Some standard content:
GB123201998
This standard is revised on the basis of the national standards GB12318-1990 "Specifications for the Compilation and Drawing of Nautical Charts" and GB12320-1990 "Specifications for the Compilation and Drawing of Chinese Nautical Charts".
This standard retains the main part of the contents of Chapters 1 to 10 of GB12318, and supplements the provisions of the Chinese phonetic place names and the provisions of the use of English annotations from GB12320. Since GB/T14477-1993 "Specifications for the Printing of Nautical Charts" has made detailed and clear provisions on the relevant technical standards for the printing of nautical charts, the contents of Chapter 10 of GB12318 on printing and updating have been deleted.
Based on the application of new technologies in the production of nautical charts in my country in recent years, the contents of computer-aided cartography have been added to the chapters such as the methods and requirements for the compilation and drawing of nautical charts to meet the needs of the development of nautical chart production technology. When revising this standard, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)'s "IHO Chart Specifications and IHO International Chart Regulations" (2nd edition, 1992) was referred to. According to the actual needs of my country's nautical chart production, appropriate modifications and adjustments were made to GB12318 on the mathematical basis of nautical charts and the comprehensive indicators of cartography of some content elements. The indicators that can be quantified are quantified as much as possible, and the regulations that can be clarified are as clear as possible, so that this standard has stronger operability. According to GB/T1.1-1993 "Guidelines for Standardization Work Unit 1: Rules for Drafting and Presentation of Standards Part 1: Basic Regulations for Standard Writing", the arrangement structure and hierarchical division of GB12318 have been adjusted, and Chapter 3 Definitions have been added; Chapter 3 "Classification and Requirements" in GB12318 has been divided into two chapters, namely; Chapter 4 "Requirements" and Chapter 5 "Classification"; Chapter 10 "Printing and Update" in GB12318 has been divided into two chapters, namely: Chapter 12 "Compilation and Drawing Work in Printing" and Chapter 13 "Update". This standard shall be implemented from May 1, 1999. All nautical charts published from May 1, 1999 shall comply with the provisions of this standard. From the date of implementation, this standard will replace GB12318--1990 and GB12320-1990 at the same time. This standard is used in conjunction with GB12319-1998 "Chinese Nautical Chart Diagram". Appendix A of this standard is the appendix of the standard.
This standard is proposed by the Navy Headquarters.
This standard is under the jurisdiction of the Navigation Assurance Department of the Navy Headquarters. This standard is drafted by the Navy Press
The main drafters of this standard are: Li Jinjie, Yu Yuantong, Jia Jianjun, Yuan Jiansheng, Wang Jie, Yan Fenglin, Su Zhenli. This standard is entrusted to the Navigation Assurance Department of the Navy Headquarters for interpretation. 102
1 Scope
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Specifications for Chinese nautical charts
Specifications for Chinese nautical chartsGB 12320—1998
Replaces GB12318—90
GB 12320-- 90
This standard specifies the mathematical basis, editing design, operation methods, compilation and drawing of various elements, compilation and drawing work in printing, and updates of nautical charts. This standard is applicable to the compilation of various scale nautical charts issued at home and abroad. 2 Referenced standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard. When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards will be revised, and the parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. GB12319—1998 Chinese Nautical Chart Format
GB/T14477—1993 Nautical Chart Printing Specification
3 Definitions
This standard adopts the following definitions.
3.1 Cartographic data
Various materials such as maps, texts, and data that can be used to compile nautical charts and have research, enrichment, correction, and reference value for compiling nautical charts. 3.2 Horizontal map
Maps with a horizontal outline length greater than the vertical outline length. 3.3 Vertical map
Maps with a horizontal outline length less than the vertical outline length. 3.4 Overlap
The overlapping part between adjacent maps of the same scale or similar scale. 3.5 Chart size
The size of the part within the inner contour of the chart. 3.6 Compilation scale
The scale used in the compilation of charts. 3.7 Mosaic
A map composed of two or more small maps in adjacent mapping areas. 3.8 Sub-map
A map composed of two or more small maps in non-adjacent mapping areas. 3.9 Main figure
A map with additional figures.
3.10 Mountain line
An arbitrary curve used to represent the morphological characteristics of a mountain. Approved by the State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision on December 15, 1998 and implemented on May 1, 1999
4 Requirements
4.1 Basic requirements
GB 12320-1998
Navigational charts should be based on the principle of ensuring navigation safety and being easy to use. The specific requirements are as follows: a) The content is mainly based on sea area elements, and navigation obstacles, navigation aids, port facilities, tides, currents and other elements are shown in detail; land focuses on coastal navigation targets and major landforms and features; b) Keep good currentness. Cartographic data should use the latest results as much as possible. After the publication of the nautical chart, when the sea area changes, it should be updated in time
c) The relevant contents of basic navigation data such as route guides, navigation marks, tide tables, etc. in the same area should be unified and coordinated. 4.2 Operation accuracy
4.2.1 Calculation accuracy of display points:
a) The error of calculation is less than 0.1mm;bzxz.net
b) The point position error of the display point is not more than 0.1mm; e) The error of the inner map outline length, the distance between the points on the map and the distance on the Gauss square network is not more than 0.2mm; d) The error of the diagonal length of the map outline is not more than 0.3mm, and the absolute value of the difference between the two diagonal lengths is less than 0.4mm. 4.2.2 After the compilation and drawing of various elements of the original map is completed, except for the displacement according to the principle of cartographic integration, their positions on the map should meet the following requirements:
a) The position deviation of the water depth annotation is not more than 0.3mm; b) The position deviation of the point element is not more than 0.2mm; c) The position deviation of the linear element is not more than 0.3mm. 4.2.3 The accuracy requirements for the compilation and engraving or compilation and drawing are the same as those in 4.2.2. 4.2.4 When the map is drawn by the manuscript method, the engraving (or clearing) accuracy of the elements of the engraved (or clearing) original map is compared with the compiled original map: a) The position deviation of the point element is not more than 0.2mm; b) The position deviation of the linear element is not more than 0.3mm. 4.2.5 When computer-aided mapping is used, the accuracy of digitization, data deformation processing and other operations shall not be lower than the standard of 4.2.2.
