Some standard content:
(GB16387-1996
Health standards for radiation workers
1 Subject content and scope of application
This standard specifies the basic requirements and special requirements for the health standards for radiation workers; conditions under which radiation work should not or should not be performed.
This standard applies to all personnel engaged in internal and external exposure (including work in medical institutions, nuclear power plants, factories and mines containing radioactivity, etc.); as well as work departments or units that use radioactive sources and their authorized medical institutions and physicians.
This standard also applies to administrative agencies that implement this standard, and departments or units that evaluate and certify whether radiation workers meet health standards. 2 Terms and terms
This standard adopts the following definitions.
2.1 Authorized medical institutions
A medical institution designated by the health administrative department or unit to provide medical care for radiation workers.
2.2 Authorized medical examiner
A qualified physician designated by the health administrative department or authorized medical institution to conduct medical examinations on radiation workers.
2.3 Type A working conditions
The radiation received by workers working continuously for one year under these conditions may exceed 3/10 of the annual dose equivalent limit.
2.4 Type B working conditions
The radiation received by workers working continuously for one year under these conditions is unlikely to exceed 3/10 of the annual dose equivalent limit; but it may exceed 1/10. 2.5 Occupational exposure
Radiation workers who are engaged in radiation Internal and external exposure during working hours (excluding medical exposure and natural radiation).
2.6 Medical exposure
Exposure that personnel consciously accept for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment of diseases. 2.7 Overexposure
Personnel are exposed to external exposure greater than the annual dose equivalent limit, or internal exposure due to the intake of radionuclides greater than the annual intake limit.
2.8 Abnormal exposure
Personnel are exposed to exposure that may exceed the dose equivalent limit when the radiation source is out of control, which is divided into emergency exposure and accident exposure.
2.9 Emergency exposure
In the event of an accident, the exposure received by personnel in emergency actions taken to rescue people or property endangered by radiation and prevent the expansion of the accident is voluntary. A certain dose can be controlled. 2 .10 Accidental exposure
Due to radiation accidents, personnel are exposed to accidental exposure without any preparation, which is involuntary. The dose received cannot be predicted and controlled. 2.11 Radiation accidents
Abnormal events caused by the loss of control of radioactive sources, directly or indirectly causing damage to life, health and property.
2.12 Pre-planned special exposure
Some situations occasionally occur in normal operation, and it is necessary to allow a small number of workers to receive exposures known to exceed the dose equivalent limit.
2.13 Dose equivalent limit
The prescribed dose equivalent value that radiation workers must comply with; its purpose is to prevent the occurrence of deterministic effects or limit the incidence of random effects to an acceptable level. 3 Health standards for radiation workers
Every radiation worker must undergo a medical examination before employment or before operation, and regular medical examinations during work after employment. Those who have not undergone a pre-employment medical examination shall not engage in radiation work. Pre-employment medical examination is an important part of the health standard for radiation workers and is the basic data for all medical examinations. It must be fully, systematically, carefully, accurately questioned and examined and recorded in detail for comparison and reference for regular or accidental examinations after employment. 3.1 The basic requirements for the health standard for radiation workers include medical history and physical examination. Radiation workers must have the health conditions to accurately and safely perform their duties under normal, abnormal and emergency conditions. They should have: 3.1.1 The past history of individuals and family members, the history of exposure to radiation and other physical and chemical harmful substances, the marriage and childbearing history, the health status of children, etc. should all be recorded; 3.1.2 Good health status; Www.bzxZ.net
3.1.3 Normal respiratory, circulatory, digestive, endocrine, immune, urogenital systems, normal skin, mucous membranes, hair, material metabolism functions, etc.: 3.1.4 Normal hematopoietic function, such as erythroid, granulocyte, megakaryocyte, etc., are all within the normal range.
For example, peripheral blood:
Male hemoglobin 120~160g/L, red blood cell count (4.0~5.5)×10/L; female hemoglobin 110~150g/L, red blood cell count (3.5~5.0)×10/L; total white blood cell count before employment (4.510)×10/L, platelet count (110~300)×10/L; total white blood cell count after employment (4.0~11.0)×10/L, platelet count (90300)×10/L. People in plateau areas should refer to the local normal range for treatment. 3.1.5 Normal nervous system function, mental state and stable emotions; 3,1:6 normal vision, hearing, smell and touch, as well as normal language expression and writing ability;
3.1.7 Normal chromosome aberration rate and micronucleus rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes; 3.1.8 Normal routine examinations of urine and semen.
