Some standard content:
NY/T 441—2001
Appendix A and Appendix B of this standard are both informative appendices. This standard is proposed and managed by the Department of Planting Management of the Ministry of Agriculture. Yan
This standard was drafted by the Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center for Fruits and Seedlings of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Institute of Fruit Trees of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Jing, Dou Liandeng, Li Mingqiang, Ma Zhiyong, Kang Yanling, Liu Fengzhi. The main drafters of this standard are: Nie Jiyun, Li 60
1Scope
Agricultural Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China
Technical code for producing applesNY/T 441--2001
This standard specifies the apple production technology such as site selection and planning, planting, soil, fertilizer and water management, shaping and pruning, flower and fruit management, integrated prevention and control of pests and diseases and fruit harvesting.
This standard applies to apple (excluding small apple) production gardens. 2 Reference standards
The clauses contained in the following standards constitute the clauses of this standard by being cited in this standard. When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards will be revised, and parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. GB9847-1988 Apple seedlings
3 Orchard selection and planning
3.1 Orchard selection
3.1.1 Climate conditions
The annual average temperature is 8~14℃. The absolute low temperature is not less than -25℃. The average temperature in January is not less than -10℃. Annual rainfall is 300~~800 mm
3.1.2 Soil conditions
The soil is fertile, with an organic matter content of more than 1.0%. The soil layer is deep, and the active soil layer is more than 60cm. The groundwater level is below 1.5m. The soil pH value is 6.0~~7.5, and the total salt content is less than 0.3%. 3.1.3 Topography
The slope is less than 15°. For mountainous areas and hills with a slope of 6° to 15°, choose the south slope that is leeward and sunny, and build terraces. 3.2 Garden planning
For flat land, beach land and gently sloping land below 6°, the planting rows are north-south; for slopes of 6° to 15°, the planting rows are extended along the contour lines. Equip with necessary drainage and irrigation facilities and buildings. In areas with wind damage, windbreaks should be built. 4 Variety and rootstock selection
The selection of varieties and rootstocks should be based on regionalization and improved varieties. In accordance with the apple zoning and combined with local natural conditions, select excellent varieties and rootstocks. Implement suitable planting for suitable places.
4.1 Bohai Bay Apple Production Area
It is suitable for the development of Fuji coloring series, Marshal short-branch type, Jonagold, Tsugaru, Gala, Wanglin, Xiushui, Qiujin, Hanfu and other varieties. Rootstocks can be selected from Shan Dingzi, Chu Zi, Xifu Haitang, Bian Ling Haitang, Hubei Haitang, etc. 4.2 Central Apple Producing Area
Suitable for the development of Fuji coloring series, Marshal series short-branch type, Jonagold, Huaguan, Huashuai and other varieties. Rootstocks can be selected from Chu Zi, Xifu Haitang, Hubei People's Republic of China Ministry of Agriculture approved on 2001-02-12, implemented on 2001-05-01
Haitang, etc.
4.3 Northwest Apple Producing Area
NY/T 441--2001
Suitable for the development of Fuji coloring series, Marshal series short-branch type, Jonagold, Tsugaru, Wanglin, Qinguan and other varieties. Rootstocks can be selected from Shan Dingzi, Mao Shan Dingzi, Chu Zi, Xifu Haitang, Gansu Haitang, Huaye Haitang, etc. 4.4 Southwest Highland Apple Production Area
Suitable for the development of varieties such as Golden Crown, Marshal, Red Star, Guoguang, Red Jade, and Green Banana. Rootstocks can be selected from Lijiang Shandingzi, Xifu Begonia, Catalpa, Flat Leaf Begonia, Yunnan Begonia, Cangjiang Begonia, Sikkim Begonia, Hubei Begonia, Weeping Begonia, Sand Fruit, and Sharp Mouth Forest. 5 Planting
5.1 Land Preparation
Dig planting trenches with a depth of 0.8 to 1m according to the row spacing, and fill the trench bottom with crop straw about 30cm thick. Mix the excavated topsoil with sufficient organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, and potash fertilizer, and backfill the trench. After filling to 20cm below the ground, irrigate and burn thoroughly to make the soil firm, and then cover it with a layer of surface king and Baozhai.
5.2 Planting method and density
Rectangular planting is used for flat land, beach land and gentle slope land below 6°, and contour planting is used for slope land between 6° and 15°. The planting density is shown in Table 1. Table 1 Planting density
Stockstock-scion combination
Ordinary variety/arborized stock
Short-branch variety/arborized brick
Ordinary variety/dwarfing intermediate stock
Short-branch variety/dwarfing intermediate stock
Short-branch variety/dwarfing stock
5.3 Pollination tree configuration
Plant spacing, m
Mountainous land, hilly land
Row spacing, m
Density, plant/hm2
500~833||t t||1250~1666
1666~2222
Plant spacing, m
Row spacing, m
Density, plant/hm2
416~666
833~1250
12501666
When the economic value of the fruits of the main planting variety and the pollination variety is similar, equal row configuration can be adopted, otherwise differential row configuration is implemented (the planting ratio of the main planting variety to the pollination variety is 4~5:1). 2~4 varieties are planted in the same orchard. 5.4 Selection and treatment of seedlings
Select qualified seedlings according to GB9847. Verify the variety, remove unqualified seedlings, prune the root system, soak the roots with water, and plant them in grades. 5.5 Planting time
Apple seedlings are generally planted in spring. Apple-producing areas such as the Loess Plateau in the northwest, the old course of the Yellow River, and the highlands in the southwest can be planted in autumn. 5.6 Planting technology
Dig a planting hole 30cm deep and wide in the planting ditch according to the spacing between plants. Place the seedlings in the center of the hole, stretch the roots, straighten the seedlings, and arrange them in rows vertically and horizontally. Fill the soil while lifting the seedlings and tamping them down. After filling the soil, make a tree tray with a diameter of 1m around the seedlings, irrigate it immediately, and cover it with mulch after it is thoroughly watered to ensure harvesting. For the planting depth, the interface of the seedling rootstock seedlings is slightly higher than the ground; the intermediate rootstock of the dwarfing and semi-dwarfing intermediate rootstock seedlings of the nutrient system is buried about half of the length of the intermediate rootstock; the interface of the dwarfing and semi-dwarfing self-rooted rootstock seedlings of the nutrient system should be more than 10cm above the ground (appropriately deep pruning can be done in areas with less rainfall). The stems should be set immediately after planting in spring; the stems of the autumn-cut seedlings should be set before budding in the spring of the following year. After setting the stems, take appropriate measures to protect the cut ends. 6 Soil, fertilizer and water management
6.1 Soil management
6.1.1 Deep plowing and soil improvement
After the young trees are planted, deep plowing and soil improvement should be extended outward by 0.6-1.0m every autumn, starting from the outer edge of the planting hole, combined with autumn basal fertilizer application. When backfilling the soil, mix it with organic fertilizer, put the topsoil on the bottom layer, and the subsoil on the upper layer, and then irrigate it fully to make the roots and soil close to each other. 6.1.2 Planting green manure and inter-row grass
It is recommended to inter-plant green manure crops such as clover, hairy vetch, flat-leaf astragalus, etc. between the rows, and turn them into organic fertilizer for the apple orchard through methods such as plowing, covering and making. Apple orchards with irrigation conditions recommend inter-row weeding. 6.1.3 Inter-row weeding and mulching
Inter-row weeding should be carried out frequently in the cleared area to keep the soil loose and free of weeds. The inter-row weeding depth should be 5 to 10 cm. Straw mulching is recommended in the tree tray to help retain moisture, keep warm, inhibit weed growth, and increase the content of soil organic matter. 6.2 Fertilization
Determine the amount of fertilizer according to the soil fertility. Apply more organic fertilizers and apply nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers in a formula. The ratio is generally 2:2:1 for young trees and 2:1:2 for fruiting trees.