4.2.6 The error of the outline, linear scale and grid length of the original map drawn by various operation methods shall not be greater than 0.2mm compared with the theoretical size, and the subdivision error shall not be greater than 0.2mm. The error of the diagonal length of the outline shall not be greater than 0.3mm; the absolute value of the difference between the two diagonals shall not be greater than 0.5mm.
5 Classification
Navigational charts are divided into three types according to their use:
a) General map: including the world ocean general map, ocean general map and sea area general map. Mainly used for studying the marine situation and formulating navigation plans; b) Navigational chart: including ocean navigation chart, offshore navigation chart and coastal navigation chart. Mainly used for navigation; c) Harbor chart: including harbor chart, harbor area chart, harbor basin chart, channel chart, narrow channel chart, etc. Mainly used for entering and exiting ports and anchorages, passing through narrow waterways, and conducting port management.
6 Mathematical basis, division, and numbering
6.1 Mathematical basis
6.1.1 Coordinate system
6.1.1.1 The WGS-84 World Geodetic Coordinate System or the 1954 Beijing Coordinate System is used. If the data uses other coordinate systems, the coordinate system should be converted when compiling a map with a scale greater than 1:1 million. 6.7.7.2 The name of the coordinate system should be noted on maps with a scale greater than 1:1 million. If the coordinate system is unknown, it is not necessary to note it, but a warning note should be added near the title: "The coordinate system used in this map may be different from the WGS-84 World Geodetic Coordinate System. Please pay attention when using it." 6.1.1.31: On maps with a scale of 1 million or less, the name of the coordinate system and its related explanations shall not be noted. 6.1.2 Scale
6.1.2.1 The scale of nautical charts should be determined according to actual needs. Navigational charts with a scale of 1:500,000 or less in the same sea area should be set as much as possible with the same scale. Navigational charts with a scale greater than 1:500,000 can be set with the same scale within a certain area, but the scale of individual charts can be adjusted appropriately to ensure the integrity of the route.
6.1.2.2 The scales of various charts are stipulated as follows: a) General chart: The scale is generally 1:3 million or less, with the principle of fully displaying the scope of a certain sea area and its geographical characteristics and navigation characteristics. If necessary, the scale of the general chart can also be greater than 1:3 million; b) Navigational chart: The scale is generally 1:100,000 to 2.99 million. Among them: the ocean navigation chart is 1:1 million to 1:2.99 million, the offshore navigation chart is 1:200,000 to 1*990,000, and the coastal navigation chart is 1:100,000 to 1:190,000; c) Harbor chart: The scale is generally greater than 1:100,000, and can be flexibly determined according to the specific conditions of the harbor and narrow waterway. 6.1.2.3 The scale of the nautical chart should be appropriately rounded. For scales less than 1:100,000, it is rounded to 10,000 steps; for scales greater than 1:100,000, it is rounded to 1000 steps.
6.1.3 Projection
6.1.3.1 Navigational charts generally use the Cato projection. The same scale set of navigational charts uses the latitude of the mapping area as the reference latitude; the rest of the charts use the latitude of this chart as the reference latitude. The reference latitude is taken to the whole minute or whole degree. 6.1.3.21: For maps with a scale of 20,000 or more, Gauss-Kruger projection may also be used when necessary. 6.1.3.3 When the latitude of more than 60% of the mapping area is higher than 75°, the Sunshine projection shall be used. 6.1.4 Depth datum
6.1.4.1 General principles for determining depth datum: a) The theoretical lowest tide level (formerly known as theoretical depth datum) shall be used along the coast of China; b) The depth datum of the original data shall be used in the open sea and foreign sea areas; c) The design water level shall be used in rivers not affected by tides. 6.1.4.2 When the depth datum of the mapping data does not conform to the regulations and the difference between the two is 0.1m (inclusive) or more, it shall generally be recalculated. The depth recalculation value (water depth on the chart minus the data water depth) shall be in meters, with one decimal place retained: when it is a positive value, the second decimal place shall be discarded; when it is a negative value, the second decimal place shall be rounded up. No depth datum recalculation data shall be recalculated, and the water depth shall be expressed according to the original data. 6.1.4.3 The name of the depth datum and the unit of depth shall be noted on maps with a scale greater than 1:500,000. When two or more depth datums are used in a map, the name of the main one shall be noted in the title, and the scope of the use of other depth datums shall be explained in appropriate positions in the map. 6.1.4.4 On maps with a scale of 1:500,000 or less, only the unit of depth shall be noted, and the name of the depth datum and related explanations shall not be noted. 6.1.4.5 The unit of depth shall be meter.
