GB 19462-2004 Environmental protection requirements for copying machines Environmental protection requirements for electrostatic copiers
Some standard content:
ICS 37.100.01
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB19462--2004
Environmental protection requirements of copying machines-Environmental protection requirements of electrostatic process copier2004-03-04Promulgated
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of ChinaStandardization Administration of the People's Republic of China
2004-12-01Implementation
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GB19462—2004
In this standard, 3.1, 3.6, 3.9, 3.1D.2, 3.12, 3.14.4, 3.15.2 a), 3, 15.2 c), 3. 16.3.17 are recommended, and the rest are mandatory.
This standard is modified to adopt the German "Blue Angel" mark standard for awarding (copier) environmental label basic criteria (BlueAngle Mark*BASIC CRITERIA FOR THE AWARD OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL LABEL COPIERS\RALUZ62:1998). The German *Blue Angel mark is one of the most stringent environmental protection standards in the world today, and has a strong influence in the world. Manufacturers are proud to obtain the "Blue Angel" mark. Compared with RAL-UZ62:1998, this standard mainly changes the following contents: - Removed the content of 3.9\Energy consumption\ in RAL-UZ62:1998; - Removed the content of 3.10\Equipment safety/electromagnetic compatibility\ in RAL-UZ62:1998; - Removed the content of Chapter 4 "Producers and relevant certification bodies\ and Chapter 5 "Use of environmental labels" in RAL-UZ62:1998;
Deleted the content of Appendix 1 and Appendix 2 in RAL-UZ62:1998. Appendix A, Appendix B, Appendix C, Appendix D and Appendix E of this standard are normative appendices. This standard is proposed and managed by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Copying Machinery. The drafting units of this standard are: Secretariat of the National Technical Committee for the Promotion of Standardization of Copying Machinery, Ricoh (Shenzhen) Industrial Development Co., Ltd., Tianjin Canon Co., Ltd., Guangzhou Copier Factory, Guangdong World Union Industrial (Group) Co., Ltd., Wuhan Minolta Office Machine Co., Ltd., Sharp (Changre) Office Equipment Co., Ltd., Shanghai Fuji Xerox Copier Co., Ltd., Toshiba Copier (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. : Drafters of this standard: Leng Xinxin, Zhang Shaomei, Liu Shengying, Cui Limin, Xu Weihong, Li Ping, Liu Zheng, Yang Yaowu, Zhang Angang, Li Henggong. GB19462—2004
The important goal of environmental protection is to avoid the emission of pollutants and the generation of waste, as well as the reuse of old products. Pursuing these goals can prevent pollutants from entering the environment, protect resources and save space occupied by buried waste. The copiers awarded the environmental label should have the following characteristics: 1. The designed equipment should have the characteristics of long service life and recyclability: the noise of the equipment should be minimized as much as possible; 2. The pollutants discharged into the indoor space should be minimized, and the use of materials that produce harmful substances to the environment should be avoided. 1 Fanqu
Environmental protection requirements for copying machinery
Environmental protection requirements for electrostatic copiers
This standard specifies the technical requirements for environmental protection of electrostatic copiers. TYKAoNIKAca-
GB 19462—2004
This standard applies to black-and-white analog copiers and black-and-white single-function digital copiers (excluding auxiliary equipment, such as fax machines, collating machines, folding machines, binders, etc.) with a copying speed not exceeding 70cpm using the electrostatic copying process. The consumable materials described in this standard refer only to the original toner cartridge components or toner containers that have not been modified and are provided by the copier manufacturer for easy use.
