GB/T 5271.1-2000 Information technology vocabulary Part 1: Basic terms
Some standard content:
GB/T 5271. 1—2000
This standard is equivalent to the international standard ISO/1EC2382-1:1993 "Basic Terms of Information Technology Vocabulary". Except for the introduction of the original international standard, this standard is basically consistent with the original international standard in other contents and forms. This standard replaces the national standard GB/T5271.1--1985 from the date of implementation. The purpose of formulating information technology vocabulary standards is to facilitate international exchanges in information processing. It provides the terms and definitions of concepts related to the field of information processing and clarifies the relationship between each terminology entry. This standard defines the basic concepts in the field of information technology. The GB/T 5271 terminology series national standards consists of more than 30 parts, all under the general title "Information Technology Vocabulary". This standard is the first part of the GB/T5271 terminology series national standards. This standard is proposed by the Ministry of Information Industry of the People's Republic of China. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the China Electronics Technology Standardization Institute. The drafting unit of this standard: China Electronics Technology Standardization Institute. The main drafters of this standard are Chen Ying, Feng Hui and Zhang Hongxian. This standard was first published on March 11, 1985. 152
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ISO/IEC Foreword
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) are specialized standardization organizations worldwide. National member bodies (which are members of ISO or IEC) participate in the formulation of international standards for specific technical scopes through various technical committees established by international organizations. The technical committees of ISO and IEC cooperate in areas of common interest. Other official and non-official international organizations that have ties with ISO and IEC can also participate in the formulation of international standards. For information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, namely ISO/IEC JTC1. The draft international standards proposed by the joint technical committee need to be circulated to national member bodies for voting. At least 75% of the voting fees of national member bodies participating in the voting are required to publish an international standard.
International Standard ISO/IEC 2382-1 was developed by SC1 Vocabulary, Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC1 Information Technology.
ISO/IEC 2382 consists of more than 30 parts, all under the general title "Information technology vocabulary".
1 Overview
1.1 Scope
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Information technology-Vocabulary
Part 1 : Fundamental terms
GB/T 5271. 1--2000
eqv IS0/IEC 2382-1:1993
Replaces GB/T 5271.1--1985
This part of the standard is developed to facilitate international communication in information processing. This standard gives the terms and definitions of concepts related to the field of information processing, and clarifies the relationship between these items. To facilitate the translation of this standard into other languages, the definitions given avoid linguistic specificity as much as possible. This standard defines the basic concepts of information technology. 1.2 Referenced standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard. When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards will be revised, and the parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. GB/T2659--1994 Codes for names of countries and regions in the world (eqvISO3166:1988) GB/T15237-1994 Basic vocabulary of terminology (eqvISO1087:1990) 1.3 Principles and rules to be followed
1.3.1 Definition of terms
Chapter 2 includes many terms. Each term consists of several required elements, including prime quotation marks, a term or several synonyms, and a phrase that defines a concept. In addition, an entry may include examples, annotations or explanations to facilitate understanding of the concept. Sometimes the same term may be defined by different entries, or an entry may include two or more concepts, as explained in 1.3.5 and 1.3.8 respectively. This standard uses other terms, such as vocabulary, concepts, terms and definitions, whose meanings are defined in GB/T 15237. 1.3.2 Composition of entries
Each entry includes the necessary elements specified in 1.3.1, and some elements may be added if necessary. The entries include the following elements in the following order: a) an index number (common to all languages in which this standard is published); 6) a term or preferred term in a language. If there is no preferred term for a concept in a language, it is indicated by a five-dot symbol (...); in a term, dots are used to indicate a word selected in each specific instance; c) a country's preferred term (indicated according to the rules of GB/T 2659); d) an abbreviation of the term; permitted synonyms; e) the text of the definition (see 1.3.4);
) one or more examples beginning with "Example"; g) one or more notes indicating special instances of the concept application area beginning with "Note"; h) pictures, diagrams or tables common to the entries. 1.3.3 Classification of terms
Approved by the State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision on July 14, 2000 154
Implementation on March 1, 2001
GB/T 5271. 1--2000
Each part of this series of standards is assigned a two-digit serial number, and starts with 01, which means "basic terms". The terms are classified into groups, and each group is assigned a four-digit serial number; the first two digits indicate the part of the standard where the group is located in this series of standards.