6.1.5 Height datum
6.1.5.1 Mainland China: Generally, the 1985 National Height Datum is used. In special circumstances, the local average sea level may also be used as the height datum. Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and foreign regions use the height datum of the original data. 6.1.5.2 If the height datum of the mapping data is inconsistent, it shall be recalculated as much as possible to make it consistent. 6.1.5.3 The name of the elevation datum and the unit of measurement of the elevation shall be noted on the map with a scale greater than 1:500,000. When a map adopts more than two elevation datums, the name of the main one shall be noted in the title, and no explanation shall be given on the other maps, but the adoption shall be recorded in the map calendar. 6.1.5.4 On the map with a scale of 1:500,000 or less, only the unit of measurement of the elevation shall be noted, and the name of the elevation datum shall not be noted. 6.1.5.5 The unit of measurement of elevation is meter.
6.2 Framing
6.2.1 Map size:
a) The paper size of the full map is 1092mm×787mm, and the map size is generally 980mm×680mm. In special cases, the map size may be slightly enlarged, but the maximum shall not exceed 1020mm×700mm. Generally, folio drawings are not designed. If folio drawings must be designed, the paper size is 787mm×546mm and the map size is 680mm×460rmm. b) When the title of the map is arranged outside the map outline, the longitudinal gallery should be 25mm shorter than the standard length. c) The map size should be noted in the lower right corner of the map. For nautical charts using Gauss projection, the lengths of the upper and lower inner map outlines should be noted separately. The unit of the map size is millimeter, retain one decimal place, and round off the second decimal place. 6.2.2 Principles and methods of framing:
a) The basic principle of framing is to reduce the number of maps as much as possible under the premise of ensuring navigation safety and convenient use. b) The navigation chart adopts the method of free framing, and the specific range of the map is determined according to needs. 6.2.3 Specific requirements for the division of maps:
a) The general map should maintain the relative integrity of the mapping area; the navigation map should maintain the relative integrity of the route, and there should be a relatively sufficient navigation area and sufficient navigation targets in the map sheet, and try to avoid splicing adjacent maps in complex navigation areas. The harbor map should relatively completely represent the port, bay, port area or anchorage area, and the exit should have a relatively sufficient water area. b) The coastline should be kept as continuous as possible, and the ratio of sea and land areas in the map should be appropriate. Under normal circumstances, the land area should not be greater than one-third of the total map area.
c) Navigational maps of the same scale may not be continuous across the country. d) The overlapping width between adjacent maps of a set of navigational maps of the same scale is generally kept at 100-150mm, but it can be narrower than 100mm in the vast and flat offshore area, and even edge to edge. e) The inner map outline should be located on the map outline subdivision line as much as possible. f) The map sheet should be designed as a horizontal banner as much as possible, and a vertical map can be designed when necessary. g) The map format is mainly a whole map. According to the specific situation, the main map, mosaic map and various sub-maps can be produced. h) When the navigation aids and significant objects that are of special significance to navigation cannot be shown in the inner map corridor, they can be broken out of the map or drawn outside the map outline. If they still cannot be shown outside the map outline, the external target direction guide line can be marked as needed. 6.3 Numbering
The World Ocean General Chart and the Ocean General Chart are numbered with two digits, and the Sea Area General Chart and the Navigation Chart are numbered with three digits and five digits respectively. The specific provisions of numbering are shown in Appendix A.
7 Editorial design
7.1 Contents of editorial design work
In addition to determining the mathematical basis, division and numbering of the new map in accordance with the provisions of Chapter 6 of this specification, the editorial design work also includes the following contents:
a) Research on the mapping area;
b) Analysis and selection of mapping data;
c) Determination of map configuration;
d) Preparation of editing plan.
7.2 Research on the mapping area
7.2.1 The focus of the research on the mapping area is the characteristics of various phenomena related to navigation in the mapping area and their relationship with each other, so as to better reflect them in the map.
7.2.2 The main contents of the regional study for mapping: a) Natural characteristics: the nature and shape of the coast, the nature and undulating form of the dry beach, the characteristics of the seabed landforms, the characteristics of the currents and tides, the basic form of the coastal landforms, etc.;
b) Human characteristics: the distribution characteristics of settlements, water and land transportation conditions, etc.; c) Navigation characteristics: the distribution of ports, the types and sizes of ports, the completeness of port facilities, and the distribution of waterways, anchorages, shelters, navigation targets, and navigation obstacles, etc. 7.3 Analysis and selection of cartographic data
7.3.1 Types of cartographic data:
GB12320-1998
a) Control survey data: including the results of various control points, b) Sea survey data: including the results of water depth and coastal topography measured by the hydrographic survey team and other professional survey teams, results appraisal and obstacle detection data, etc.:
c) Mapping data: including various maps, nautical charts, atlases, nautical charts, etc.; d) Remote sensing image data: including aerial photogrammetry data and satellite remote sensing data; e) Other data: including various literary, mathematical data and picture data, etc. 7.3.2 Focus of cartographic data analysis:
The focus of data analysis is the completeness, geographical adaptability, currentness, accuracy and possibility of replication of the data. 7.3.3 Selection of Cartographic Data
After the data analysis is completed, a decision should be made on whether to adopt the data. The adopted data should be divided into basic data, supplementary data and reference data according to the degree of use, and the scope and content of their respective use should be determined. 7.3.3.1 Basic data should generally meet the following conditions: a) strong timeliness, complete content, high accuracy, and reasonable reflection of objective reality; b) scale greater than or equal to the scale of the map; c) the projection is the same as the newly compiled nautical chart or the shape of the cartographic network is close; d) easy to copy and redraw.
