant to.What canwe learnfrom the...study What is most likely to...What canwe inferabout...The firsttwo paragraphssuggest that.Which ofthe followingstatements doesthe passagesupport What doesthe authorthink of...How wouldthe authorfeel about...Whatisspecial about...

2.信息源在不同文体中的查找比对方法这类题型类似于细节理解题，需要考生根据题干的关键词定位到文中相关的事实或者作者提供的证据，理解其含义并得出结论这类题型的提问方式并不固定，在不同的文体中会有不同的体现，但是通常题干中会提到相关的事例、情节等，解题时应根据题干的提示确定答题方向关注所举事例的段落的主题句，因为作者举例是为了证明观点，所以寻找议论文主题句就是解题关键关注文中关于说明对象的关键信息，有时候信息不一定在某一段出现，可说明文能出现在不同的段落，需要细心查找，再进行组合，综合考虑得出结论通常是考查对文中某个调查、实验、例子或数据的理解，根据题干中的信息定位科技说明文到文中相关信息，读懂调查或实验的目的和结果非常关键大多会涉及事情的结局、某种情况的原因等,解题的关键是读懂故事情节，理清事记叙文情发展态势，关注细节做这类题目时，容易用自己的理解和观点替代文章的真正含义和作者的观点，或者由文中其他事实和证据得出结论，并非由题干相关的证据所得，因此，解题时一定要认真分析题干信息，着眼文章，准确定位[例1]We maythink werea culturethat getsrid ofour worntechnology at the firstsight ofsomething shinyand new,but anew studyshows thatwe keepusing ourold devices装置well afterthey goout ofstyle.Thats bad news forthe environment一and our wallets一as theseoutdated devicesconsume muchmore energythan thenewer onesthat dothe samethings.

32.What doesthe authorthink ofnew devicesA.They areenvironment-friendly.B-They areno betterthan the old.C.They costmore touse athome.D.They gooutofstyle quickly.［解题示范］What doestheauthorthink of作者态度题干信息new devices新设备文体特点科技说明文一项研究新旧设备耗能的报告原文查找Thats badnews forthe environment-and ourwallets-as theseoutdated devicesconsume muchmore energythan thenewer onesthat dothe samethings.信息整合

①做同样的事情旧设备耗能高consume muchmore energy

②旧设备不利于环境保护badnewsfortheenvironment

③旧设备更浪费钱财ourwallets信息推断上面旧设备的缺点是在和新设备相比较than thenewer ones得出的结论，故新设备可以克服以上缺点选项分析A.新设备是环保的They areenvironment-friendly；属于正确信息推断B.新设备并不比旧设备好They areno betterthantheold；属于无中生有”型错误C.新设备在家中使用的费用更高They costmore touse athome；属于“无中生有”型错误D.新设备很快就过时了They gooutofstyle quickly；属于“曲解文意”型错误得出结论由以上信息分析可知，A项正确2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试全国甲卷B篇节选The nextstep,according tothe researchers,is totry andwork outwhether thecockatoos relyentirely onvisual clues线索，or alsouse asense oftouch inmaking theirshape selections.

26.What doesthe follow-up testaim tofind outabout thecockatoos A.How farthey areable tosee.B.How theytrack movingobjects.C.Whether theyare smarterthan monkeys.D.Whether theyuse asense oftouch in the test.D【解析】推理判断题通过文章最后一段“The nextstep,according tothe researchers,is totry andwork outwhether thecockatoos relyentirely onvisual clues,or alsouseasense oftouch inmaking theirshape selections.根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状广可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉故选D B.对语段的深层含义进行推理判断

1.据题干特点初步断定推理类型对语段的深层含义推断能力的考查常常结合文中的细节进行设问，提问方式主要有It canbe inferredfrom thetext that.According towe caninfer that.From thetext wecan learn/conclude that.What canwe learnfromthelastparagraph这类题干常含有infer,suggest,imply,conclude,learn等关键词，干扰项的设置通常是文中直接用于说明细节的信息，无关紧要或片面推出的结论，与文章内容完全相反的结论，或是不合常理、不合逻辑的结论等考生在做此类题目时，很容易误选说明直接信息的选项或片面结论项，一般是因为未能做出正确推断或未能把握文章深层含义所致