Each term is assigned a six-digit index number; the first four digits indicate the standard part and group where the term is located. In order to make the versions of this series of standards in different languages related, the serial numbers assigned to the standard parts, groups and terms should be the same. 1.3.4 Choice of terms and definitions
The terms and definitions should be selected as far as possible in accordance with the established usage. When there is a conflict, the majority agreement method is adopted. 1.3.5 Polysemy
If a given term has several meanings in a working language, each meaning is given a separate entry to facilitate translation into other languages.
1.3.6 Abbreviations
As indicated in 1.3.2, currently used abbreviations are assigned to some terms. These abbreviations are not used in the text of definitions, examples or notes. Www.bzxZ.net
1.3.7 Use of parentheses
In some terms, a word or words printed in bold are placed in parentheses. These words are part of the complete term. When the use of abbreviated terms in technical articles does not affect the meaning of the context, these words can be abbreviated. In the main text of definitions, examples or notes of GB/T5271, these terms are used in full form. In some entries, the term is followed by text in normal font placed in parentheses. These words are not part of the term, but indicate relevant information about the use of the term, such as its special application scope or its grammatical form. 1.3.8 Use of square brackets
If the definitions of several closely related terms differ by only a few words, these terms and their definitions are grouped together in one entry. Alternative words to indicate different meanings are placed in square brackets in the same order as in the term and in the definition. To avoid ambiguity of the replaced word, the last word placed before the brackets according to the above rules may be placed inside the square brackets and repeated for each change. 1.3.9 Use of boldface terms and use of asterisks in definitions When a term is printed in boldface in a definition, example or note, it indicates that the term has been defined in another entry of this vocabulary. However, the term is printed in boldface only when it first appears in each entry. Boldface is also used for other grammatical forms of a term, such as plural nouns and participle forms of verbs. The basic forms of all terms that appear in boldface in GB/T 5271 are listed in the index at the end of this part (see 1.3.11). When two boldface terms are cited in different entries one immediately after the other, separate them with an asterisk (or simply with punctuation).
Words or terms appearing in ordinary font are to be understood as defined in general dictionaries or authoritative technical vocabulary. 1.3.10 Spelling
In the English version of this series of standards, the spelling of terms, definitions, examples and notes generally follows the American English spelling. Other correct spellings may be used without conflicting with this series of standards. 1.3.11 Index Tables
For each language used, an alphabetical index is provided at the end of each part. The index includes all the terms defined in that part. Multi-word terms appear in alphabetical order after each keyword. A sequence of characters, usually consisting of words and spaces, usually aligned on a baseline by formatting. Note: The length of a line is determined by the space available at that point in the formatting process. 2 Terms and Definitions
01 Basic Terms
01.01 General Terms
GB/T 5271. 1---2000
01.07. 01 Information (in information processing) Knowledge about an object (such as a fact, event, thing, process or idea, including a concept) having a specific meaning in a particular context.
Note: See Figure 1.
01.01.02 Data
A reinterpretable formal representation of information suitable for communication, interpretation or processing. NOTES
1 Data can be processed by manual or automatic means. 2 See Figure 1.
01. 01. 03 Text1ext
Data in the form of characters, symbols, words, phrases, paragraphs, sentences, tables or other arrangements of characters, intended to convey a meaning, the interpretation of which is based primarily on the reader's knowledge of a natural or artificial language. Example: business correspondence printed on paper or displayed on a screen. 01. 01. 04 Access; to access to obtain the use of a resource.