2 Normative references
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard through reference in this standard. For all dated references, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this standard: However, parties that reach an agreement based on technical standards are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For any undated referenced document, the latest version shall apply to this standard. GB/T5748-1985 Method for determination of dust in workplace air GB/T14670-1993 Air quality Determination of styrene by gas chromatography GB/T15438-1995 Determination of ozone in ambient air by ultraviolet photometry GB/T18313-2001 Measurement of noise carried by information technology equipment and communication equipment (idtISQ7779:1999) 3 Technical requirements
3.1 Supply guarantee
3.1.1 Commitment of copier manufacturers
Copier manufacturers shall make a one-year commitment for copier products or the specified number of copies (whichever comes first). If this commitment involves additional costs to be borne by the consumer, the user has the right to choose a commitment period of more than 6 months, including the price. 3.1.2 Maintenance guarantee
The copier manufacturer shall promise to provide spare parts that may break down within the normal use range of the copier within at least 5 years after the discontinuation of production, excluding parts that exceed the normal service life. 3.1.3 Supply of consumable materials
The copier manufacturer shall promise to guarantee the supply of consumables within 5 years after the discontinuation of the copier product. 3.1.4 Supply guarantee information
The copier product manual shall include the contents of the technical requirements of 3.1.1~3.1.3 of this standard, and the conformity certificate
The copier manufacturer shall declare that it complies with the technical requirements of 3.1.1~3.1.3 and submit the corresponding instructions page of the copier product manual. 3.2 Recyclable design
The copier manufacturer shall consider the future recycling and material reuse process in the design and design these basic performances and characteristics. Other characteristics that should be included include:
Avoid non-detachable connections (e.g., bonding or welding) between different materials (components) as much as possible, and use mechanical connections that are easy to disassemble and assemble.
-Avoid using coatings and composite structural materials as much as possible. GB19462-2004
Equipment and components should be easy to disassemble and repair, and the types of materials should be reduced as much as possible.
Conformity verification
Copier manufacturers should be able to provide relevant documents that meet the above requirements. 3.3 Reduce the types of plastic materials
Large-sized plastic shells and box-type parts (mass greater than 25g) must use a single homogeneous substance or a copolymer, and polymer blends are also allowed. Polymer blends refer to special blends of two or two main plastics, which can have better performance than materials composed of pure plastics in a mixed state. See Appendix A. The polymer or polymer blend used to make plastic shells should be easy to sort, and the maximum number of types should not exceed 4. The materials selected for large-size plastic housings and cassette parts should be recyclable for easy recycling. Compliance Verification
The copier manufacturer should be able to provide relevant documents that meet the above requirements and submit a list of materials for large-size plastic housings and cassette parts (mass greater than 25 g).
3.4 Requirements for plastic materials for copier housings and cassette parts 3.4.1 F'BB (poly(Azuranyl)), PBDE (brominated biphenyl ether) or fluorinated alkanes cannot be used to manufacture plastic housings and disc parts. 3.4.2 The materials specified in Appendix B of this standard cannot be used as additives. Except for the following situations:
- Unavoidable impurities caused by technology during the processing process. - Organic additives used to improve the physical properties of plastics (for example, leak-proof agents, but the amount added should not exceed 0.5% of the mass of the plastic part.
- Plastic parts with a mass of less than 25 g.
... Special plastic parts close to heating and fixing devices. These materials should not contain any amount of PBB (polybrominated biphenyls), PBDE (polydiphenyl ether) or chlorinated alkanes.
Compliance verification
The copier manufacturer should be able to provide relevant documents that meet the requirements of 3.4.1 and 3.1.2, a statement made by the manufacturer of the flame retardant/plastic, and the product name of the flame retardant used for the exterior and box fog parts. In addition, the copier manufacturer should also require the supplier of the flame retardant/plastic to provide the chemical specification of the flame retardant or submit a copy of the text that the flame retardant/plastic product fully meets the flame retardant requirements. 3.5 Marking of plastic parts
Plastic parts shall be marked in accordance with Appendix C of this standard, except for small plastic parts with a mass of less than 25 or a surface coating of less than 200 mm. Conformity verification
The copier manufacturer shall be able to provide relevant documents that meet the above requirements: 3.6 Recycling of copiers
The copier manufacturer shall take measures to recycle old copiers, indicate the information on the recycling of old copiers in the copier product manual, and provide instructions on how to return old copiers in person or by mail, so as to promote the reuse of products and materials. For parts that cannot be recycled, special treatment shall be carried out.