7.3.3.2 Specific provisions for selecting basic data: a) When compiling nautical charts of various scales in China's sea areas, the latest survey data or the latest charts published by the Navigation Guarantee Department of the Navy Headquarters shall generally be used as basic data, the latest topographic maps shall be used for land, and the latest charts shall be selected as basic data for offshore areas; b) When compiling nautical charts of foreign sea areas, foreign charts shall generally be used as data for both sea and land areas, and topographic map data shall generally not be used to supplement elements for land;
c) When the mapping area spans China and foreign sea areas, Chinese survey data shall generally be used first; foreign charts may be used in areas without Chinese survey data and in areas where the survey time of foreign charts is newer than that of Chinese survey data. d) When compiling a harbor chart with a scale greater than 1:100,000, large-scale newly surveyed data should generally be used; e) When compiling a navigation chart with a scale less than 1:100,000, newly surveyed bathymetric data in coastal non-navigational areas with a scale greater than 10 times the map scale may not be used, but the shoreline and docks with obvious changes should be corrected; f) Newly surveyed bathymetric data with a scale less than one-third of the map scale (i.e.: data scale/map scale ≤ 1/3) are generally not used as basic data, but the newly surveyed data should be used to correct shallower waters and obstacles. If no larger scale measurement has been conducted in the survey area of the newly surveyed data, it should be used regardless of its scale. 7.4 Map Configuration
Each map should be configured with a title at an appropriate position in the map, and according to the needs and possibilities, the configuration data should include a sketch map, a map index map, a tide signal table, a tide table, a radio navigation facility table, a view map, a route reference map and text descriptions related to navigation. 7.4.1 Title
7.4.1.1 The content of the title shall include the emblem of the publishing agency, the geographical location of the map, the map name, scale, projection, coordinate system, depth and elevation datum, units of measurement for depth and elevation, version of the map, basic contour interval and description of the mapping data. 7.4.1.2 The configuration of titles is divided into the following situations: a) Title of the whole map: It is configured in the place where the important elements are not covered in the map. b) Title of the spliced map: It is configured in the small map with a larger map size. Each small map is marked with the English letters "A" and "B" according to the splicing order.
c) Titles of various sub-maps: The general title is configured outside the upper map outline, and the emblem of the publishing agency is configured in the upper left corner outside the map outline. Each sub-map should also be configured with a sub-title. The parts with the same content in the sub-map titles are noted in the general title, and the different parts are noted in the sub-titles of the sub-maps. d) Title of the main figure: The title of the main map is configured according to the requirements of the whole map, and the sub-titles are added to the figures. The content includes the map name and scale. 107
7.4.2 Geographical location description of the map
GB12320—1998
The general map does not have a geographical location description. Navigational charts should be equipped with geographical location descriptions, which should be concise and clear, and consist of one to three groups of notes:
a) The geographical location description of navigational charts is generally based on the names of seas and famous islands, archipelagos, peninsulas, bays, etc., and the name of the country to which the name belongs should be added before the name, such as "Liaodong Peninsula, Yellow Sea, China";
b) Harbor charts generally use the names of seas, bays, peninsulas, archipelagos, islands, rivers, etc. as geographical location descriptions, and the name of the country to which the name belongs should be added before the name, such as "Zhoushan Islands, East China Sea, China". 7.4.3 Chart Name
The chart name should accurately indicate the scope of the map or the main routes included. The naming rules of the map are as follows: a) The general map is named after the name of the ocean area, such as "Bohai Sea and the northern part of the Yellow Sea"; b) Navigational charts are generally named after the names of important sea areas in the map as starting points, such as "Shantou Port to Jieshi Bay". It is best to use the place names of the overlapping parts of adjacent maps as map names so that the map names are connected, such as "Yantai Port to Shidao Port" and "Shidao Port to Rushankou". When the geographical units included in the navigation map are relatively complete, the region can also be named, such as "near the Yangtze River Estuary". c) Harbor maps are generally named after the harbors, anchorages, waterways, islands, etc. they represent, such as "Qinmu Island Port" and "Shicheng Islands". When the harbor map represents a narrow and long area, it can also be named by two place names as the starting point, such as "Wusongkou to Gaoqiao Port". 7.4.4 Data Adoption Description and Data Adoption Sketch Map Maps with a scale greater than 1:1 million should be equipped with data adoption descriptions or data adoption sketch maps. The configuration of data adoption descriptions and data adoption sketch maps is divided into the following situations:
a) Maps with a scale greater than 1:50 square meters should generally be equipped with data adoption sketch maps. If the data adoption situation is simple, the measurement time does not exceed two years, and the specific scope of use of each data is explained by literary exchange, data adoption descriptions can also be configured. b) For maps with a scale of 1:500,000 to 1:990,000, no data adoption sketch map is provided. The use of sea data is explained in words, and the use of land data is not explained.