01. 01. 05 Information processing information processing The systematic performance of operations on information, including data processing, and may also include operations such as data communications and office automation. NOTES
1 The term "information processing" is not to be used as a synonym for "data processing". 2 See Figure 1.
01.01.06 Data processing
data processing
DP(abbreviation)DP(abbreviation)
automatic data processing
ADP(abbreviation)ADP(abbreviation)Systematic performance of data manipulation operations.
Examples: mathematical or logical operations on data, grouping or classification of data, assembly or compilation of programs, or manipulation of text, such as editing, sorting, grouping, storing, retrieving, displaying, or printing. NOTES
1 The term "data processing" is not to be used as a synonym for "information processing". 2 See Figure 1.
01.01.07 Hardware
All or part of the physical components of an information processing system. Examples: computers, peripheral devices.
01.01.08 Softwaresoftware
All or part of the programs, processes, rules and related documentation of an information processing system. Note: Software is a product of knowledge and is independent of the medium on which it is recorded. 01.01.09 Firmwarefirmware
An ordered set of instructions and related data that is functionally independent of main storage and usually stored in read-only memory (ROM). 01. 01. 10 Storagestorage (device)A functional unit in which data can be placed, stored and retrieved. Memorymemory
01. 01. 11
All addressable storage space in a processor and all other internal storage used to execute *instructions. 01.01.12
Automaticautomatic
Used to modify a process or device that operates automatically under certain conditions without human intervention. 156
07.07. 13 automation
To make a process or device work automatically.
01.01.14 automation
GB/T 5271. 12000
The conversion of a process or device to automatic operation, or the result of such conversion. 01. 01. 15
to computerize
To automate with the aid of a computer.
01.01.16 computerization Automation achieved with the aid of a computer.
01.01. 17 computer generation A historical classification of computers based primarily on the technology used in their manufacture. Example: The first generation was based on relays or vacuum tubes, the second on transistors, and the third on integrated circuits. 01.01.18 computer science The branch of science and technology that studies information processing with the aid of computers. 01.01.19
9Computer centercomputer centerdata processing centerAn organization that includes people, hardware, and software organized to provide information processing services. 01. 01.20Data processing systemdata processing systemcomputer systemcomputer system
Computing systemcomputing system
One or more computers, peripherals, and software that perform data processing. Information processing systeminformation processing system01.01.21
One or more data processing systems and equipment, such as office equipment and communications equipment, that perform data processing. Information systeminformation system
An information processing system with associated organizational resources (such as human, technical, and financial resources) that provides and distributes information.
01.01.23Resource
Originalresource
Computer resourcecomputer resource
Any component of a data processing system necessary to perform a required operation. 01.01.24
Examples: memory, input/output devices, one or more processors, data, files and programs. process (1) process
A predetermined sequence of events that is defined by its purpose or function and is completed under given conditions. process (in data processing) (2) process (in data processing) 01.01.25
A predetermined sequence of events that occurs during the execution of all or part of a program. 6 configuration
The way in which the hardware and software in a processing system are organized and interconnected. block diagram
01. 01.27
A diagram of a system in which the boxes connected by lines represent the main components or functions, and the lines represent the relationships between the boxes. Note: Block diagrams are not limited to physical devices.
3 Synchronous
01. 01. 28
Used to modify two or more processes that depend on the occurrence of a specific event (such as a common timing signal). 01. 07. 29 Asynchronous asynchronous is used to modify two or more processes that do not depend on the occurrence of a specific event (such as a common timing signal). 01.01.30 Input (data) input (data) 137
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Data recorded into an information processing system or part of a system for storage or processing. 01.01.31
Input (process) input (process)
The process of recording data into an information processing system or part of a system for storage or processing. 01.01.32
input (adjective)
used to modify or describe the input process of the device, process or input and output channels, or related data or status. Note: When the meaning is clear in the given context, the word "input" can be used instead of "input data", "input signal", "input process", etc. 3 output (data) output (data)
data transmitted from the information processing system or part of the system. 01.01.34. Output (process) The process of transferring data out of an information processing system or part of a system. 01.01.35 Output (adjective) is used to modify or describe the device, process, input/output channel, or related data or status of the output process. Note: When the meaning is clear in the given context, the word "output" can be used instead of "output data", "output signal", "output process", etc. 01.01.36 to download
To transfer a program or data from one computer* to a computer with fewer resources connected to it, usually from a mainframe computer to a personal computer.