2.深层推断5注意1严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推断，切忌掺杂自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵2有些选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，而非推断出来的结论3注意文中的虚拟语气和情态动词，这些往往能流露出作者的弦外之音4有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做评论，考生阅读时如果主观地进行推断就容易出错如文中提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起5某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等［例］Weve allbeen there:inalift,in lineat thebank oron anairplane,surrounded bypeople whoare,like us,deeply focusedon theirsmartphones or,worse,struggling with the uncomfortablesilence.???

32.What phenomenonis describedin the first paragraphA.Addiction tosmartphones.B?Inappropriate behavioursin publicplaces.C.Absence ofcommunication betweenstrangers.D.Impatience withslow service.［解题示范］细研题干定题型由题干可知本题是对文章局部第一段进行深层理解的考查地点公共场合

①电梯中；

②在银行排队中；

③飞机上细读语段明大意人物

①专注地盯着自己的手机；

②苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中A项为原文中的事实，不是推断出的内容细研干B项，文中提及的这些行为是否“合适”原文中没有提及，属于“无扰项中生有“型错误D项在原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误甄别选项定答案该段提到在公共场合中，周围都是人的情况下，人们只是专注地盯断定答着自己的手机，或者苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中，从中可以推案断出文章首段描述了陌生人之间缺少交流的现象故选择C项2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国甲卷D篇节选）Everywhere inSydney thesedays,change andprogress arethe watchwords（口号），and traditionsare increasinglyrare.Shirley Fitzgerald,the citysofficial historian,told methat inits rushto modernityinthe1970s,Sydney sweptaside muchof itspast,including manyof itsfinest buildings.Sydney isconfused aboutitself^she said.We cantseem tomake upour mindswhether wewant amodern cityoratraditional one.Its aconflict thatwe arentgetting anybetter atresolving（解决）On theother hand,being young and old at the same timehas itsattractions.I consideredthis when I meta thoughtfulyoung businessmannamed Anthony.Many peoplesaythatwe lackculture inthis country,he told me.What peopleforget isthat theItalians,when theycame toAustralia,brought2000years oftheir culture,the Greekssome3000years,and theChinese morestill.Weve gota foundationbuilt onancient culturesbut witha driveand dynamismof ayoung country.It9sapretty hardcombination tobeat.^^He isright,but Icant helpwishing theywould keepthose oldferries.

33.What canwe learnabout AndrewReynolds A.He goestoworkby boat.B.He looksforward toanewlife.C.He pilotscatamarans well.D.He isattached totheoldferries.

34.What doesShirley FitzgeraldthinkofSydney A.It islosing itstraditions.B.It shouldspeed upits progress.C.It shouldexpand itspopulation.D.It isbecoming moreinternational.