3.2 Special requirements for health standards for radiation workers In addition to meeting the basic requirements of the health standards in Article 3.1, the following special requirements must also be met: 3.2.1 Special health requirements for radiation workers in nuclear power plants: 3.2.1.1 The head, neck and human body shape are suitable for wearing and effective use of personal protective equipment; 3.2.1.2 Sense of smell: able to detect burning materials and abnormal odors; 3.2.1.3 Hearing: the average threshold of pure tone audiometry is better than 30dB; 3.2.1.4 Vision: uncorrected visual acuity is greater than 0.5, peripheral visual field is 120° or greater, with stereoscopic vision and sufficient depth perception;
3.2.1.5 Color vision: able to distinguish colors such as red, green, orange, etc., and able to distinguish symbols and codes for safe operations;
3.2.1.6 Sense of touch: able to distinguish control buttons and handles of various shapes by touch. 3.2.2 Special health requirements for radiation workers in radioactive factories and mines and internal irradiation: 3.2.2.1 Chest X-ray and cardiopulmonary function are normal; 3.2.2.2 Electric audiometry function is normal;
3.2.2.3 Liver and kidney function are normal;
3.2.2.4 Sputum cell examination and urine radionuclide examination are normal. The purpose of regular medical examination after employment is to determine the adaptability of radiation workers to their work and to discover certain radiation effects and other diseases that may occur after employment. 3.3 Frequency of regular examination after employment
3.3.1 For those in type A working conditions, a comprehensive medical examination is conducted once a year; for those in type B working conditions, a comprehensive medical examination is conducted every 2 to 3 years. The examination requirements are the same as before employment, and the examination results should be compared and contrasted with those before employment to determine whether they are suitable for continuing radiation work or need to adjust to other work. If abnormalities are found, the frequency and items of examination should be increased according to the specific situation. 3.3.2 Whether chest X-ray examination (without fluoroscopy) needs to be conducted once a year should be determined according to the specific situation. For workers working underground in uranium mines, once every six months to one year; for other types of work, the physician responsible for medical examinations can determine the time interval based on the specific situation, but the interval should not be too long (no longer than 2-3 years). For workers with long radiation experience and older age, a chest X-ray should be taken once a year, and various examinations for early detection of cancer should be conducted. 3.4 The situation after engaging in radiation work should be recorded: 3.4.1 The type of work, length of service and dose of radiation and/or radionuclides; 3.4.2 Adaptation to radiation work; 3.4.3 What diseases have been suffered and the treatment after engaging in radiation work; 3.4.4 Whether there has been medical exposure, overexposure, emergency exposure, accidental exposure, etc.; 3.4.5 The cumulative exposure dose equivalent from employment to this examination. 4 Health and other related conditions that should not (or should not) be used for radiation work. Those who have any of the following conditions (or situations) before or after employment should not (or should not) be used for radiation work: 4.1 Severe respiratory diseases (e.g. active pulmonary tuberculosis, severe and frequent bronchitis and asthma, etc.); circulatory diseases (e.g. various decompensated heart diseases, severe hypertension, aneurysms, etc.); digestive diseases (e.g. severe gastrointestinal bleeding, recurrent gastrointestinal disorders, liver and spleen diseases, ulcers, etc.); hematopoietic diseases (e.g. leukemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, polycythemia vera, aplastic anemia, etc.); and those who do not meet the requirements of 3.1.Any of the following 4 items: diseases of the nervous and mental systems (e.g. organic cerebrovascular disease, brain tumor, impaired consciousness, epilepsy, addiction, schizophrenia, psychosis, severe neurasthenia, etc.); diseases of the genitourinary system (e.g. severe renal dysfunction, sperm abnormality, syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases); diseases of the endocrine system (e.g. uncontrolled diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, etc.); diseases of the immune system (e.g. obvious immunodeficiency and AIDS, etc.); skin diseases (e.g. infectious, recurrent, severe, large-scale skin diseases, etc.). 4.2 Severe visual and auditory impairment (e.g. high myopia, severe cataracts, glaucoma, retinal disease, color blindness, loss of stereoscopic perception, reduced visual field, etc.); severe hearing impairment, etc. 4.3 Malignant tumors, huge, recurrent benign tumors that hinder work. 4.4 Severe disabilities that hinder work, congenital malformations and hereditary diseases. 4.5 Those who cannot recover normal function after surgery. 4.6 Incompletely recovered radiation diseases (referring to employment) or other occupational diseases, etc. 4.7 For other organic or functional diseases, uncontrolled bacterial or viral infections, etc., the authorized medical institutions and physicians shall make a comprehensive assessment and determination based on the degree and nature of the diseases found and the specific circumstances of the radiation work they intend to engage in. 4.8 Those who have drug abuse, alcoholism or other bad habits and cannot correct them. 4.9 Those under the age of 18 should not work under Type A working conditions; those aged 16 to 17 are allowed to be exposed to radiation under Type B working conditions arranged for training. 4.10 Pregnant women and breastfeeding women who have been engaged in radiation work should not work under Type A working conditions and should not be exposed to radiation within six months of pregnancy.