6.2.1 Apply basal fertilizer in autumn
Apply sufficient organic fertilizer in the furrow in autumn. The amount of fertilizer is generally 25 to 50 kg/plant for young trees and 50 to 100 kg/plant for fruiting trees. It can also be applied at a ratio of more than 1 kg of organic fertilizer for every 1 kg of apples produced. 6.2.2 Reasonable topdressing
When the new shoots of young trees grow to 10cm long, apply 0.2kg urea per plant. 15-20 days after the fruiting trees have dropped their flowers, apply 2kg of special compound fertilizer for fruit trees per plant. Water in time after topdressing to facilitate root absorption. In addition, foliar topdressing can also be used to supplement nutritional needs. 6.3 Water management
6.3.1 Irrigation
The irrigation period should be determined according to the soil conditions, usually including four periods: leaf expansion period, rapid growth period of spring shoots, rapid expansion period of fruits, and before freezing. Loosen the soil in time after irrigation. Orchards with insufficient water sources should also cover the tree trays with crop straw to facilitate preservation. It is recommended to adopt water-saving irrigation measures such as drip irrigation, infiltration irrigation, and micro-spraying.
6.3.2 Drainage
When water accumulates in the orchard, use ditches to drain water in time. 7 Shaping and pruning
7.1 Suitable tree shape
After planting, the suitable tree shape is selected according to the planting density. Common tree shapes are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Common tree shapes in production
Small crown sparse layer shape
Body is spindle-shaped
Slender spindle-shaped
Main shape cylindrical
Improved spindle-shaped
Density, plant/hm2
500~825
8251000
1000~~1245
1 245~1 650
Around 600
Main structural features
Tree height 3.0~3.5m, trunk height 0.5~0.6m, 5 main branches (3 on the first layer, 2 on the second layer), 2 side branches on each of the 3 main branches on the first layer.
The tree is 2.5-3.0m tall, with a trunk height of 0.5-0.7m. There are 10-15 main branches growing in a spiral in the center. The main branch length is 1.5-2.0m, and the branch angle is 70°-90°. The spacing between main branches in the same direction is not less than 0.5m. The tree quotient is 2-3m, with a trunk height of 0.5-0.7m and a crown diameter of 1.5-2.0m. There is no hierarchy on the central leading trunk, and the branches are evenly distributed with similar strength. There are 15-20 horizontal, slender and lateral branches. The tree is about 2 m tall, with a trunk height of 0.3-0.4m and a crown diameter of about 2m. There are no main branches. The central trunk rises in a spiral, with 30-35 large, medium and small fruiting branches, each consisting of more than 3 branches. The tree is about 3m high, 0.5~0.6m high, with 3~4 main branches at the base, branching angle of 80°~90%, no more stratification in the central trunk, and 10~15 lateral branches spiral upward. 63
7.2 Pruning
7.2.1 Young tree period
NY/T 441--2001
Except for competing branches and branches close to the ground, all branches that emerge after the trunk is fixed are retained. When pruning in the third year, all redundant branches below the shaping zone are thinned out. In spring, the buds that are not easy to germinate in the middle and back, back and sides of the branches are wounded. When pruning in winter, the one-year-old and two-year-old trees are mainly cut off in medium and short development branches to promote long branches; the individual long branches of the two-year-old trees and most of the long branches of the three-year-old trees are slowly released to promote medium and short branches. The two-year-old and three-year-old trees are pulled during the growing season.
7.2.2 Early Fruiting Period
Mainly remove useless branches, overgrown branches and thin branches, cultivate strong fruiting branches mainly composed of small and medium-sized fruiting branches, adjust the fruiting amount and load reasonably. In addition to winter pruning, pruning during the growing season should be strengthened through measures such as bud carving, branch pulling and ring barking. 7.2.3 Peak Fruiting Period
Strong trees, weak trees and moderate and strong trees should adopt pruning measures mainly based on "control", "promotion" and "protection" to make the tree stable and strong. The branches are distributed sparsely on the top and densely on the bottom, sparsely on the outside and densely on the inside. The crown distance between rows is kept above 1m, and there is a slight cross in the rows. Fruiting branches, nutrient branches and preparatory branches are matched and switched in turn. Adjust the fruiting position, control the fruiting amount, and prevent the phenomenon of "big year" fruiting. 7.2.4 Renewal and Rejuvenation Period
Pay attention to the renewal and rejuvenation of various perennial branches and branches, and try to maintain the yield. 8 Flower and Fruit Management
8.1 Pollination
Use artificial pollination, bee or wall bee pollination and other methods to improve fruit setting rate and fruit uniformity. 8.2 Flower and Fruit Thinning
Thinning flowers and fruits according to the spacing between flowers and fruits. See Table 3 for the spacing between flowers and fruits and the method of retaining fruits. From the inflorescence extension period to the bud separation period, remove the excessive, dense and weak inflorescences according to the spacing. Only the central flower and 1 to 2 side flowers are retained in the inflorescence, and the number of flowers retained per plant can be 1 to 2 times more than the planned number of flowers. Fruit thinning should be completed within 26 days after full flowering, and one fruit should be retained on each fruit stand. Table 3 Spacing between flowers and fruits and fruit retention method
Fruit type
Spacing between flowers and fruits, cm
Fruit retention method
8.3 Leaf removal and fruit rotation
Seedling rootstock trees
Medium-sized nest varieties
Mainly retain single fruits, supplemented by retaining double fruits
Large fruit varieties
20～30
Retain single fruits
Dwarfing intermediate rootstock trees and short-branch trees||tt ||Medium-sized fruit varieties
Leave single fruit
Large-sized fruit varieties
Leave single fruit
Leave leaves usually divided into two times. The first time is about 30 days before harvesting. Remove the leaves attached to the fruit and the leaves at the base of the fruit-bearing branches, and appropriately remove the light-shielding leaves at the base of the branches within 5~10cm around the fruit; the second time is 10 days apart, cut off the extra top branches outside the crown, the long branches inside the crown and the dense new branches, and remove some leaves at the lower part of the medium and long branches. Fruit rotation is usually carried out one week after the first leaf picking. After the sunny side of the fruit is fully colored, turn the shady side of the fruit to the sunny side, and rotate the fruit by a quarter of a circle every 7 days. 8.4 Fruit bagging and laying silver reflective film [see Appendix A (Suggested Appendix) and Appendix B (Suggested Appendix) are also included in the scope of flower and fruit management, which can be referred to for implementation.