Conformity verification
The copier manufacturer shall indicate that it meets the above requirements and show the corresponding instructions page of the product manual. 3.7 Noise Www.bzxZ.net
During the operation of the copier, measure the A-weighted sound power level Lwa of the host. Measure the noise sound power level in accordance with GB/T 18313-2001. Determine the sound power level Lws from the measured value
The noise requirements during the operation of the copier are shown in Table 1. Copy speed
Low speed machine (30cpm)
Medium speed machine (50cpm)
High speed machine (=70 tpm)
Table 1 Noise requirements during the operation of the copier
Noise requirements
.78 dB
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GB19462—2004
When the copier is in standby state, measure the A-weighted sound power level LwA of the host. The sound power level is measured in accordance with GB/T18313-2001. The noise requirements of the copier during standby are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Noise requirements of the copier in standby state Copy speed
Low speed machine (30cpm)
Medium speed machine (50cpm)
High speed machine (70rpm)
Note: Determine the copy speed according to the data listed in the copier product manual Conformity verification
Noise to
No measurement requirements
No measurement requirements
The copier manufacturer should be able to provide certification documents that meet the above requirements or present a test report on the product sound emission in accordance with GB/T18313-2001 by a laboratory accredited by the National Laboratory Committee. 3.8 Batteries/Leather Batteries
If batteries need to be installed in the copier, it is required that the battery ingredients do not use compounds containing lead, mercury, etc. Conformity Verification
The copier manufacturer shall declare that the above requirements are met in the product manual or show the statement of the battery supplier, and indicate the model of the battery used.
3.9 Copy paper
The copier can use the Lansen paper made of 101% waste paper recommended by the copier manufacturer, and explain the use of recycled paper and its specific requirements in the copier product description 1. Conformity Verification
The copier manufacturer shall be able to declare the special requirements in the product manual and show the corresponding copier product manual. 3.10 Consumable materials (toner cartridge assembly or toner container) 3.10.1 Recycling design of consumable materials
The toner cartridge assembly or toner container provided by the printer manufacturer to match the original equipment should be designed to ensure that it can be recycled in the future, or the material can be reused.
Conformity Verification
The copier manufacturer shall be able to provide relevant documents that meet the above requirements. 3.10.2 Recycling of consumable materials (toner cartridges and toner containers) The copier manufacturer shall be responsible for recycling the toner cartridges and toner containers provided with the original equipment or for the reuse of the materials. The toner cartridges and toner containers sent by users shall be guaranteed to be collected. This work may also be entrusted to a third party. The copier manufacturer shall recycle the cartridges and toner containers sent or mailed by users. The cartridges or toner containers that cannot be recycled shall be specially handled. The product manual of the copier shall include the information on the consumable materials. Compliance verification The copier manufacturer shall declare in the product manual that the above requirements are met and show the corresponding instructions page of the copier product manual. GB19462—2004 3.11 Packaging The plastic used for the packaging of the copier shall not contain any halogenated polymers. The marking of the packaging shall comply with the provisions of Appendix C of this standard. Conformity verification
The copier manufacturer shall be able to provide relevant documents that meet the above requirements and indicate the markings of plastic parts. 3.12 Operating Instructions
The product manual and other reference materials provided to users with the copier shall preferably be printed on paper that is not bleached with chloride (new paper or recycled paper).
Conformity verification
The copier manufacturer shall declare that the above requirements are met in the product manual. 3.13 Requirements for the composition of toner
3. 13. 1 Heavy metals
The toner ingredients shall not contain mercury, lead, cadmium, or chromium. Conformity verification
The copier manufacturer shall be able to submit a statement of compliance with the above requirements provided by the toner supplier. 3.13.2 The hazardous substances specified in Appendix B of this standard are not allowed to be used as components of toner. Conformity verification
The copier manufacturer shall be able to submit a statement of compliance with the above requirements provided by the toner supplier. 3.14 Pollutant Emissions
3.14.1 Dust
The dust emitted by the copier shall not exceed the indoor air concentration of 0.075mg/m3. Conformity Verification
The copier manufacturer shall be able to provide documents that meet the above requirements or produce a test report on product dust in accordance with GB/T 5748-1995 by a laboratory accredited by the National Laboratory Committee. 3.14.2 Ozone
The ozone emitted by the copier shall not exceed the indoor air concentration of 0.03 m3/m3. Conformity Verification
The copier manufacturer shall be able to provide documents that meet the above requirements or produce a test report on product ozone in accordance with GB/I15438-1995 by a laboratory accredited by the National Laboratory Committee. 3.14.3 Styrene
The styrene emitted by the copier shall not exceed the indoor air concentration of 0.07mg/m3. Compliance Verification
The copier manufacturer shall be able to provide documents that meet the above requirements or produce a test report on the emission of styrene from the product in accordance with GB/T 14670 1993 by a laboratory accredited by the National Laboratory Committee. 3.14.4 Test Methods
For the test methods of hazardous substances, see Appendix D.