35.Which statementwill theauthor probablyagree withA.A citycanbeyoungand oldat the same time.B.A citybuilt onancient culturesis moredynamic.C.Modernity isusually achievedatthecost ofelegance.D.Compromise shouldbe madebetween thelocal andthe foreign.34A【解析】推理判断题根据侄ij数第三段“Shirley Fitzgerald,the citysofficial historian,toldmethat inits rushto modernityinthe1970s,Sydney sweptaside muchof itspast,including manyof itsfinest buildings.（悉尼的官方历史学家Shirley Fitzgerald告诉我，在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼把很多它的过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑厂可推知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼匆忙奔向现代化，正在失去它的传统故选A项35A【解析】推理判断题根据倒数第二段“On theother hand,being youngandoldatthesametimehas itsattractions.I consideredthis whenI meta thoughtfulyoung businessmannamed Anthony.（另一方面，同时既年轻又古老也有它的魅力当我遇到一位深思熟虑的年轻商人Anthony时，我考虑到了这一点户以及最后一段“He isright（他说得没错广可推知，作者赞同Anthony的观点，认为一座城市可以同时既年轻又古老故选A项C.对语段的言外之意进行推理判断L言外之意”题的三种提问方式有时作者使用某些字、词、句，不是要表达字面意思，而是有深层意义，即通常所说的“言外之意”阅读理解常涉及这一类题型，提问方式有When the writer talksaboutwhat he/she reallymeans is.By thewriter suggeststhat.Whatdoesthe underlinedsentence inParagraph...indicate“言外之意常用来表达作者对事情的看法和态度，作者的措辞表达的并不是字面上的意思，想要表达的可能是另外一层、甚至相反的意思这类题目常用于考查对夹叙夹议类文章的理解2,言外之意”题的两种题型第一种题型类似于词义猜测题，题干会明确指出文中的某句话或某段文字，问作者通过这些语句想表达什么这种题型一定要关注这部分的上下文，根据上下文理解其含义第二种题型常常是考查作者对某个事件的态度和想法，这种题型一定要关注作者叙述时的口吻

①有时作者描述自己某种并不愉快但又搞笑的经历来娱乐读者，是一种自嘲；

②有时作者以貌似调侃的口吻描述对某种社会现象进行抨击;

③有时作者描述某个或几个事件表达自己的情感，可能是不满、讽刺或感激等这两种题型，解题的关键都是要把握文章主旨，正确选项一定是与文章主旨紧密相关的[例]

[1]I beganreading wordswhenI was eightmonths old.By thetime I was two,I hadread CharlottesWeb.My parentsthought itwas odd,but because I didnthaveanysiblings forthem tocompare mewith,they didn*t realizejust howodd.

[2]At pre-school inNorthport,New York,I quicklyovertook everyone.At seven,I wasgoing into high schoolfor myclasses butstill doingall mysocial activitieswith kidsmy age.But whenI wasnine,thepublicschool administrationsaid thatI hadtogotohighschool full-time with16-year-olds.I didntwant to,because somekids therewere alwaysteasing me.It waspretty horriblewhen theycalled mea know-it-all andtried tograb myhomework.

[3]My parentstried tofind meanother schoolbut,intheend,becauseI was so advanced,the onlyplace thatwas onthesamelevel asme wasState Universityof NewYork atStony Brook.

[4]The admissionspeople saidthat ifI thoughtI couldmanage Icould havea place,as longas mymother accompaniedmetoclasses.

[5]So,aged10,I startedan undergraduatedegree inapplied mathematics.I wasfrightened onmy firstday,but I was alsoexcited thatI wasgoing toattend myfirst realphysics class.Most ofthe teacherswere nicebut oneor twodidn*tlikeme.One professorsaidthatjust becauseI didas wellastheother malestudents,it didntmean Iwas asgood asthem.But thestudents weresupportive andmy parentsalways madesure thatI hada groupof friendsofmyown age;they didntwant metobea socialmisfit.

[6]I graduatedsumma cumlaude with the highesthonor whenIwas14-the youngeststudent everto doso inthe US.

[7]Iwasa perfectionist;I dontthink I would havesettled forless thanthat.I went ontoDrexel Universityand,at17,1was awardeda Mastersand continuedtostudyfor aPhD.

[8]But thatwas when]grew disillusioned withthescience world.I sawbad conductand realisedthatsomeprofessors werentmotivated by a love of science.I fellout withthe adviserwho wassupervising my PhD.I chargedDrexel Universityinacivil lawsuitandthecase hasnow goneinto private,binding arbitration（仲裁）.

[9]I believemy adviserapplied forgrants andpatents usingmy ideas,and tookcredit forthem.He deniesthis andhas accusedmeofstealing hiswork.Even thoughthe universityhas clearedmeofplagiarism（票！J窃）it hasstill refusedto awardme myPhD.