9 Integrated pest control
Based on agricultural control and with biological control as the core, chemical control technology should be used reasonably according to the economic threshold of pests and diseases to control pests and diseases economically, safely and effectively. The prevention and control of apple virus diseases should be solved by planting virus-free seedlings. 9.1 Agricultural control
Mainly apply organic fertilizers and inorganic compound fertilizers to enhance the disease resistance of trees and deteriorate the nutrition of piercing and sucking pests. Control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, inhibit the reproduction of pests such as phytophagous mites and aphids, and reduce the harm of apple powdery mildew, ring rot and other diseases. Pay attention to water control and drainage in the late growing season to prevent 64
NY/T 4412001
extended growth, so as to avoid severe occurrence of frost damage, shoot pulling and rot. Strictly thin out flowers and fruits, load reasonably, and keep the tree vigor strong. Scrape off the cracked and old bark of branches and trunks before germination, remove dead branches and fallen leaves, and reduce the base number of overwintering pests. Remove diseased and insect-infested leaves and fruits early in the growing season, and combine with controlling the occurrence of secondary diseases and pests. Do not plant with other fruit trees such as pears, peaches, and walnuts to avoid aggravating the occurrence of secondary diseases and pests. Do not plant junipers in the park to effectively prevent the spread of rust.
9.2 Biological control
Make full use of parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects and pathogenic microorganisms to regulate the density of pest populations and control their populations below the level of damage. Add natural enemy food in the apple orchard, set up natural enemy hiding and wintering places, and attract natural enemies around the garden. Raise and release natural enemies to supplement and restore natural enemy populations. Limit the use of organic synthetic pesticides to reduce damage to natural enemies. 9.3 Chemical control
Select pesticide varieties that meet the requirements of integrated control according to the biological characteristics and damage characteristics of the control targets. Strengthen the dynamic monitoring and reporting of disease and insect occurrence, grasp the economic threshold of the target pest population density, and spray pesticides at the appropriate time. Use scientific pesticide application methods to ensure the quality of pesticide application. Choose pesticides that are safe for humans and animals, do not harm natural enemies, are non-polluting to the environment, and are highly effective against target pests, such as microbial insecticides, worm growth regulators, and insect pheromones. For non-selective pesticides, improve the spraying method, adjust the application period, and reduce the amount used to control pests and diseases and reduce or not harm natural enemies. At the same time, pay attention to the reasonable mixing and rotation of pesticides. 10 Fruit Harvest
Determine the appropriate harvest period based on the maturity, use, and market demand of the fruit. Varieties with severe fruit drop before harvest or inconsistent ripening periods should be harvested in stages.
Choice of A1 Paper Bags
NY/T 441--2001
Appendix A
(Suggested Appendix)
Fruit Bags
Choose special paper bags for apples that are wind-resistant and rain-resistant and have good air permeability. Double-layer bags are used for red varieties that are difficult to color, and single-layer bags can be used for yellow varieties and red varieties that are easier to color. A2 Bagging
The appropriate period for bagging is about 30 days after the flowers fall for early and medium-maturing varieties, and 35 to 45 days after the flowers fall for medium-late and late-maturing varieties. Before bagging, an organic fungicide for preventing and controlling fruit diseases must be sprayed once, and the bagging should be done after the medicine is dry. When bagging, prevent the paper bag from getting close to the fruit skin. Varieties that are prone to fruit rust should be thinned and bagged as early as possible on the basis of flower thinning. A3 Removing bags
The specific period for removing bags should be determined according to climatic conditions and market demand. Generally, red early and medium-maturing varieties, as well as yellow and green varieties, should be removed about 15 days before the appropriate harvest, and red medium-late and late-maturing varieties should be removed 30 to 35 days before the appropriate harvest. Appendix B
(Suggested Appendix)
Laying Silver Reflective Film
Appropriately remove leaves before laying reflective film to ensure that the ground light transmittance of the tree crown reaches more than 30%. For fruit bagged trees, this should be done after the bags are completely removed and the leaves are removed for the first time; for fruit unbagged trees, this should be done after the fruit begins to color and the leaves are removed appropriately. 667m, with 10-15 main branches growing in the center in a spiral. The main branch length is 1.5-2.0m, and the branch angle is 70°-90°. The spacing between main branches in the same direction is not less than 0.5m. The tree quotient is 2-3m, the trunk height is 0.5-0.7m, and the crown diameter is 1.5-2.0m. There is no layering on the central leading trunk, and the branches are evenly connected with similar strength. There are 15-20 horizontal, slender and lateral branches. The tree is about 2 m tall, the trunk height is 0.3-0.4m, and the crown diameter is about 2m. There are no main branches. The central trunk of the cable rises in a spiral, and 30-35 large, medium and small fruiting branches are produced, and each branch group consists of more than 3 branches. The tree is about 3m tall, and the height is 0.5-0.6m. There are 3-4 main branches at the base, and the branch angle is 80°-90%. The central trunk is no longer layered upward, and 10-15 lateral branches rise in a spiral. 63
7.2 Pruning
7.2.1 Young Tree Stage
NY/T 441--2001
Except for competing branches and branches close to the ground, keep all branches that emerge after the trunk is fixed. During the winter pruning in the third year, remove all redundant branches below the shaping zone. In spring, make cuts on the buds that are difficult to germinate in the middle and rear parts, backs and sides of the branches. During winter pruning, one- and two-year-old trees should mainly cut off medium and short development branches to promote long branches; slow down the individual long branches of two-year-old trees and most of the long branches of three-year-old trees to promote medium and short branches. Tender branches of two- and three-year-old trees during the growing season.