c) For maps with a scale of 1:1 million or smaller, no data adoption description or data adoption sketch map is provided. d) For maps with data adoption descriptions, no data adoption sketch map is provided, and vice versa. 7.4.4.1 Contents of the data adoption outline:
a) In the data adoption outline, the use scope of the survey data of different years (different months for variable areas such as estuaries) should be marked, and numbered in order from new to old and the measurement time should be noted. Data of the same year (month) are generally assigned one number; b) Survey data with a scale less than one-third of the map scale should be numbered separately, and the measurement time and scale should be noted; c) Data from different countries (regions) in the same year should be numbered separately, and the measurement time and version should be noted (data from mainland China do not have version notes);
d) When the data situation is particularly complex and it is difficult to represent them in a unified manner according to different years (months) on the outline, areas with relatively close measurement times can be merged. For the merged area, if the measurement time is two years (months), the specific years (months) shall be noted, such as "measured in 1991 and 1990"; if the measurement time exceeds two years (months), the start and end years (months) shall be noted, such as "measured from 1960 to 1965"; e) The use of land data shall be explained after the sea data, and shall not be numbered by time. 7.4.4.2 Basic forms of data use description: a) For cartographic data with clear measurement time (including the use of mapping data, the original map has the measurement time stated), the measurement time shall be stated, such as: "The sea area in this map was measured in ××××, and the land uses the aerial survey topographic map of ××××"; b) For cartographic data with unclear measurement time, it shall be stated The source and publication date of the data, such as "This map uses the British nautical chart of the ××× edition for the sea area and the topographic map of the ×××× edition for the land." c) For maps that use foreign data, an acknowledgment should be published in an appropriate position on the map in accordance with the agreement reached between China and the relevant countries. 7.4.5 Map range lines and map index map
7.4.5.1 On maps of various scales, the range lines and map numbers of adjacent maps of the same or similar scales should be indicated. On maps with a scale greater than 1:3 million, the range lines and map numbers of maps one scale larger than the current map should also be indicated. 108
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7.4.5.2 When there are more than 3 maps on the map that need to indicate the range lines , the connection relationship between the map sheets is expressed in the form of a map sheet index map. 7.4.5.3 When the number of map sheets represented in the map sheet index map does not exceed 5, maps with a scale two levels larger than the current map should be expressed at the same time as appropriate. 7.5 Editing plan and map calendar
7.5.1 The editing plan is the result of the map sheet editing design. It is a guiding document for the editing and mapping work formulated by the map sheet editor in accordance with the provisions of this specification and combined with the specific conditions of the map sheets. It is compiled by the map sheet editor and recorded in the map calendar. 7.5.2 The basic contents of the editing plan are:
a) Geographical overview of the mapping area, main geographical features and navigation characteristics; b) Basic information of the mapping data, including name, version, number, scale, projection, coordinate system, depth c) the degree and order of use of various cartographic data, and the supplementary content and reference scope of supplementary data and reference data should be specified;
d) the method of compilation and drawing, the specific requirements and precautions for cartographic synthesis; e) the specific provisions of place names and other notes; f) the starting time, issue number and item number of navigation notices; g) various attachments, including cartographic data outlines, map index maps, map configuration diagrams, title content and text arrangement, etc. 7.5.3 The records of the calendar table should be detailed, accurate and complete, and signed by the person who filled in each item. The calendar table should be archived. 8 Compilation and drawing method
8.1 Basic operation methods
According to the current production conditions, technical equipment and publishing requirements, the compilation and drawing of nautical charts can be carried out by the following methods: a) Manuscript editing method: first make the original drawing on the plate or film, and then use the engraving method or the cleaning method to make the printing original map; b) Combined editing and engraving (drawing) method: editing, engraving (cleaning) are completed on the same film (plate), and the result is the printing original map; c) Computer-aided drawing method: input the mapping data into the computer, perform data processing and editing operations on the computer, and then output the plate-making film or printing plate through the output device. 8.2 Calculation and display of mathematical foundations
8.2.1 During the compilation and drawing operation, the following contents shall be calculated and displayed: a) map outline, latitude and longitude grid, linear scale; b) intersection points of latitude and longitude lines and inner map outline lines that need to be indicated on the map; c) control grid for transfer data, and control points for transfer data on maps with a scale greater than 1:200,000; d) control grid (points) for coordinate system conversion. 8.2.2 When calculating and displaying the control grid, factors such as the shape characteristics of the control grid, the size and distribution law of projection deformation, and the size of the difference between the projection of the mapping data and the projection of the nautical chart shall be considered. The number of points calculated and displayed shall ensure the mapping accuracy and facilitate average subdivision. 8.3 Processing of mapping data
The survey result plates or mapping data selected as mapping data shall be appropriately processed according to the specific situation before being copied to make them suitable for copying and transfer.