01. 01. 37 to up load
To transfer a program or data from a computer connected to it to a computer with more resources, usually from a personal computer to a mainframe computer.
01. 01. 38
interface
a boundary shared by two functional units and defined by various characteristics (e.g., functionality, physical interconnection, signal exchange, etc.). data communication
the transfer of data between functional units in accordance with a set of rules governing the coordination of data transfer and exchange. 01.01.40 functional unit a hardware entity, or software entity, or both, that is capable of performing a specific task. 01.01.41 1
online (adjective) modifies the operation of a functional unit under computer control. 01.01.42 offline (adjective) modifies the operation of a functional unit that is either independent of or in parallel with the main operation of the computer. 01.01.43 time sharing
time slicing (opposed in this sense) An operating technique of a data processing system that provides for the time interleaving of two or more processes in a processor. 01.01.44 networknetwork
An arrangement of nodes and interconnecting branches.
01.01.45 computer networkcomputer networka network that interconnects data processing nodes for the purpose of data communications. 01.01.46 local area networkLAN(abbreviation)LAN(abbreviation)A computer network located within the premises of users within a limited geographic area. Note: Communications within a local area network are not subject to external regulations; however, communications across domain boundaries may be subject to some form of regulation. 01.07.47 interoperabilityThe ability to communicate, execute programs, or transfer data between functional units with little or no knowledge of the unique characteristics of the functional units required of the users. 158
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01.01.48 Turnkey system A data processing system that is ready for use after installation and that may be tailored to a specific user or application and provided to the user in a state of readiness for operation. Note: Some preparation of user data may be required. 01.01.49 Virtual virtual
Used to modify a functional unit that appears to be real but whose functions are achieved by other means. 01.01.50 Virtual machine VM (abbreviation)
A virtual data processing system that appears to be under the exclusive use of a specific user but whose functions are achieved by sharing the various resources of a real data processing system. Data medium data medium
A substance on which data can be recorded and from which data can be retrieved. 01.01.52disk
A data medium consisting of a flat disk that can be rotated to read and write data on one or both sides. 01. 01. 53to log on;to log inStart a session.
01. 01. 54to log off;to log outEnd a session.
Information representation
01.02.01signalsignal
A physical quantity used to represent data (in its form). 01.02.02
discretediscrete
Used to modify data consisting of distinct elements (such as characters) or physical quantities with a finite number of clearly identifiable values, as well as processes and functional units that use such data. 01. 02. 03numeric;numericalUsed to modify data consisting of numbers, as well as processes and functional units that use such data. digital
01. 02.04
Used to describe data consisting of numbers, as well as processes and functional units that use such data. 01.02.05 alphanumericUsed to describe data consisting of letters, numbers, and usually other characters (such as punctuation marks), as well as processes and functional units that use such data.
01.02.06 analog
Used to describe a continuously changing physical quantity or data represented in a continuous form, as well as processes and functional units that use such data.
01. 02.07
symbol
A graphical representation of a concept that is meaningful in a specific context. 01.02.08 bit
binary digit
a digit 0 or 1 used in the binary number system. 01.02.09 byte
a string of bits, considered as a unit, usually representing a character or part of a character. NOTES
1 The number of bits in a byte is fixed for a given data processing system. 159
2 A byte is usually 8 bits.
01.02.10 octet
8-bit byte
a byte consisting of eight bits.