3.15 Quality of photoconductive drums
3.15.1 Compounds containing lead, lead and mercury are not used in the ingredients of photoconductive drums. Compliance Verification
The copier manufacturer shall be able to provide a statement that meets the above requirements and explain the various materials of the photoconductive layer formed in accordance with the requirements of Appendix E of this standard.
3.15.2 Recycling of photoconductive drums
a) Photoconductive drums shall be suitable for recycling or reuse of metal drums. The manufacturer shall accept used photoconductive drums. For the old photoconductor drums that are reinstalled in the machine after refurbishment or are no longer used but only for recycling materials, they should be reprocessed. CS drums and parts containing materials cannot be reprocessed. CdS drums and parts containing materials should be sent to designated recycling stations. b)
c) The copier manufacturer should be responsible for recycling the photoconductor drums that are not provided with the original equipment, and should ensure the recycling of the photoconductor drums returned by the user. A third party can also be entrusted to complete this work. The copier manufacturer should designate a recycling station to recycle the photoconductor drums delivered or mailed by the user. The recycling information of the photoconductor drum should be included in the copier product manual. The copier manufacturer should be able to provide relevant documents required by the sample. 3.16 Double-sided copying
High-speed copiers (>50cpm) must be equipped with an automatic double-sided copying device. Medium-speed copiers (31~50cpm) may include a duplex copy device or be able to install a duplex copy device. The product manual of the copier should provide information about the duplex copy device, or the information that the copier can choose to use a duplex device. Conformity verification
The copier manufacturer should declare in the product manual that it meets the above requirements and show the corresponding instruction page of the product manual. 3.17 Installation conditions
The product manual should include installation instructions for the copier (including ventilation requirements. If necessary, a larger and noise-proof room should be set up for large copiers).
Conformity verification
The copier manufacturer should declare compliance with the main requirements in the product manual and produce the corresponding instructions page of the product manual. GB19462—2004
Appendix A
(Normative Appendix)
IS0 472 Plastic products
ISO 472 Plastic products—Terms related to single polymers, composites, soluble and crystalline polymers Revision 11993-12-01
IS (International Organization for Standardization) is a world federation of national (IS) standardization organizations. The formulation of international standards is usually carried out by IS (International Organization for Standardization) technical committees. Each member country interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, both governmental and non-governmental, in contact with ISO also participate in the work. ISO and the International Electrotechnical Commission (TFC) cooperate on many electronic technical standards issues. International standards are drafted in accordance with the regulations of Part 3 of the TSO and TFC regulations. The draft international standards adopted by the technical committee must be voted on by member countries. The promulgation of international standards requires at least 75% of member countries to vote in favor. ISO/TC61 Plastics Technical Committee, SC1 Terminology Subcommittee, prepared ISO 472:1988 International Standard Revision 1. Plastics
Method 1: References [1] and [2] refer to LPAC publications. For details, see the references at the end of this booklet. Terms Definitions:
Apparent (volume) gram molecular mass: Apparent (volume) gram molecular mass m~: (volume) gram molecular mass is the mass calculated from data without appropriate manipulation (such as: limiting polymer concentration, co-existence, pre-dissolution, composition or structural heterogeneity). Homogeneous cohesion refers to the average degree of cohesion of any polymer. Cosolvent: The ability of a polymer to dissolve in a solvent composed of more than one component, each of which is inherently incompatible with the polymer.