8.3.1 When the mapping network on the data is inconsistent with the original map, or the mapping network on the data is too large to be transferred, the mapping network should be added to the mapping data. When adding, pay attention to the projection properties of the data and the shape characteristics of the mapping network, and do not connect the curves into straight lines. 8.3.2 When the scale of the mapping data is 3 times (inclusive) or more than the compilation scale, when using conventional compilation methods, an intermediate original map should be made. The methods that can be used are:
a) Transparent material marking method: When the data elements are relatively simple, cover the data with transparent film or other transparent materials, enlarge the lines and symbols according to a certain proportion to mark the elements required for the new map, and re-photograph after comprehensive inspection; b) Blueprint compilation method: When the data elements are relatively complex, first re-photograph the data according to an appropriate scale, and then print the blueprint for compilation. The intermediate original map is then re-photographed and reduced according to the compilation scale. 109
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8.3.3 When the projection properties of the data are quite different from those of the new map, and it is difficult to transform the projection using conventional mapping methods, the data can be digitized and processed by computer to make the projection of the data suitable for transfer. 8.3.4 When computer-aided mapping is used, the data can be directly digitized regardless of the scale of the mapping data. 8.4 Transfer of mapping data
Depending on the degree of data use and the coordinate system, projection, scale, etc. of the data, a variety of methods can be used for data transfer. 8.4.1 Common transfer methods and requirements for basic data: a) Blueprint (or brown map) mosaic method. After mosaicking, there should be no overlap, the gap should not be greater than 0.2mm, the error of the control point and the intersection of the mapping network should not exceed 0.1mm, and the straight line deformation loss should not exceed 0.2mm. b) Polyester film projection method. The transfer accuracy requirements are basically the same as those of the blueprint mosaic method. c) Direct blueing method. It is used when the projection of the data is the same as the new map, its scale is the same as or very close to the new map, and the content of the data basically meets the requirements of the new map. d) Graphic digitization method. The data graphics are required to be clear and slightly deformed, and the linear deformation loss does not exceed 0.2mm. 8.4.2 For small-area supplementary data, the data can be scaled to the compilation scale with a pantograph and then copied to the original map. 8.4.3 Commonly used transfer methods for individual elements: a) Longitude and latitude recording method. The coordinate system of the data and the new map is required to be completely consistent. b) Azimuth distance method. The data and the original map must have common points, and there must be another azimuth or distance verification. c) Azimuth line intersection method. At least three azimuth lines intersect, and the data and the original map must have common points, and the intersection angle must be less than 150 and greater than 30°
d) Coordinate value input method. When computer-aided mapping is used, the coordinate values of control points, important navigation aids and obstacles with coordinate data should be directly input, and the graphic digitization method should generally not be used. 8.5 Handling of overlaps
The representation of each element in the overlapped part of adjacent maps should be basically consistent, and the representation of each element in the overlapped part should also be coordinated with other parts of the map. The overlapped part of the same scale map should be compiled by one map and then transferred to the adjacent map. The overlapped part of the map of similar scale should generally be compiled by the map with a larger scale first and then used as data for the adjacent map with a smaller scale. 9 Compilation of various elements
9.1 Control points and elevation points
9.1.1 When compiling maps using survey data, 1~3 control points should be selected within the range of 100mm×100mm for calculation and point display as the basis for checking data accuracy and data transfer. 9.1.2 On maps with a scale greater than 1:3 million, indicate control points and elevation points on hilltops and island tops that are significant for navigational orientation. Control points in mainland China are not graded and are all indicated by elevation point symbols. If a control point is an independent feature, it is indicated by the corresponding feature symbol; the grade of control points in Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and foreign regions is indicated according to the data. 9.1.3 For elevations less than 10m, note to the nearest 0.1m. For elevations greater than 10m, note in whole meters and discard decimals. For elevations less than 3m, note to the nearest 0.1m. For elevations greater than 3m, note to the nearest whole meter and discard decimals. 9.1.4 When control points or elevation points located on the beach are not indicated, the features should be retained. 9.2 Land features
9.2.1 Various buildings with navigational significance, such as buildings, hotels, chimneys, monuments, pagodas, water towers, churches, temples, bell towers, windmills, radio masts, TV towers, bunkers, etc., should be shown in detail on maps with a scale greater than 1:200,000, and should be supplemented according to the route guide and other navigation reference materials. If there is information, the name, height, number and color should be noted. 9.2.2 On maps of 1:200,000 to 1:490,000, select and show the more prominent buildings along the port coast. 9.2.3 On maps of 1:500,000 and smaller scales, land features are generally not shown. 9.2.4 Land features should be shown with symbols as much as possible. If there is no corresponding symbol, a circle symbol plus a category name can be used to show it. 9.3 Coast
9.3.1 Coastline
GB 12320--1998
On maps of all scales, the coastline should be represented in detail and accurately. The simplification of the coastline should follow the principle of expanding the land part and reducing the sea part, while maintaining the accurate position of the main feature points and reflecting its natural curvature. The specific provisions for representing the coastline are as follows: a) On maps with a scale greater than 1:200,000, the measured coastline and the sketched coastline should be distinguished. When the length of the sketched coastline is less than 10 mm, the measured coastline should be used for representation. On maps of other scales, the measured coastline should be used for representation. b) In areas where the high coastline has not been measured, the low coastline should be represented. When there is a high coastline, the low coastline is generally not represented. c) In areas where the water depth of rivers connecting to the sea is noted, the coastline is represented by the coastline; other areas are represented by the general river coastline. The connection between the coastline and the river coastline should be natural.