4.11 Radiation workers who have previously been exposed to 5 times the annual dose limit should not receive special radiation planned in advance.
4.12 For those who have long years of experience in radiation work, have received professional training, have specialized skills and rich experience in radiation work, and whose health conditions do not meet the health standards, the authorized medical institutions and doctors should carefully and carefully weigh the pros and cons to society and individuals to decide whether to continue certain restricted radiation work or stop their radiation work.
5 Suitability opinions for radiation work
The suitability opinions for radiation work shall be put forward by the authorized medical examination doctors: a) continue the original radiation work;
b) or temporarily leave the radiation work;
c) or it is not suitable to do radiation work and adjust to other non-radiation work. Appendix A
References
(reference)
1.NorwoodW.D., "HealthProtectionofRadiationWorkers".CharlesC Publisher, 1975.
2.ANS3.4/N546-1976.MedicalCertifcationandMonitoringofPersonnel Requirement Operator Li-censes for Nuclear Power plants.3.IAEA S.SNo.43.《Manual of Radiological Safety in Uranium andThoriumMinesandMills》1976.
4.ICRPPublications No.26,Recommendations of the International Commission onRadiologicalProtection,1977.5.ICRPPublicationsNo.3o,LimitsforIntakesofRadionuclides byWorkers,1979.
6.ICRPPublications No.32, Limits of Inhalation of Radon Daughters by Workers, 1981.
7. ICRP Publications No.33, Protection Against Ionizing Radiatior from External Sources Used in Medicine, 19828. Standard of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry of the People's Republic of China EJ193-82 "Radiation Protection Terminology", 1983.9. Xu Xiufeng, Health Management of Radiation Workers, 1985.10. Wang Zhensheng et al., "Clinical Analysis and Diagnosis of Laboratory Examinations", Zhejiang Science and Technology Press, 1985, 11. IEA AS.S No.83, "Radiation Protection in Occupational Health-Manual for Occupational Physicians" 1987.12. National Standard of the People's Republic of China GB8703-88, "Radiation Protection Regulations", 198813. NEB: Guidelines for Approved Medical Officers on Health Surveillance of Radiation Workers, 1988.14: Standard of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry of the People's Republic of China EJ300-87, "Regulations on Medical Supervision of Radiation Workers in Nuclear Power Plants", 1988
15. "National Health Management Regulations" GWF01-88 Document No. 7 of the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China (88) "Regulations on Health Management of Radiation Workers", 1988.16. Bai Guang, Health Management of Radiation Workers, 1989.17.ICRP Publications No. 57, "Radiological Protection of Workers in Medicine and Dentistry", 1989.Additional Notes:
This standard was proposed by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. This standard was drafted by the Industrial Hygiene Laboratory of the Ministry of Health. The main drafter of this standard: Xu Xiufeng.