7.2.2 Early Fruit Stage
Mainly remove useless branches, long branches and thin branches, cultivate strong fruiting branches mainly composed of small and medium-sized fruiting branches, adjust the fruiting amount, and load them reasonably. In addition to winter pruning, pruning during the growing season should be strengthened through measures such as bud carving, branch pulling, and ring barking. 7.2.3 Peak fruiting period
Strong trees, weak trees, and moderate and strong trees should adopt pruning measures based on "control", "promotion" and "protection" respectively to make the trees stable and strong. The branches are distributed sparsely on the top and densely on the bottom, sparsely on the outside and densely on the inside. The crown distance between rows is kept above 1m, and there is a slight intersection within the row. Fruiting branches, nutrient branches and preparatory branches are matched and switched in turn. Adjust the fruiting position, control the amount of fruiting, and prevent the phenomenon of "big year and small year" fruiting. 7.2.4 Renewal and rejuvenation period
Pay attention to the renewal and rejuvenation of various perennial branches and branch groups, and try to maintain the yield. 8 Flower and fruit management
8.1 Pollination
Use artificial pollination, bee or wall bee pollination and other methods to improve the fruit setting rate and fruit uniformity. 8.2 Thinning Flowers and Fruits
Thinning flowers and fruits according to the spacing between flowers and fruits. See Table 3 for the spacing between flowers and fruits and the method of retaining fruits. During the period from the inflorescence extension to the bud separation period, remove the excessive, dense and weak inflorescences according to the spacing. Only the central flower and 1 to 2 side flowers are retained in the inflorescence. The number of flowers retained per plant can be 1 to 2 times more than the planned number of flowers. Fruit thinning should be completed within 26 days after full flowering, and one fruit should be retained on each fruiting stand. Table 3 Spacing between flowers and fruits and fruit retention method
Fruit type
Spacing between flowers and fruits, cm
Fruit retention method
8.3 Leaf removal and fruit rotation
Seedling rootstock trees
Medium-sized nest varieties
Mainly retain single fruits, supplemented by retaining double fruits
Large fruit varieties
20～30
Retain single fruits
Dwarfing intermediate rootstock trees and short-branch trees||tt ||Medium-sized fruit varieties
Leave single fruit
Large-sized fruit varieties
Leave single fruit
Leave leaves usually divided into two times. The first time is about 30 days before harvesting. Remove the leaves attached to the fruit and the leaves at the base of the fruit-bearing branches, and appropriately remove the light-shielding leaves at the base of the branches within 5~10cm around the fruit; the second time is 10 days apart, cut off the extra top branches outside the crown, the long branches inside the crown and the dense new branches, and remove some leaves at the lower part of the medium and long branches. Fruit rotation is usually carried out one week after the first leaf picking. After the sunny side of the fruit is fully colored, turn the shady side of the fruit to the sunny side, and rotate the fruit by a quarter of a circle every 7 days. 8.4 Fruit bagging and laying silver reflective film [see Appendix A (Suggested Appendix) and Appendix B (Suggested Appendix) are also included in the scope of flower and fruit management, which can be referred to for implementation.
9 Integrated pest control
Based on agricultural control and with biological control as the core, chemical control technology should be used reasonably according to the economic threshold of pests and diseases to control pests and diseases economically, safely and effectively. The prevention and control of apple virus diseases should be solved by planting virus-free seedlings. 9.1 Agricultural control
Mainly apply organic fertilizers and inorganic compound fertilizers to enhance the disease resistance of trees and deteriorate the nutrition of piercing and sucking pests. Control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, inhibit the reproduction of pests such as phytophagous mites and aphids, and reduce the harm of apple powdery mildew, ring rot and other diseases. Pay attention to water control and drainage in the late growing season to prevent 64
NY/T 4412001
extended growth, so as to avoid severe occurrence of frost damage, shoot pulling and rot. Strictly thin out flowers and fruits, load reasonably, and keep the tree vigor strong. Scrape off the cracked and old bark of branches and trunks before germination, remove dead branches and fallen leaves, and reduce the base number of overwintering pests. Remove diseased and insect-infested leaves and fruits early in the growing season, and combine with controlling the occurrence of secondary diseases and pests. Do not plant with other fruit trees such as pears, peaches, and walnuts to avoid aggravating the occurrence of secondary diseases and pests. Do not plant junipers in the park to effectively prevent the spread of rust.
9.2 Biological control
Make full use of parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects and pathogenic microorganisms to regulate the density of pest populations and control their populations below the level of damage. Add natural enemy food in the apple orchard, set up natural enemy hiding and wintering places, and attract natural enemies around the garden. Raise and release natural enemies to supplement and restore natural enemy populations. Limit the use of organic synthetic pesticides to reduce damage to natural enemies. 9.3 Chemical control
Select pesticide varieties that meet the requirements of integrated control according to the biological characteristics and damage characteristics of the control targets. Strengthen the dynamic monitoring and reporting of disease and insect occurrence, grasp the economic threshold of the target pest population density, and spray pesticides at the appropriate time. Use scientific pesticide application methods to ensure the quality of pesticide application. Choose pesticides that are safe for humans and animals, do not harm natural enemies, are non-polluting to the environment, and are highly effective against target pests, such as microbial insecticides, worm growth regulators, and insect pheromones. For non-selective pesticides, improve the spraying method, adjust the application period, and reduce the amount used to control pests and diseases and reduce or not harm natural enemies. At the same time, pay attention to the reasonable mixing and rotation of pesticides. 10 Fruit Harvest
Determine the appropriate harvest period based on the maturity, use, and market demand of the fruit. Varieties with severe fruit drop before harvest or inconsistent ripening periods should be harvested in stages.