01.02.11 character
GB/T 5271.1—2000
a member of the element set used for the representation, organization, or control of data. Note: Characters can be classified as follows:
Graphic character
Character →
Ideographic character
Special character
Transmission control character
Format control character
Control character
Code extension character
Device control character
01.02.12Digit
Numeric character
Character representing a non-negative integer.
Example: Characters 0, 1,,F in hexadecimal notation.01.03Hardware
01.03. 01Processor;processing unitcentral processing unitCPU(abbreviation)CPU(abbreviation)A functional unit consisting of one or more processors and their internal storage.Mainframe
01. 03. 023
A computer, usually located in a computer center, with powerful capabilities and abundant resources, to which other computers can be connected to share the device resources.
3 Computercomputer
A functional unit that can perform a large number of calculations, including arithmetic and logical operations without human intervention. Notes
1 A computer can consist of a single unit or several interconnected units. 2 The term "computer" in information processing usually refers to a digital computer. 4Digital computerdigital computer
01. 03.04
A computer controlled by an internally stored program, capable of using common memory for all or part of the program and for all or part of the data necessary to execute the program; capable of executing programs written or specified by the user, capable of performing user-specified manipulations (including arithmetic and logical operations) on discrete data represented digitally, and capable of executing programs that modify themselves during their execution.
Note: The term "computer" in information processing usually refers to a digital computer. 01.03.05 Analog computer analog computer A computer whose operation simulates the behavior of another system and which accepts, processes and generates analog data. 01.03.06 Hybrid computer hybrid computer160
GB/T 5271. 1--2000
A computer that integrates analog computer components and digital computer components through the interconnection of digital-to-analog converters and analog-to-digital converters.
Note: A hybrid computer can use or generate both analog data and discrete data. peripheral equipment01. 03. 073
Any device that is controlled by a particular computer and can communicate with it. Examples: input/output devices, external memory. processorprocessor
01.03. 083
A functional unit in a computer that interprets and executes *instructions. Note: A processor consists of at least one instruction control unit and an arithmetic logic unit. 01.03.09
microprocessormicroprocessor
A processor whose components are miniaturized into one or more integrated circuits. 01.03.10 integrated circuitintegrated circuitIC(abbreviation)IC(abbreviation)
microchipmicrochip
chipchip
A small piece of semiconductor material that contains interconnected electronic components. 01. 03. 11
Terminalterminal
A functional unit in a system or communication network that can be used to record people or retrieve data. 2User terminaluserterminal
A terminal that enables a user to communicate with a computer. 01.03.13Workstationworkstation
A functional unit, usually with dedicated computing capabilities, including input devices and output devices for the user. Examples: programmable terminal, nonprogrammable terminal or independent microcomputer. 01.03.14
4Programmable terminalprogrammable terminalintelligent terminala user terminal with built-in data processing capabilities. 01.03.15
nonprogrammable terminal
dumb terminal
a user terminal without independent data processing capabilities. 01.03.16 video display terminal
video display terminal
VDT (abbreviation)
visual display terminal
visual display unit
VDU (abbreviation)
visual display unit
VDU (abbreviation)
a user terminal with a display* screen and often with input devices such as a keyboard. 01. 03. 17 calculator calculator A device suitable for performing arithmetic operations but requiring human intervention to change the stored program (if any) and to initiate each operation or sequence of operations.