Crystalline polymer: A polymer that exhibits a crystalline structure: Crystallinity: The presence of a three-dimensional sequence within the plane of molecular composition. Crystallite: A small crystalline domain. Note 2: (Polymer) structures usually have one or more crystalline domains that are appropriately defined. Note 3: These definitions are the same as T Classical crystallography Dendritic: A crystallographic morphology resulting from skeletal growth that leads to tree-like appearance of crystals. The purpose of classification: refers to the crystallographic morphology that gives rise to tree-like appearance of crystals. A specific value, range or specification and function of any variable value or other variable relative to the whole part of a polymer substance.
Extended (extended) chain crystal: A polymer substance with a fully extended chain structure. Fraunhofer-Hargenis principle: This is a thermodynamic theory about polymer solutions. It was first proposed by Fraunhofer and Hargenis. The thermodynamic quality of the solution is determined by the simple concept of the mixture components and the Barth parameter. α parameter (sub-parameter) []]. Fractionation method: A method of separating substances with different characteristics (chemical composition, relative molecular mass, tree structure, regular stereostructure, etc.) in polymers.
Columnar crystal formula belongs to the crystal mode of a homogeneous polymer crystal sheet. Long chain branching: refers to the polymer branching of the polymer chain, lamellar crystals, two-dimensional and large-sized crystals of uniform thickness. Mark-Houwink equation; Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation; MHS equation: The equation describes the mathematical relationship between the specific viscosity of a polymer and its molecular weight:
[ =k.(M,)
wherein,
k and α are constants, whose values depend on the properties of the compound and the solvent and the constant temperature. M refers to the relative average molecular mass,
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mass distribution function; weight distribution function, distribution function refers to a part of a substance with a specific value or interval such as mass expression, microcolloid: refers to a network of microscopic wind inches, (volume gram molecule mass molecule burst absorption quotient, heterogeneous polymer polydisperse polymer; polymer is composed of relative molecular mass, molecular structure or all uneven distribution or. Crystal nucleus: the smallest entity that forms a crystal, which further proves the value to thermodynamics. "2 polymer sparse state; dilute state: an equilibrium system of two states, consisting of a polymer and a substance with low equilibrium mass, these compounds have a lower concentration.
Note 4: The name "sol state" is not recommended for use. Polymer dense state, concentrated state: a system of equilibrium of two states, a compound is composed of a low equilibrium substance - these polymers are at a high concentration:
method and, the name "colloidal state" is often used. Crystallization: According to the following steps:
a) the compound is amorphous or has no arrangement domains to reorganize into a product; b) it becomes a more stable crystalline structure;
defects include crystal reduction:
d) any of the above crystallization occurs in the component, selective solvent: refers to a medium, it is a solvent, at least one component of the polymer mixture, or the most segment or grafted one segment of its polymer, any other component or part is a poor solvent, short chain branch: no molecular chain... a oligomer branch. For exclusion chromatography (S): Gel permeation chromatography (GP): is - A separation technique that uses porous non-adsorbent materials as stationary phases to separate molecules and ions based on their hydrodynamic volumes. Note 6: This term GPC instrument is applicable to porous non-adsorbent colloidal materials. The term SEC is the preferred solubility parameter. Characterizes the solubility characteristics of a polymer in a given solution. Spherulite: refers to a rough spherulite crystal form with a central crystal distribution. Fluidity Birefringence: Fluctuation Birefringence: Fluidity, anisotropy, anisotropic molecules or plastics with birefringence relative to the intended molecule or plastic, Turbidity: refers to the surface absorbance due to the incident radiation of the dispersion surface, Equilibrium polymer: Monodisperse polymer: A polymer composed of balanced molecules that do not affect the relative molecular properties and structure, References: [1] IUIFAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Recommendation: Physical Chemistry of Compounds Chapter 1 1: 1286 Definitions of Molecular, Structural and Solid Terms
[2IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry? Recommendation, (98) Definitions of Crystalline Polymer Terms General Terms and Related Terms for Degradable Plastics Revision 3: 1993-12-01
Plastics - Vocabulary
Revision 3: General Terms and Related Terms for Degradable Plastics Terms and Definitions
Alloy: Usually using other components, two or more non-interlinked polymers are connected to form a compound with polymer characteristics and enhanced properties.