Choice of A1 Paper Bags
NY/T 441--2001
Appendix A
(Suggested Appendix)
Fruit Bags
Choose special paper bags for apples that are wind-resistant and rain-resistant and have good air permeability. Double-layer bags are used for red varieties that are difficult to color, and single-layer bags can be used for yellow varieties and red varieties that are easier to color. A2 Bagging
The appropriate period for bagging is about 30 days after the flowers fall for early and medium-maturing varieties, and 35 to 45 days after the flowers fall for medium-late and late-maturing varieties. Before bagging, an organic fungicide for preventing and controlling fruit diseases must be sprayed once, and the bagging should be done after the medicine is dry. When bagging, prevent the paper bag from getting close to the fruit skin. Varieties that are prone to fruit rust should be thinned and bagged as early as possible on the basis of flower thinning. A3 Removing bags
The specific period for removing bags should be determined according to climatic conditions and market demand. Generally, red early and medium-maturing varieties, as well as yellow and green varieties, should be removed about 15 days before the appropriate harvest, and red medium-late and late-maturing varieties should be removed 30 to 35 days before the appropriate harvest. Appendix B
(Suggested Appendix)
Laying Silver Reflective Film
Appropriately remove leaves before laying reflective film to ensure that the ground light transmittance of the tree crown reaches more than 30%. For fruit bagged trees, this should be done after the bags are completely removed and the leaves are removed for the first time; for fruit unbagged trees, this should be done after the fruit begins to color and the leaves are removed appropriately. 667m, with 10-15 main branches growing in the center in a spiral. The main branch length is 1.5-2.0m, and the branch angle is 70°-90°. The spacing between main branches in the same direction is not less than 0.5m. The tree quotient is 2-3m, the trunk height is 0.5-0.7m, and the crown diameter is 1.5-2.0m. There is no layering on the central leading trunk, and the branches are evenly connected with similar strength. There are 15-20 horizontal, slender and lateral branches. The tree is about 2 m tall, the trunk height is 0.3-0.4m, and the crown diameter is about 2m. There are no main branches. The central trunk of the cable rises in a spiral, and 30-35 large, medium and small fruiting branches are produced, and each branch group consists of more than 3 branches. The tree is about 3m tall, and the height is 0.5-0.6m. There are 3-4 main branches at the base, and the branch angle is 80°-90%. The central trunk is no longer layered upward, and 10-15 lateral branches rise in a spiral. 63
7.2 Pruning
7.2.1 Young Tree Stage
NY/T 441--2001
Except for competing branches and branches close to the ground, keep all branches that emerge after the trunk is fixed. During the winter pruning in the third year, remove all redundant branches below the shaping zone. In spring, make cuts on the buds that are difficult to germinate in the middle and rear parts, backs and sides of the branches. During winter pruning, one- and two-year-old trees should mainly cut off medium and short development branches to promote long branches; slow down the individual long branches of two-year-old trees and most of the long branches of three-year-old trees to promote medium and short branches. Tender branches of two- and three-year-old trees during the growing season.
7.2.2 Early Fruit Stage
Mainly remove useless branches, long branches and thin branches, cultivate strong fruiting branches mainly composed of small and medium-sized fruiting branches, adjust the fruiting amount, and load them reasonably. In addition to winter pruning, pruning during the growing season should be strengthened through measures such as bud carving, branch pulling, and ring barking. 7.2.3 Peak fruiting period
Strong trees, weak trees, and moderate and strong trees should adopt pruning measures based on "control", "promotion" and "protection" respectively to make the trees stable and strong. The branches are distributed sparsely on the top and densely on the bottom, sparsely on the outside and densely on the inside. The crown distance between rows is kept above 1m, and there is a slight intersection within the row. Fruiting branches, nutrient branches and preparatory branches are matched and switched in turn. Adjust the fruiting position, control the amount of fruiting, and prevent the phenomenon of "big year and small year" fruiting. 7.2.4 Renewal and rejuvenation period
Pay attention to the renewal and rejuvenation of various perennial branches and branch groups, and try to maintain the yield. 8 Flower and fruit management
8.1 Pollination
Use artificial pollination, bee or wall bee pollination and other methods to improve the fruit setting rate and fruit uniformity. 8.2 Thinning Flowers and Fruits
Thinning flowers and fruits according to the spacing between flowers and fruits. See Table 3 for the spacing between flowers and fruits and the method of retaining fruits. During the period from the inflorescence extension to the bud separation period, remove the excessive, dense and weak inflorescences according to the spacing. Only the central flower and 1 to 2 side flowers are retained in the inflorescence. The number of flowers retained per plant can be 1 to 2 times more than the planned number of flowers. Fruit thinning should be completed within 26 days after full flowering, and one fruit should be retained on each fruiting stand. Table 3 Spacing between flowers and fruits and fruit retention method
Fruit type
Spacing between flowers and fruits, cm
Fruit retention method
8.3 Leaf removal and fruit rotation
Seedling rootstock trees
Medium-sized nest varieties
Mainly retain single fruits, supplemented by retaining double fruits
Large fruit varieties
20～30
Retain single fruits
Dwarfing intermediate rootstock trees and short-branch trees||tt ||Medium-sized fruit varieties
Leave single fruit
Large-sized fruit varieties
Leave single fruit
Leave leaves usually divided into two times. The first time is about 30 days before harvesting. Remove the leaves attached to the fruit and the leaves at the base of the fruit-bearing branches, and appropriately remove the light-shielding leaves at the base of the branches within 5~10cm around the fruit; the second time is 10 days apart, cut off the extra top branches outside the crown, the long branches inside the crown and the dense new branches, and remove some leaves at the lower part of the medium and long branches. Fruit rotation is usually carried out one week after the first leaf picking. After the sunny side of the fruit is fully colored, turn the shady side of the fruit to the sunny side, and rotate the fruit by a quarter of a circle every 7 days. 8.4 Fruit bagging and laying silver reflective film [see Appendix A (Suggested Appendix) and Appendix B (Suggested Appendix) are also included in the scope of flower and fruit management, which can be referred to for implementation.
9 Integrated pest control
Based on agricultural control and with biological control as the core, chemical control technology should be used reasonably according to the economic threshold of pests and diseases to control pests and diseases economically, safely and effectively. The prevention and control of apple virus diseases should be solved by planting virus-free seedlings. 9.1 Agricultural control
Mainly apply organic fertilizers and inorganic compound fertilizers to enhance the disease resistance of trees and deteriorate the nutrition of piercing and sucking pests. Control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, inhibit the reproduction of pests such as phytophagous mites and aphids, and reduce the harm of apple powdery mildew, ring rot and other diseases. Pay attention to water control and drainage in the late growing season to prevent 64
NY/T 4412001
extended growth, so as to avoid severe occurrence of frost damage, shoot pulling and rot. Strictly thin out flowers and fruits, load reasonably, and keep the tree vigor strong. Scrape off the cracked and old bark of branches and trunks before germination, remove dead branches and fallen leaves, and reduce the base number of overwintering pests. Remove diseased and insect-infested leaves and fruits early in the growing season, and combine with controlling the occurrence of secondary diseases and pests. Do not plant with other fruit trees such as pears, peaches, and walnuts to avoid aggravating the occurrence of secondary diseases and pests. Do not plant junipers in the park to effectively prevent the spread of rust.