[10]At thetime Iwas fullyexpecting toreceive myPhD,I appliedfor apost teachingadvanced technologyfusion atKonkuk Universityin Seoul.When Iwas appointed,Iwasjust under19,so Imade itinto GuinnessWorld Records.

[11]In SouthKorea,Iwas treated asa minorcelebrity.People staredat mewherever Iwentoncampus,and Iwas askedto giveinspirational talksto teenagers.But Ididnt renewmy contract:Id hadagreatyear,but I wanted tocome home.

[12]I stilldont havemyPhDandIam angryand disappointedabout that.I workedso hardall my life andmy researchended upgoing nowhere.[13J Theresalways hope,but theexperience atDrexel hasderailed me.If auniversity gavemeaplace tocomplete mystudies,Iwouldtake it.But Iam someonewho issuing herformer university,soalot ofcolleges areafraid totouch me.

[14]For now,Im enrolledin lawschool andtraining tobealawyer.Iwantto combinelegal andscience knowledgeso thatIcanprotect peoplesresearch rights.

[15]Its strangebeing backat school:Im21years oldand forthefirsttime inmylife,Pm thesame ageastheother students.

1.The underlinedsentence“But thatwas whenI grewdisillusionedwiththescienceworld.”suggeststhattheauthor.A.felt disappointedwith whatsome scientistsdo B?grew oldenough tobeascientist C?wastreatedasareal scientistD.became motivatedbyaloveofscience[解题示范]细研题干定由题干可知，该题属于第一种题型，类似词义猜测题题型一超前人大学学习一天才一导师盗用她的想法通读全文定作者厂状告导师一聘用成f对自己的天赋有信心基调的功经J重人大学学法律一历细读出处读画线部分的上下文，尤其是下文中“I sawbad conduct...binding arbitration（仲推答案裁）.”提到她发现学校里不好的做法，意识到有些教授不是出于对科学的热爱，所以感到失望，故选A项

2.How doesthewriterfeel whenshe waswriting thispassage A.Proud andfrustrated.-B?Excited and angry.C.Calm andsatisfied.D.Excited anddisappointed.［解题示范］细研题干定题由题干可知，该题属于第二种题型，需要通过作者的描述和措词来推断作者态型度1,关注几个年龄段§个月f2岁f7岁f9岁f10岁f14岁每一步都超前分对自己天赋的肯定和自豪2,关注第六段“highest”和youngest”一再次凸显自豪之情关注细节

3.关注第八段中作者的挫折一开始失望

4.关注第十二段中作者因未拿到博士学位而“angry”和“disappointed一遭遇不顺利5,关注第十五段用词，“21岁”又和“同龄人”一起学法律一无奈一挫败感由以上可看出作者在字里行间对自己天赋的种肯定和自豪，同时也有着一连串确定答案的挫折和无奈，故选A项2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国乙卷）B篇节选They movedin witha localfamily,the Harrisons,and,like them,had littleprivacy,rare baths,andablanket ofsnow ontheir quiltwhen theywoke upinthemorning.Some mornings,Rosamond andDorothy wouldarrive atthe schoolhousetofindthe childrenweeping fromthe cold.In spring,the snowwas replacedby mudover ice.

25.What canwe learnabout thegirlsfromparagraph3A.They enjoyedmuch respect.B.They hada roomwithabathtub.C.They livedwiththelocal kids.D.They sufferedsevere hardships.D【解析】推理判断题根据第三段They movedin witha localfamily,the Harrisons,and likethem,had littleprivacy,rare baths,andablanket ofsnow ontheir quiltwhen theywoke upinthemorning.（他们和一个当地家庭，哈里森一家一起搬进去，和他们一样，几乎没有隐私，很少洗澡，早上醒来时被子上覆盖着一层雪户以及“In spring,the snowwas replacedby mudover ice.（在春天，雪被泥替代覆盖在冰上户可知，女孩们的生活条件非常艰苦，她们饱受磨难故选D项。

   专题 推理 高三 英语 复习