9.3.2 Coastal properties
Five types of coastline are indicated in mainland China: steep coastline, sandy coastline, rocky coastline, reinforced coastline and tree-lined coastline. Seawalls (commonly known as embankments) should also be indicated. In Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and foreign regions, the coastline properties are indicated according to the original data. The comprehensive indicators of coastline properties on maps of various scales are as follows: a) On maps with a scale greater than 1:200,000, steep coastlines longer than 5 mm, other coastlines and seawalls longer than 10 mm are indicated. b) On maps with a scale of 1:200,000 to 1:49, steep coastlines longer than 5 mm are indicated, and other coastline properties are not indicated. c) On maps with a scale of 1:500,000 and smaller, coastline properties are not indicated. 9.4 Islands
9.4.1 Island coastline
The indication of island coastline is generally the same as that of mainland coastline. When the island area is small and the diameter on the map is less than 3 mm, the coastline properties are not indicated. 9.4.2 Comprehensive principles for islands
9.4.2.1 Isolated islands on maps of all scales shall not be discarded regardless of their size. If the area on the map is too small to be drawn in proportion, the diameter of the closed curve should be enlarged to 0.6mm. 9.4.2.2 When clustered or close to the shore islands cannot be drawn in proportion, they can be represented by black dots with a diameter of 0.4mm, but the direction and shape of the islands should be close to the original shape. When the scale of the map is reduced, some islands can be appropriately discarded, but they cannot be merged and the outline characteristics of the islands cannot be changed. Clustered islands that are changeable near the coast of deltas or lagoons can be merged. 9.5 Landforms and Water Systems
9.5.1 Landforms
On maps with a scale greater than 1:500,000, contour lines and other landform elements should generally be shown. On maps with a scale of 1:500,000 to 1:2.99 million, only the elevations of major hills and important islands are shown, without contour lines and other landform elements; on maps with a scale of 1:3 million and smaller, landforms are not shown.
9.5.2 Contour Lines
9.5.2.1On maps with a scale greater than 1:500,000, landforms are generally shown with contour lines. When data is lacking, mountain lines can also be used. The method of showing landforms in a map must be consistent. There cannot be both contour lines and mountain lines. 9.5.2.2On maps of various scales in mainland China, the basic contour intervals are specified as shown in Table 1. Table 1
Scale
Greater than 1:10,000
110,000~1:24,000
125,000~149,000
1:50,000~199,000
1.1 million~1:190,000
1:200,000~1:490,000
General areas
Special areas
10, 20
20, 40
Note: Special areas refer to areas where the distance between most adjacent contour lines on the map is less than 1.0 mm based on the contour intervals of general areas. 9.5.2.3 On the maps of Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and foreign regions, the basic contour interval is determined according to the data conditions and with reference to the contour intervals of general regions in Table 1. 111
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9.5.2.4 The basic contour intervals on a map should be unified. When the basic contour intervals on a map of foreign regions cannot be unified due to data reasons, the contour lines will be left 1mm apart at the boundary between the two contour intervals. 9.5.2.5 When the basic contour intervals cannot fully display the hills and highlands with important navigational orientation along the coast, half-distance contour lines can be drawn. In some areas, due to steep slopes, when the spacing between adjacent counting curves is less than 4mm, 1~2 head curves between counting curves can be discontinued. 9.5.3 Other landform elements
On maps with a scale greater than 1:200,000, the following landform elements along the coast shall be indicated: a) Rock peaks, independent rocks, volcanic craters;
b) Lava flows and glaciers with an area greater than 200 mm2; c) Steep rocky mountains and cliffs with a length greater than 10 mm. On maps with a scale of 1:200,000 and less, the above elements shall not be indicated. 9.5.4 Water system
On maps of various scales, larger free-flowing rivers, larger canals, ditches, lakes, salt pans with an area greater than 100 mn, and swamps with an area greater than 600 mm2 shall be indicated. On the map, rivers with a width greater than 0.4 mm shall be drawn with double lines, and for some rivers, only the estuary part may be drawn at the mouth of the sea.
9.6 Settlements
9.6.1 Selection of Settlements
9.6.1.1 On maps of various scales, the mainland China region generally only shows settlements within 150mm of the coastline. 9.6.1.2 On maps with a scale greater than 1:100,000, select settlements at the town level and above. Important villages and independent houses with navigational significance should also be selected.
9.6.1.3 On maps with a scale of 1:100,000 to 1:490,000, select settlements at the county level and above and important villages and towns. 9.6.1.4 On maps with a scale of 1:500,000 to 1:990,000, select settlements at the city level and above and important counties and port towns. 9.6.1.5 On maps with a scale of 100,000 or less, select settlements at the provincial capital level and above and important cities, counties, and port towns. 9.6.1.6 Foreign settlements are generally represented by original data of the same or similar scale. 9.6.2 Method of Representing Residents
9.6.2.7 On maps with a scale greater than 1:200,000, residential areas are represented by proportional block and building symbols. 9.6.2.2 On maps with a scale of 1:200,000 to 1:490,000, residential areas above county level are represented in proportion, and others are represented by shape symbols. 9.6.2.3 On maps with a scale of 1:500,000 to 1:990,000, residential areas above city level (excluding county-level cities) are represented in proportion, and others are represented by circle symbols.
9.6.2.4 On maps with a scale of 1:1 million or less, residential areas are represented by circle symbols. 9.6.2.5 Residential areas in foreign regions are represented in accordance with the above regulations. When the administrative level cannot be ascertained, it is generally represented according to the original data of the same scale, and coordination should be made within the same map.