9.2 Biological control
Make full use of parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects and pathogenic microorganisms to regulate the density of pest populations and control their populations below the level of damage. Add natural enemy food in the apple orchard, set up natural enemy hiding and wintering places, and attract natural enemies around the garden. Raise and release natural enemies to supplement and restore natural enemy populations. Limit the use of organic synthetic pesticides to reduce damage to natural enemies. 9.3 Chemical control
Select pesticide varieties that meet the requirements of integrated control according to the biological characteristics and damage characteristics of the control targets. Strengthen the dynamic monitoring and reporting of disease and insect occurrence, grasp the economic threshold of the target pest population density, and spray pesticides at the appropriate time. Use scientific pesticide application methods to ensure the quality of pesticide application. Choose pesticides that are safe for humans and animals, do not harm natural enemies, are non-polluting to the environment, and are highly effective against target pests, such as microbial insecticides, worm growth regulators, and insect pheromones. For non-selective pesticides, improve the spraying method, adjust the application period, and reduce the amount used to control pests and diseases and reduce or not harm natural enemies. At the same time, pay attention to the reasonable mixing and rotation of pesticides. 10 Fruit Harvest
Determine the appropriate harvest period based on the maturity, use, and market demand of the fruit. Varieties with severe fruit drop before harvest or inconsistent ripening periods should be harvested in stages.
Choice of A1 Paper Bags
NY/T 441--2001
Appendix A
(Suggested Appendix)
Fruit Bags
Choose special paper bags for apples that are wind-resistant and rain-resistant and have good air permeability. Double-layer bags are used for red varieties that are difficult to color, and single-layer bags can be used for yellow varieties and red varieties that are easier to color. A2 Bagging
The appropriate period for bagging is about 30 days after the flowers fall for early and medium-maturing varieties, and 35 to 45 days after the flowers fall for medium-late and late-maturing varieties. Before bagging, an organic fungicide for preventing and controlling fruit diseases must be sprayed once, and the bagging should be done after the medicine is dry. When bagging, prevent the paper bag from getting close to the fruit skin. Varieties that are prone to fruit rust should be thinned and bagged as early as possible on the basis of flower thinning. A3 Removing bags
The specific period for removing bags should be determined according to climatic conditions and market demand. Generally, red early and medium-maturing varieties, as well as yellow and green varieties, should be removed about 15 days before the appropriate harvest, and red medium-late and late-maturing varieties should be removed 30 to 35 days before the appropriate harvest. Appendix B
(Suggested Appendix)
Laying Silver Reflective Film
Appropriately remove leaves before laying reflective film to ensure that the ground light transmittance of the tree crown reaches more than 30%. For fruit bagged trees, this should be done after the bags are completely removed and the leaves are removed for the first time; for fruit unbagged trees, this should be done after the fruit begins to color and the leaves are removed appropriately. 662 Early fruiting period
Mainly remove useless branches, overgrown branches and thin branches, cultivate strong fruiting branches mainly composed of small and medium-sized fruiting branches, adjust the fruiting amount and load reasonably. In addition to winter pruning, pruning during the growing season should be strengthened through measures such as bud carving, branch pulling and ring barking. 7.2.3 Peak fruiting period
Strong trees, weak trees and moderate and strong trees should adopt pruning measures mainly based on "control", "promotion" and "protection" to make the tree stable and strong. The branches are distributed sparsely on the top and densely on the bottom, sparsely on the outside and densely on the inside. The crown distance between rows is kept above 1m, and there is a slight intersection within the row. Fruiting branches, nutrient branches and preparatory branches are matched and switched in turn. Adjust the fruiting position, control the fruiting amount, and prevent the phenomenon of "big year" fruiting. 7.2.4 Renewal and rejuvenation period
Pay attention to the renewal and rejuvenation of various perennial branches and branch groups, and try to maintain the yield. 8 Flower and Fruit Management
8.1 Pollination
Use artificial pollination, bee or wall bee pollination and other methods to improve fruit setting rate and fruit uniformity. 8.2 Flower and Fruit Thinning
Thinning flowers and fruits according to the spacing between flowers and fruits. See Table 3 for the spacing between flowers and fruits and the method of retaining fruits. From the inflorescence extension period to the bud separation period, remove the excessive, dense and weak inflorescences according to the spacing. Only the central flower and 1 to 2 side flowers are retained in the inflorescence, and the number of flowers retained per plant can be 1 to 2 times more than the planned number of flowers. Fruit thinning should be completed within 26 days after full flowering, and one fruit should be retained on each fruit stand. Table 3 Spacing between flowers and fruits and fruit retention method
Fruit type
Spacing between flowers and fruits, cm
Fruit retention method
8.3 Leaf removal and fruit rotation
Seedling rootstock trees
Medium-sized nest varieties
Mainly retain single fruits, supplemented by retaining double fruits
Large fruit varieties
20～30
Retain single fruits
Dwarfing intermediate rootstock trees and short-branch trees||tt ||Medium-sized fruit varieties
Leave single fruit
Large-sized fruit varieties
Leave single fruit
Leave leaves usually divided into two times. The first time is about 30 days before harvesting. Remove the leaves attached to the fruit and the leaves at the base of the fruit-bearing branches, and appropriately remove the light-shielding leaves at the base of the branches within 5~10cm around the fruit; the second time is 10 days apart, cut off the extra top branches outside the crown, the long branches inside the crown and the dense new branches, and remove some leaves at the lower part of the medium and long branches. Fruit rotation is usually carried out one week after the first leaf picking. After the sunny side of the fruit is fully colored, turn the shady side of the fruit to the sunny side, and rotate the fruit by a quarter of a circle every 7 days. 8.4 Fruit bagging and laying silver reflective film [see Appendix A (Suggested Appendix) and Appendix B (Suggested Appendix) are also included in the scope of flower and fruit management, which can be referred to for implementation.
9 Integrated pest control
Based on agricultural control and with biological control as the core, chemical control technology should be used reasonably according to the economic threshold of pests and diseases to control pests and diseases economically, safely and effectively. The prevention and control of apple virus diseases should be solved by planting virus-free seedlings. 9.1 Agricultural control
Mainly apply organic fertilizers and inorganic compound fertilizers to enhance the disease resistance of trees and deteriorate the nutrition of piercing and sucking pests. Control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, inhibit the reproduction of pests such as phytophagous mites and aphids, and reduce the harm of apple powdery mildew, ring rot and other diseases. Pay attention to water control and drainage in the late growing season to prevent 64
NY/T 4412001
extended growth, so as to avoid severe occurrence of frost damage, shoot pulling and rot. Strictly thin out flowers and fruits, load reasonably, and keep the tree vigor strong. Scrape off the cracked and old bark of branches and trunks before germination, remove dead branches and fallen leaves, and reduce the base number of overwintering pests. Remove diseased and insect-infested leaves and fruits early in the growing season, and combine with controlling the occurrence of secondary diseases and pests. Do not plant with other fruit trees such as pears, peaches, and walnuts to avoid aggravating the occurrence of secondary diseases and pests. Do not plant junipers in the park to effectively prevent the spread of rust.