GB 19462---2004
Amorphous: Non-crystalline or non-crystalline structure. Amorphous region, an area in a high molecular weight material that cannot be shown to have any crystalline structure by X-ray or other available techniques. Polyester, polyarylate: An ester formed by the polymerization of monomers with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups directly attached to the aromatic ring. Biodegradable plastic: A degradable plastic that can be degraded to low molecular weight by naturally occurring microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae (see degradable plastics)
Film: A layer of plastic film separated from a molten, solution or dispersed medium after solidification on the surface. Lamination pressure:During the lamination process, the hydraulic pressure used for the material in the film. Degradable materials, plastics whose chemical structure undergoes particularly large changes under specific environmental conditions. Some loss of certain properties: This depends on the standard measurement methods and instruments suitable for plastics, of course, the measurement time is sufficient to determine its classification. (See biodegradable plastics, water-degradable plastics, oxidatively degradable materials and photodegradable plastics.) First order transformation: a change of state related to the product or melting of the polymer. Halocarbon plastics: plastics composed of only monomers containing one or more halogens in the carbon skeleton. High pressure mold: a compression mold or lamination method with a pressure exceeding 5MPa: (See low pressure mold) Water-degradable plastics: degradable plastics produced by hydrolysis. (See degradable plastics) Injection mold pressure: during the injection molding process, the pressure applied to the cross-section of the molded material. Low pressure mold: an injection mold or lamination method with a pressure not exceeding 5MPa. (See high pressure mold) Chemical-free degradable plastics: degradable plastics produced by hydrogenation. (See biodegradable plastics) Photodegradable plastics are biodegradable plastics produced by natural light. Polyaryletherketone (PAEK); a polymer composed of aromatic groups linked to one or more ether and ketone units. Compound morphology:
(1) Form or shape. Usually refers to the appearance of a structure that is smaller in diameter than a cell and requires microscopic examination. (2) Phase distribution of a material; the shape and size of a line, area or volume; the structure or appearance of a surface: or the crystal form of a body. Polyols: polyols, polyhydric alcohols: alcohols containing multiple hydroxyl groups. Note 1, in the use of foam molding materials: the term "polyol" includes many compounds with hydroxyl groups, such as polyaldehydes, polyesters, and linalools used in polyurethane foams (plastics).
Polyamide (PP4): A polymer containing acyl groups or isomeric groups, or a combination of these two groups, in the main polymer chain.
Polyamides: A thermoplastic polyester containing acyl groups in the main polymer chain.
Polyamides: A thermoplastic polyester containing acyl groups in the main polymer chain.
Polyamides: A polyester containing acyl groups in the polymer chain and the acyl groups are more than other dicarbonyl groups.
Reinforced Reaction Injection Molding (RRIM): A process in which a solid reinforcement component, such as glass fiber, mica or talc, is added to the reaction injection molding process.
Foaming Time: The time taken for a foam to expand freely under controlled conditions to a maximum expansion.
Gel Action: The shrinkage of gels that develop during bulk separation.
Heat Block: The reduction of heat flow through a solid, porous material or a material composed of low heat transfer and high heat transfer.
Heat Foam: A foam that is decomposed or subdivided into volatiles by heating.
Transfer Mold Pressure: In a transfer mold, the pressure acting on the cross section of the transfer chamber mold. IS0472 Terminology related to carbon fiber
Revision 5:1996-03-01
Terms for American fiber
Terms and definitions
Carbon fiber: Fibers with a carbon content of at least 90% obtained by thermal decomposition of organic fibers. Notes Carbon fibers can be classified into the traditional category according to their physical properties, especially tensile strength and modulus. As follows: YKAoNiKAca-
GB 19462--2004
General properties fiber: Fibers are usually used as fillers for plastics to increase the electrical properties, electrostatic properties, electromagnetic properties, thermal conductivity or friction of plastics. This fiber has the property of low secondary length. High-strength fiber: The tensile strength of the fiber exceeds 2 500 MPa and the tensile modulus is between 200GPa and 280 GPa. This type of fiber may also be referred to as "high strength," "high strain," or "standard grade" medium modulus fiber; the tensile modulus of the fiber is between 280 GPa and 350 GPa. In this category of fibers, there are also commercially available fibers that reach or exceed 5000 MPa.