9.6.3 Generalization of the shape of residential areas
9.6.3.1 For urban residential areas represented in proportion, blocks and streets may be generally generalized on the premise of maintaining the main features of the external outline, but the direction of the main streets should be correct. 9.6.3.2 For scattered residential areas outside the town, when the distribution is relatively concentrated, block symbols should be drawn, and when it is relatively dispersed, it should be represented by independent houses, or discarded, but not merged. 9.6.3.3 Rural residential areas should be greatly simplified, and only relatively concentrated and important parts should be represented. 9.6.4 When redrawing urban residential areas represented in proportion into circle symbols, their position should, in principle, be the center of the residential area wheel, and attention should be paid to the reasonableness of the relative position with roads, rivers and other elements. 9.7 Port facilities, management and service organizations
9.7.1 On maps with a scale greater than 1:100,000, facilities such as docks, breakwaters, docks, slipways, mooring buoys, bollards, etc. should be shown in detail, and the corresponding names and numbers should be noted. When there are larger-scale harbor maps in this map, port facilities can be appropriately selected. 9.7.2 On maps with a scale of 1*100,000 to 1*190,000, docks, breakwaters, etc. in larger harbors are shown. 112
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9.7.3 On maps with a scale of 1:200,000 to 1,490,000, only major docks and breakwaters are selected. 9.7.4 On maps with a scale of 1:500,000 to 1:990,000, select prominent large docks and breakwaters. 9.7.5 On maps with a scale of 1:1,000,000 or smaller, port facilities are not shown. 9.7.6 On maps with a scale greater than 1:100,000, administrative service agencies such as customs, shipping, port affairs, quarantine, foreign ship agency companies, hospitals, post offices, fresh water and fuel supply stations, and ship repair and building factories should be indicated. On maps with a scale of 1:100,000 or less, administrative service agencies should not be indicated. 9.8 Roads, Airports
9.8.1 Existing railways should be indicated on maps of all scales. Generally, single-track and double-track railways are not distinguished. a) On maps with a scale greater than 1:100,000, railway lines are indicated in detail. b) On maps with a scale of 1:100,000 to 1:190,000, railway lines leading to residential areas and docks are indicated. c) On maps with a scale of 1:200,000 or less, only railway lines connecting residential areas are indicated. 9.8.2 Existing roads should be indicated on maps of all scales, distinguishing between expressways and general roads. Roads wider than the size specified by the symbol should be indicated in proportion.
a) On maps with a scale greater than 1:100,000, roads leading to ports and docks are indicated. b) On maps with a scale of 1:100,000 to 1:190,000, roads leading to ports and roads connecting to residential areas are indicated. c) On maps with a scale of 1:200,000 to 1:490,000, roads connecting important towns and leading to ports are indicated. d) On maps with a scale of 1,500,000 or less, only trunk roads are indicated. 9.8.3 For roads indicated on the map, any road cut or embankment with a length greater than 10 mm should be indicated. 9.8.4 On maps with a scale greater than 1:200,000, airports near the coast are indicated. 9.9 Bridges, overhead structures, and gates
9.9.1 Bridges
9.9.1.1 On maps of various scales, vehicle bridges, movable bridges, floating bridges, double-deck bridges, and flyovers through which railways or roads pass are indicated. 9.9.1.2 Bridges over single-line rivers or double-line rivers narrower than 2 mm are not indicated, and the road symbol crosses the river symbol. 9.9.2 Overhead structures
9.9.2.1 On maps with a scale greater than 1:200,000, overhead structures such as cableways, cables, pipelines, and communication lines that cross navigable rivers, straits, and waterways are indicated.
9.9.2.21 On maps with a scale of 1:200,000 or less, overhead structures are not indicated. 9.9.3 Clearance height
9.9.3.1 The clearance height of bridges and overhead structures that cross waterways should be noted on the map with the largest scale in the mapping area. 9.9.3.2 The clearance height is noted to the whole meter, and decimals are discarded. 9.9.4 On maps with a scale greater than 1:200,000, sluice gates at the mouth of rivers into the sea are indicated. 9.10 Onshore pipelines and city walls
9.10.1 Except for those indicated in Article 9.9.2, all other onshore pipelines are generally not indicated. 9.10.2 The Great Wall should be indicated on the map, but other city walls are generally not indicated. 9.11 Boundaries
9.11.1 On maps with a scale of 1:2 million or less, China’s national borders are indicated. Foreign national borders are not indicated. 9.11.2 On maps with a scale of 1:500,000 to 1:1 million, China’s territorial sea base points and territorial sea lines are indicated. 9.11.3 All maps involving national borders and territorial sea lines should be submitted for approval in accordance with relevant regulations. 9.12 Beaching
9.12.1 Dry reefs should be accurately represented on maps of all scales. Dry reefs attached to the shoreline can be discarded if they are less than 5mm in length and narrower than 2mm in width. However, rocky and coral reefs located near corners, waterway mouths and other routes should not be discarded on maps with a scale greater than 1:200,000. They can be exaggerated when necessary. 9.12.2 Isolated dry reefs should not be discarded. When their diameter is less than 2mm, rocky and coral reefs should be represented by dry reef symbols that are not represented to scale. Other reefs can be exaggerated to 2mm in diameter. 113
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