Note: A calculator performs some of the functions of a computer but usually requires only frequent human intervention. 01.03. 18 computer architecture computer architecture The logical structure and functional characteristics of a computer, including the interrelationships of its hardware and software components. 01.03.19 Microcomputer A digital computer whose processing unit consists of one or more microprocessors and includes memory and input and output devices. 1
GB/T 5271.1--2000
personal computer
01.03.20 Personal computer
PC(abbreviation) PC(abbreviation) A microcomputer primarily for individual use. 01.03.21
Portable computer A microcomputer that can be carried and used in multiple locations. Laptop computer laptop computer01.03. 22
A small and light portable computer that can be operated on a person's lap and is powered by batteries. 01.03.23
Minicomputer
A digital computer whose functions are between those of a microcomputer and a mainframe computer. supercomputersupercomputer
01.03.241
Any computer that can handle scientific and engineering problems at the highest speed possible at a given time. 5millions of instructions per secondmillions of instructions per second01.03.25
MIPS(abbreviation)MIPS(abbreviation)A measure of processing performance equal to one million instructions per second. 01.03.26megaflopsMFLOPS(abbreviation)MFLOPS(abbreviation)A measure of processing performance equal to one million floating-point operations per second. Note: This measure is used in scientific computer applications. 01.03.27connectivity
The ability of a system or device to attach to other systems or devices without modification. 01.04software
01.04.01 application softwareapplication softwareapplication program
Software or program specifically designed to solve application problems. Example: spreadsheet program.
01.04.02 system softwaresystem softwareSoftware that supports the operation of application software and is independent of the application. Example: operating system.
01.04.03 support software
support software
support program
software or program that assists in the development, maintenance, or use of other software, or that provides general performance independent of the application. Examples: compiler, database management system. system documentationsystem documentation01.04.04
A collection of documents that describe the requirements, performance, limitations, design, operation, and maintenance of an information processing system. software packagesoftware package
A complete, documented set of programs provided to a number of users for a generic application or functionality. Note: Some software packages are modifiable for specific applications. 5 Portability (of a program)01. 04. 06
The property of a program that it can be executed on different types of data processing systems without converting the program into other languages and with little or no modification. 01. 04. 07 Software EngineeringThe systematic application of scientific and technological knowledge, methods and experience to the design, implementation, testing and documentation of software in order to optimize software production, technical support and quality.
01. 04. 08 Operating system operating system GB/T 5271.1--2000
OS (abbreviation) OS (abbreviation) Software that controls the execution of programs* and provides services such as resource allocation, directory scheduling, input and output control and data management.
Note: Although operating systems are primarily software, partial hardware implementation is also possible. 01.05 Programming
01.05.01 Program
program
computer programcomputer program
a syntactic unit that conforms to the rules of a particular programming language, consisting of declarations and statements or instructions, used to perform a specific function, task or solve a problem. 01. 05. 02 Programming
to program
coding (deprecated in this sense) to code(deprecated in this sense)to design, write, modify and test programs. 01.05.03
programming
the design, writing, modify and test of programs. 01.05.04
routineroutine
program(deprecated in this sense)program(deprecated in this sense)a program or part of a program that is commonly or frequently used. 01.05.05
algorithm
a finite set of ordered rules strictly defined for solving a problem. 01.05.06
flowchart;flow diagrama graphical representation of a step-by-step solution to a process or problem, using geometric shapes connected by flow lines and appropriately annotated to design or document a process or program. to debug
to detect, locate, and eliminate errors in a program. 01.05.08
natural languagenatural language
a language whose rules are based on current usage and do not need to be specifically specified. 9artificial language01.05.09
a language whose rules are clearly specified before it is used. programming languageprogramming language01.05.10
an artificial language for representing programs.
01.06 Applications and End Users
01.06.01 Simulation
The use of a data processing system to represent selected behavioral characteristics of a physical or abstract system. Example: Representation of airflow around a wing at various speeds, temperatures, and pressures. Emulation
01. 06.021
The use of one data processing system to simulate another data processing system so that the simulating system receives the same data, executes the same programs, and obtains the same results as the simulated system. Note: Simulation is usually implemented in hardware or firmware. 01. 06. 03 Information retrievalIR (abbreviation) IR (abbreviation) Any of a variety of actions, methods, and processes for obtaining information on a given subject from stored data. 01.06.04 Hard copy
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