High modulus fiber: The tensile modulus of red fiber is between 350 GPa and 600 (GPa. Ultra-high modulus fiber: The tensile modulus of the fiber exceeds 600 MPa. Carbon fiber matrix: Organic fibers can be converted into carbon fibers by thermal decomposition. Note: The matrix often uses linear fibers, which can be used in textile and knitting production, woven goods, and felting. Carbonization: The carbon fiber matrix is converted into carbon fibers by heat treatment in an inert gas. Broken fibers: Short fibers are cut from the yarn and are not connected together by any means. Note: The length of the broken fibers can be mixed and molded by injection molding powder. Desized fibers, the removal of fiber paste can be achieved by the addition of a suitable solvent or thermal decomposition. Bonding: Through most or a mixture of all the fibers to achieve a dense entanglement. Graphitization: Heat treatment in an inert gas usually at a higher temperature than carbonization. Note that this process can be considered an industrial graphitization reaction to change the physical and chemical properties of carbon fibers, even if the graphite structure rarely occurs in practice.
Graphitization: Heat treatment of polyacrylonitrile, asphalt or viscose fiber matrix in air to oxidize it in order to prepare it for subsequent carbonization and graphitization.
Carbon fibers based on polyacrylonitrile: From the inert gas Carbon fibers are made from acrylonitrile. NOTE—Tensile strength and elasticity can be obtained by adjusting the conditions of carbonization. Pitch-based carbon fibers: Carbon fibers made from isotropic or anisotropic pitch. NOTE—Carbon fibers made from anisotropic pitch have a higher elastic modulus, while carbon fibers made from isotropic pitch have a lower elastic modulus.
Fiber Yarn: Thread spun from fibers and braided together. Surface treatment: Surface treatment is applied to fibers to improve the adhesion between the fibers and the resin blend. NOTE …- Oxidation of the fiber surface under controlled conditions is an example of surface treatment. Fiber bundle: A large number of individual fibers gathered into a loose thread or a tight thread without weaving. Untreated fiber: Fiber that has not been surface treated. Viscose carbon fiber: Fiber made from viscose fiber. NOTE- Carbon fiber products produced from viscose fiber matrix are actually small-sized products removed from viscose fabric. Web: A collection of fine fibers with or without directionality, held together by fiber bonding and/or by other appropriate physical methods.Suitable for increasing the electrical properties, static electricity, electromagnetic properties, thermal conductivity or friction of plastics. This fiber has the property of low modulus. High-strength fiber: The tensile strength of the fiber exceeds 2,500 MPa, and the tensile modulus is between 200GPa and 280 GPa. This type of fiber can also be called "high-strength", "high-strain" or "standard grade fiber" medium modulus fiber; the tensile modulus of the fiber is between 280 GPa and 350 GPa. In this type of fiber, there are also commercially available fibers that reach or exceed 5000MPa.
High modulus fiber: The tensile modulus of the fiber is between 350GPa and 600GPa. Ultra-high modulus fiber: The tensile modulus of the fiber exceeds 600 MPa. Carbon fiber matrix: organic fibers can be converted into carbon fibers by thermal decomposition. Note: The matrix often uses linear fibers, which can be used in textile, knitting production, woven goods, and felting. Carbonization: The carbon fiber matrix is converted into carbon fibers by heat treatment in an inert gas. Broken fibers: short fibers are cut from the yarn and are not connected together by any means. Note: the length of the broken fibers can be mixed and formed by injection molding powder. Desizing fibers: the removal of fiber paste can be done by the addition of a suitable solvent or thermal decomposition. Bonding: through most or a mixture of all the fibers to achieve a dense entanglement. Graphitization: Heat treatment in an inert gas usually at a higher temperature than carbonization. Note that this process can be considered an industrial graphitization reaction to change the physical and chemical properties of carbon fibers, even if the graphite structure rarely occurs in practice.