9.2 Biological control
Make full use of parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects and pathogenic microorganisms to regulate the density of pest populations and control their populations below the level of damage. Add natural enemy food in the apple orchard, set up natural enemy hiding and wintering places, and attract natural enemies around the garden. Raise and release natural enemies to supplement and restore natural enemy populations. Limit the use of organic synthetic pesticides to reduce damage to natural enemies. 9.3 Chemical control
Select pesticide varieties that meet the requirements of integrated control according to the biological characteristics and damage characteristics of the control targets. Strengthen the dynamic monitoring and reporting of disease and insect occurrence, grasp the economic threshold of the target pest population density, and spray pesticides at the appropriate time. Use scientific pesticide application methods to ensure the quality of pesticide application. Choose pesticides that are safe for humans and animals, do not harm natural enemies, are non-polluting to the environment, and are highly effective against target pests, such as microbial insecticides, worm growth regulators, and insect pheromones. For non-selective pesticides, improve the spraying method, adjust the application period, and reduce the amount used to control pests and diseases and reduce or not harm natural enemies. At the same time, pay attention to the reasonable mixing and rotation of pesticides. 10 Fruit Harvest
Determine the appropriate harvest period based on the maturity, use, and market demand of the fruit. Varieties with severe fruit drop before harvest or inconsistent ripening periods should be harvested in stages.
Choice of A1 Paper Bags
NY/T 441--2001
Appendix A
(Suggested Appendix)
Fruit Bags
Choose special paper bags for apples that are wind-resistant and rain-resistant and have good air permeability. Double-layer bags are used for red varieties that are difficult to color, and single-layer bags can be used for yellow varieties and red varieties that are easier to color. A2 Bagging
The appropriate period for bagging is about 30 days after the flowers fall for early and medium-maturing varieties, and 35 to 45 days after the flowers fall for medium-late and late-maturing varieties. Before bagging, an organic fungicide for preventing and controlling fruit diseases must be sprayed once, and the bagging should be done after the medicine is dry. When bagging, prevent the paper bag from getting close to the fruit skin. Varieties that are prone to fruit rust should be thinned and bagged as early as possible on the basis of flower thinning. A3 Removing bags
The specific period for removing bags should be determined according to climatic conditions and market demand. Generally, red early and medium-maturing varieties, as well as yellow and green varieties, should be removed about 15 days before the appropriate harvest, and red medium-late and late-maturing varieties should be removed 30 to 35 days before the appropriate harvest. Appendix B
(Suggested Appendix)
Laying Silver Reflective Film
Appropriately remove leaves before laying reflective film to ensure that the ground light transmittance of the tree crown reaches more than 30%. For fruit bagged trees, this should be done after the bags are completely removed and the leaves are removed for the first time; for fruit unbagged trees, this should be done after the fruit begins to color and the leaves are removed appropriately. 662 Early fruiting period
Mainly remove useless branches, overgrown branches and thin branches, cultivate strong fruiting branches mainly composed of small and medium-sized fruiting branches, adjust the fruiting amount and load reasonably. In addition to winter pruning, pruning during the growing season should be strengthened through measures such as bud carving, branch pulling and ring barking. 7.2.3 Peak fruiting period
Strong trees, weak trees and moderate and strong trees should adopt pruning measures mainly based on "control", "promotion" and "protection" to make the tree stable and strong. The branches are distributed sparsely on the top and densely on the bottom, sparsely on the outside and densely on the inside. The crown distance between rows is kept above 1m, and there is a slight intersection within the row. Fruiting branches, nutrient branches and preparatory branches are matched and switched in turn. Adjust the fruiting position, control the fruiting amount, and prevent the phenomenon of "big year" fruiting. 7.2.4 Renewal and rejuvenation period
Pay attention to the renewal and rejuvenation of various perennial branches and branch groups, and try to maintain the yield. 8 Flower and Fruit Management
8.1 Pollination
Use artificial pollination, bee or wall bee pollination and other methods to improve fruit setting rate and fruit uniformity. 8.2 Flower and Fruit Thinning
Thinning flowers and fruits according to the spacing between flowers and fruits. See Table 3 for the spacing between flowers and fruits and the method of retaining fruits. From the inflorescence extension period to the bud separation period, remove the excessive, dense and weak inflorescences according to the spacing. Only the central flower and 1 to 2 side flowers are retained in the inflorescence, and the number of flowers retained per plant can be 1 to 2 times more than the planned number of flowers. Fruit thinning should be completed within 26 days after full flowering, and one fruit should be retained on each fruit stand. Table 3 Spacing between flowers and fruits and fruit retention method
Fruit type
Spacing between flowers and fruits, cm
Fruit retention method
8.3 Leaf removal and fruit rotation
Seedling rootstock trees
Medium-sized nest varieties
Mainly retain single fruits, supplemented by retaining double fruits
Large fruit varieties
20～30
Retain single fruits
Dwarfing intermediate rootstock trees and short-branch trees||tt ||Medium-sized fruit varieties
Leave single fruitbzxZ.net
Large-sized fruit varieties
Leave single fruit
Leave leaves usually divided into two times. The first time is about 30 days before harvesting. Remove the leaves attached to the fruit and the leaves at the base of the fruit-bearing branches, and appropriately remove the light-shielding leaves at the base of the branches within 5~10cm around the fruit; the second time is 10 days apart, cut off the extra top branches outside the crown, the long branches inside the crown and the dense new branches, and remove some leaves at the lower part of the medium and long branches. Fruit rotation is usually carried out one week after the first leaf picking. After the sunny side of the fruit is fully colored, turn the shady side of the fruit to the sunny side, and rotate the fruit by a quarter of a circle every 7 days. 8.4 Fruit bagging and laying silver reflective film [see Appendix A (Suggested Appendix) and Appendix B (Suggested Appendix) are also included in the scope of flower and fruit management, which can be referred to for implementation.
9 Integrated pest control
Based on agricultural control and with biological control as the core, chemical control technology should be used reasonably according to the economic threshold of pests and diseases to control pests and diseases economically, safely and effectively. The prevention and control of apple virus diseases should be solved by planting virus-free seedlings. 9.1 Agricultural control
Mainly apply organic fertilizers and inorganic compound fertilizers to enhance the disease resistance of trees and deteriorate the nutrition of piercing and sucking pests. Control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, inhibit the reproduction of pests such as phytophagous mites and aphids, and reduce the harm of apple powdery mildew, ring rot and other diseases. Pay attention to water control and drainage in the late growing season to prevent 64
NY/T 4412001
extended growth, so as to avoid severe occurrence of frost damage, shoot pulling and rot. Strictly thin out flowers and fruits, load reasonably, and keep the tree vigor strong. Scrape off the cracked and old bark of branches and trunks before germination, remove dead branches and fallen leaves, and reduce the base number of overwintering pests. Remove diseased and insect-infested leaves and fruits early in the growing season, and combine with controlling the occurrence of secondary diseases and pests. Do not plant with other fruit trees such as pears, peaches, and walnuts to avoid aggravating the occurrence of secondary diseases and pests. Do not plant junipers in the park to effectively prevent the spread of rust.