This standard was interpreted by the Industrial Hygiene Laboratory of the Ministry of Health, the technical unit entrusted by the Ministry of Health.MedicalCertifcationandMonitoringofPersonnel Requirement Operator Li-censes for Nuclear Power plants.3.IAEA S.SNo.43.《Manual of Radiological Safety in Uranium andThoriumMinesandMills》1976.
4.ICRPPublications No.26,Recommendations of the International Commission onRadiologicalProtection,1977.5.ICRPPublicationsNo.3o,LimitsforIntakesofRadionuclides byWorkers,1979.
6.ICRPPublications No.32,Limits of Inhalation of Radon Daughtersby Workers,1981.
7.ICRP Publications No.33,Protection Against Ionizing RadiatiorfromExternalSourcesUsedinMedicine,19828.Ministry of Nuclear Industry of the People's Republic of China Standard EJ193-82 "Radiation Protection Terminology", 1983.9.Xu Xiufeng, Health Management of Radiation Workers, 1985.10.Wang Zhensheng et al., "Clinical Analysis and Diagnosis of Laboratory Examinations", Zhejiang Science and Technology Press, 1985, 11.IAEAS.SNo.83, "Radiation Protection in Occupational Health-ManualforOccupationalPhysicians", 1987.12.National Standard of the People's Republic of China GB8703-88, "Radiation Protection Regulations", 198813.NEB:Guidelines forApproved Medical Officers on Health Surveillance of Radiation Workers, 1988.14: Standard of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry of the People's Republic of China EJ300-87, "Regulations on Medical Supervision of Radiation Workers in Nuclear Power Plants", 1988
15. "National Health Management Regulations" GWF01-88 Document No. 7 of the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China (88) "Regulations on Health Management of Radiation Workers", 1988.16. Bai Guang, Health Management of Radiation Workers, 1989.17.ICRP Publications No. 57, "Radiological Protection of Workers in Medicine and Dentistry", 1989.Additional Notes:
This standard was proposed by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. This standard was drafted by the Industrial Hygiene Laboratory of the Ministry of Health. The main drafter of this standard: Xu Xiufeng.
This standard was interpreted by the Industrial Hygiene Laboratory of the Ministry of Health, the technical unit entrusted by the Ministry of Health.MedicalCertifcationandMonitoringofPersonnel Requirement Operator Li-censes for Nuclear Power plants.3.IAEA S.SNo.43.《Manual of Radiological Safety in Uranium andThoriumMinesandMills》1976.
4.ICRPPublications No.26,Recommendations of the International Commission onRadiologicalProtection,1977.5.ICRPPublicationsNo.3o,LimitsforIntakesofRadionuclides byWorkers,1979.
6.ICRPPublications No.32,Limits of Inhalation of Radon Daughtersby Workers,1981.
7.ICRP Publications No.33,Protection Against Ionizing RadiatiorfromExternalSourcesUsedinMedicine,19828.Ministry of Nuclear Industry of the People's Republic of China Standard EJ193-82 "Radiation Protection Terminology", 1983.9.Xu Xiufeng, Health Management of Radiation Workers, 1985.10.Wang Zhensheng et al., "Clinical Analysis and Diagnosis of Laboratory Examinations", Zhejiang Science and Technology Press, 1985, 11.IAEAS.SNo.83, "Radiation Protection in Occupational Health-ManualforOccupationalPhysicians", 1987.12.National Standard of the People's Republic of China GB8703-88, "Radiation Protection Regulations", 198813.NEB:Guidelines forApproved Medical Officers on Health Surveillance of Radiation Workers, 1988.14: Standard of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry of the People's Republic of China EJ300-87, "Regulations on Medical Supervision of Radiation Workers in Nuclear Power Plants", 1988
15. "National Health Management Regulations" GWF01-88 Document No. 7 of the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China (88) "Regulations on Health Management of Radiation Workers", 1988.16. Bai Guang, Health Management of Radiation Workers, 1989.17.ICRP Publications No. 57, "Radiological Protection of Workers in Medicine and Dentistry", 1989.Additional Notes:
This standard was proposed by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. This standard was drafted by the Industrial Hygiene Laboratory of the Ministry of Health. The main drafter of this standard: Xu Xiufeng.
This standard was interpreted by the Industrial Hygiene Laboratory of the Ministry of Health, the technical unit entrusted by the Ministry of Health.
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