Graphitization: Heat treatment of polyacrylonitrile, asphalt or viscose fiber matrix in air to oxidize it in order to prepare it for subsequent carbonization and graphitization.
Carbon fibers based on polyacrylonitrile: From the inert gas Carbon fibers are made from acrylonitrile. NOTE—Tensile strength and elasticity can be obtained by adjusting the conditions of carbonization. Pitch-based carbon fibers: Carbon fibers made from isotropic or anisotropic pitch. NOTE—Carbon fibers made from anisotropic pitch have a higher elastic modulus, while carbon fibers made from isotropic pitch have a lower elastic modulus.
Fiber Yarn: Thread spun from fibers and braided together. Surface treatment: Surface treatment is applied to fibers to improve the adhesion between the fibers and the resin blend. NOTE …- Oxidation of the fiber surface under controlled conditions is an example of surface treatment. Fiber bundle: A large number of individual fibers gathered into a loose thread or a tight thread without weaving. Untreated fiber: Fiber that has not been surface treated. Viscose carbon fiber: Fiber made from viscose fiber. NOTE- Carbon fiber products produced from viscose fiber matrix are actually small-sized products removed from viscose fabric. Web: A collection of fine fibers with or without directionality, held together by fiber bonding and/or by other appropriate physical methods.Suitable for increasing the electrical properties, static electricity, electromagnetic properties, thermal conductivity or friction of plastics. This fiber has the property of low modulus. High-strength fiber: The tensile strength of the fiber exceeds 2,500 MPa, and the tensile modulus is between 200GPa and 280 GPa. This type of fiber can also be called "high-strength", "high-strain" or "standard grade fiber" medium modulus fiber; the tensile modulus of the fiber is between 280 GPa and 350 GPa. In this type of fiber, there are also commercially available fibers that reach or exceed 5000MPa.
High modulus fiber: The tensile modulus of the fiber is between 350GPa and 600GPa. Ultra-high modulus fiber: The tensile modulus of the fiber exceeds 600 MPa. Carbon fiber matrix: organic fibers can be converted into carbon fibers by thermal decomposition. Note: The matrix often uses linear fibers, which can be used in textile, knitting production, woven goods, and felting. Carbonization: The carbon fiber matrix is converted into carbon fibers by heat treatment in an inert gas. Broken fibers: short fibers are cut from the yarn and are not connected together by any means. Note: the length of the broken fibers can be mixed and formed by injection molding powder. Desizing fibers: the removal of fiber paste can be done by the addition of a suitable solvent or thermal decomposition. Bonding: through most or a mixture of all the fibers to achieve a dense entanglement. Graphitization: Heat treatment in an inert gas usually at a higher temperature than carbonization. Note that this process can be considered an industrial graphitization reaction to change the physical and chemical properties of carbon fibers, even if the graphite structure rarely occurs in practice.
Graphitization: Heat treatment of polyacrylonitrile, asphalt or viscose fiber matrix in air to oxidize it in order to prepare it for subsequent carbonization and graphitization.
Carbon fibers based on polyacrylonitrile: From the inert gas Carbon fibers are made from acrylonitrile. NOTE—Tensile strength and elasticity can be obtained by adjusting the conditions of carbonization. Pitch-based carbon fibers: Carbon fibers made from isotropic or anisotropic pitch. NOTE—Carbon fibers made from anisotropic pitch have a higher elastic modulus, while carbon fibers made from isotropic pitch have a lower elastic modulus.
Fiber Yarn: Thread spun from fibers and braided together. Surface treatment: Surface treatment is applied to fibers to improve the adhesion between the fibers and the resin blend. NOTE …- Oxidation of the fiber surface under controlled conditions is an example of surface treatment. Fiber bundle: A large number of individual fibers gathered into a loose thread or a tight thread without weaving. Untreated fiber: Fiber that has not been surface treated. Viscose carbon fiber: Fiber made from viscose fiber. NOTE- Carbon fiber products produced from viscose fiber matrix are actually small-sized products removed from viscose fabric. Web: A collection of fine fibers with or without directionality, held together by fiber bonding and/or by other appropriate physical methods.
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