9.2 Biological control
Make full use of parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects and pathogenic microorganisms to regulate the density of pest populations and control their populations below the level of damage. Add natural enemy food in the apple orchard, set up natural enemy hiding and wintering places, and attract natural enemies around the garden. Raise and release natural enemies to supplement and restore natural enemy populations. Limit the use of organic synthetic pesticides to reduce damage to natural enemies. 9.3 Chemical control
Select pesticide varieties that meet the requirements of integrated control according to the biological characteristics and damage characteristics of the control targets. Strengthen the dynamic monitoring and reporting of disease and insect occurrence, grasp the economic threshold of the target pest population density, and spray pesticides at the appropriate time. Use scientific pesticide application methods to ensure the quality of pesticide application. Choose pesticides that are safe for humans and animals, do not harm natural enemies, are non-polluting to the environment, and are highly effective against target pests, such as microbial insecticides, worm growth regulators, and insect pheromones. For non-selective pesticides, improve the spraying method, adjust the application period, and reduce the amount used to control pests and diseases and reduce or not harm natural enemies. At the same time, pay attention to the reasonable mixing and rotation of pesticides. 10 Fruit Harvest
Determine the appropriate harvest period based on the maturity, use, and market demand of the fruit. Varieties with severe fruit drop before harvest or inconsistent ripening periods should be harvested in stages.
Choice of A1 Paper Bags
NY/T 441--2001
Appendix A
(Suggested Appendix)
Fruit Bags
Choose special paper bags for apples that are wind-resistant and rain-resistant and have good air permeability. Double-layer bags are used for red varieties that are difficult to color, and single-layer bags can be used for yellow varieties and red varieties that are easier to color. A2 Bagging
The appropriate period for bagging is about 30 days after the flowers fall for early and medium-maturing varieties, and 35 to 45 days after the flowers fall for medium-late and late-maturing varieties. Before bagging, an organic fungicide for preventing and controlling fruit diseases must be sprayed once, and the bagging should be done after the medicine is dry. When bagging, prevent the paper bag from getting close to the fruit skin. Varieties that are prone to fruit rust should be thinned and bagged as early as possible on the basis of flower thinning. A3 Removing bags
The specific period for removing bags should be determined according to climatic conditions and market demand. Generally, red early and medium-maturing varieties, as well as yellow and green varieties, should be removed about 15 days before the appropriate harvest, and red medium-late and late-maturing varieties should be removed 30 to 35 days before the appropriate harvest. Appendix B
(Suggested Appendix)
Laying Silver Reflective Film
Appropriately remove leaves before laying reflective film to ensure that the ground light transmittance of the tree crown reaches more than 30%. For fruit bagged trees, this should be done after the bags are completely removed and the leaves are removed for the first time; for fruit unbagged trees, this should be done after the fruit begins to color and the leaves are removed appropriately. 664 Fruit bagging and silver reflective film [see Appendix A (suggested Appendix) and Appendix B (suggested Appendix) also belong to the scope of flower and fruit management, which can be referred to for implementation.
9 Integrated pest control
Based on agricultural control and with biological control as the core, chemical control technology is used reasonably according to the economic threshold of pest occurrence to control pest damage economically, safely and effectively. The prevention and control of apple virus disease needs to be solved by planting virus-free seedlings. 9.1 Agricultural control
Mainly apply organic fertilizer and inorganic compound fertilizer to enhance the disease resistance of trees and deteriorate the nutrition of piercing and sucking pests. Control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied, inhibit the reproduction of pests such as phytophagous mites and aphids, and reduce the damage of apple powdery mildew, ring rot and other diseases. Pay attention to water control and drainage in the late growing season to prevent 64
NY/T 4412001
excessive growth, so as to avoid severe occurrence of frost damage, shoot pulling and rot. Strictly thin out flowers and fruits, load them reasonably, and keep the trees strong. Scrape off the cracked and old bark of branches and trunks before germination, remove dead branches and fallen leaves, and reduce the base number of overwintering pests and diseases. Remove diseased and insect-infested leaves and fruits early in the growing season, and combine them to control the occurrence of secondary pests and diseases. Do not mix with other fruit trees such as pears, peaches, and walnuts to avoid aggravating the occurrence of secondary pests and diseases. Do not plant junipers in the park to effectively prevent the spread of rust.
9.2 Biological control
Make full use of parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects and pathogenic microorganisms to regulate the density of pest populations and control their populations below the level of damage. Add natural enemy food in the apple orchard, set up natural enemy hiding places and overwintering places, and attract natural enemies around the garden. Raise and release natural enemies to supplement and restore natural enemy populations. Limit the use of organic synthetic pesticides to reduce damage to natural enemies. 9.3 Chemical Control
Based on the biological characteristics and damage characteristics of the control targets, select pesticide varieties that meet the requirements of integrated control. Strengthen the dynamic monitoring and reporting of pests and diseases, grasp the economic threshold of the population density of target pests, and spray pesticides at the appropriate time. Adopt scientific pesticide application methods to ensure the quality of pesticide application. Select pesticides that are safe for humans and animals, do not harm natural enemies, are pollution-free to the environment, and are highly effective against target pests, such as microbial insecticides, worm growth regulators, and insect pheromones. For non-selective pesticides, by improving the spraying method, adjusting the application period, and reducing the amount used, the purpose of controlling pests and diseases and reducing or not harming natural enemies can be achieved. At the same time, pay attention to the reasonable mixing and rotation of pesticides. 10 Fruit Harvest
Determine the appropriate harvest period based on the maturity, purpose, and market demand of the fruit. Varieties with severe fruit drop before harvest or inconsistent ripening periods should be harvested in stages.
A1 Selection of paper bags
NY/T 441--2001
Appendix A
(Appendix of suggestions)
Fruit bagging
Select special paper bags for apples that are resistant to wind and rain and have good air permeability. Double-layer bags are used for red varieties that are difficult to color, and single-layer bags can be used for yellow varieties and red varieties that are easy to color. A2 Bagging
The appropriate period for bagging is about 30 days after flower drop for early and mid-ripening varieties, and 35 to 45 days after flower drop for mid-late and late-ripening varieties. Before bagging, an organic fungicide for preventing and controlling fruit diseases must be sprayed once, and ba
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