GB/T 11348.1-1999 Measurement and evaluation of radial vibration of rotating machinery shafts Part 1: General
Some standard content:
ICS 17. 160
National Standard of the People's Republic of ChinabzxZ.net
GB/T11348.11999
id1 1s0 7919-1:1996
Mechanical vibration of non-reclprocating machines-Measurements on rotating shafts and evaluation critcria-Part 1:General guidelines
Published on April 8, 1999
Implemented on September 1, 1999
Published by the State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine
GA/T 11348. 1—1999
Cited standards
4 Equipment
S Evaluation criteria
Appendix A (Standard Appendix)
Appendix D (Suggestive Appendix)
Appendix E (Suggestive Appendix)
General rules for measurement and derivation of evaluation criteria for similar quantities,
Recommended use of instruments for measuring relative and relative vibration of rotating shafts, Long-term analysis of the changes in relative vibration of rotating shafts
Test standard
GB/T11348.1—1999
This standard is Part 1 of the standard for the measurement and evaluation of relative and relative vibration of rotating shafts of rotating machinery. The general title of this standard is "Measurement and evaluation of radial vibration of rotating shafts of energy-saving machinery". It consists of the following parts: Part 1: General design Part 2: Large and medium-sized turbine generator sets for land use Part 3: Combined industrial machinery Part 4: Gas turbine units Part 5: Hydroelectric power plants and power stations This standard is equivalent to GB/T57911:1996 Measurement and evaluation criteria for mechanical vibration of non-reciprocating machines on rotating shafts Part 1: General 3. This standard is a revision of GB/T11348.1-195S Measurement and evaluation of radial vibration of rotating shafts of energy-saving machinery Part 1: General This standard is consistent with GB/T11348.1-195S Measurement and evaluation of radial vibration of rotating shafts of energy-saving machinery Part 1: General Compared with GB/11348.1-1S89, the main technical changes are as follows: 1. The criteria listed in this standard must be supplemented by the assessment of vibration of non-rotating parts specified in GB/6C75.1-199. If the two standard methods can be used, the passband should be the one with stricter pressure limit. 2. The technical standard does not make explicit requirements for instrument measurement system errors. 3. This standard adds the change criteria for the probe value used to assess the vibration. 4. This standard adds the recovery plan for the set operating deviation limit of the machine. 5. This standard adds the vector analysis of vibration changes. This part of the content is included as Appendix II. This standard will be in the same form as GB11343.1-98 from the implementation. Appendix A of this standard is the standard appendix. ||t t||Appendix A, Appendix C, Appendix L and Appendix E of this standard are all related to the frequency display. This standard is issued by the State Bureau of Machinery Industry. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Mechanical Vibration and Standardization: This standard was drafted by: Zhengzhou Machinery Research Institute. The main drafters of this standard are Yao Wenfeng, Wan Baogeng, Xi Zipo: 4 Standards were first published in 1939, GB/T71348.1-1995
ISO Foreword
1ISO International Standardization is a world-wide association of standardization bodies (ISOs) composed of 18 countries. The work of formulating international standards is usually completed by ISO technical committees. Each member body has an interest in a standard item established by a technical committee. All have the right to participate in the work of the committee. International organizations (official or non-official) that maintain relations with ISO may also participate in the relevant work. ISO and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) maintain close cooperation in the field of electrotechnical standardization. International standards formally adopted by the technical committee are submitted to the member bodies in a sequential order before being approved as international standards by the ISO/TC108 member bodies voting in full. International Standard 0: ISO 7919-1 Measurement International Organization for Standardization 1S0/TC108 Machinery Vibration and Shock Technical Committee 2 Technical Committee (SC2) Mechanical vibration and shock measurement and assessment applied to machinery, vehicles and structures) systems. The second edition of ISO 1507919-1 cancels and replaces the first edition (1907919-1:1986) which has been technically revised. The general title of ISO 7UH is "Standards for the measurement and assessment of mechanical properties of non-reciprocating machines on rotating shafts". It consists of the following parts: Part 2: Industrial analysis of large steam turbine generator sets installed in land tanks
Part 3: General gas turbines
Part 5: Hydroelectric power plants and generating stations
Appendix A to this standard is the standard appendix, Appendix B, Appendix C. D and appendixes other than the above are required. 1
CB/T11348.1—1999
Today's machines run at high speed and under heavy load conditions, and the working conditions require more efficient use of fuel, and the design and performance of the fuel are more stringent.
Usually, it is expected that the period between two maintenances is "1 year or 3 years. Some of the requirements for the maintenance of energy-saving machines are limited to a certain extent to ensure continuous safe and reliable operation. 1S1(816-1) The movement of the fixed components should be based on the evaluation of the machine's positive movement. However, there are many types of machines. For these types of machines, the structural characteristics of the machine (such as the bearing seat) are not measured to indicate the running state of the machine. Although this method is useful: this type of machine Machines usually contain a linear rotor shaft system, for which measurements on the rotating parts can be more clearly and sensitively detected in terms of vibration state. For machines with relatively large and (or) soft bearings compared to the mass of the shaft, typical for such machines, shaft vibration measurement is more desirable. For machines like steam turbines, gas turbines and semi-automatic units, which can have several dynamic modes within their operating speed range, measurements only on the non-rotating parts may not be appropriate in this context. 1: The machine is monitored for some conditions when the non-moving parts or rotating parts are rotating.
The general conditions of this standard shall be supplemented by the general conditions given in S5. For example, the standard shall be used for the following cases:
The dynamic test of the shaft is used for the following cases, from routine working condition monitoring and acceptance tests to experimental tests and age analysis. Different tests lead to different interpretations and evaluation methods. To distinguish the effectiveness of different points, this standard mainly discusses the working conditions. The overflow test and acceptance test provide the following:
During the process of standardization, it is necessary to establish a number of indicators to assess the vibration of the machine shaft: however, there is currently a lack of valid data for this purpose, so this standard allows the inclusion of data to be considered valid. Specific standards for different types of machines will be included in this series of standards and other relevant departments.
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Measurement and assessment of vibration of rotating machines Part 1: General
Mechandcal Vibration of non-reciprocating machinesMeasuring the vibration of non-reciprocating machinesEvaluation criteriaPart T: General mechanical properties1Standard G/T11348.1:1999ISO 7919-1:1996Standard G1134-1:1939Standard proposes the use of direct measurement on the rotating shaft to measure and evaluate the general characteristics of mechanical vibration. The determination of the shaft vibration is related to the following factors:a) Changes in vibration characteristics;b) Excessive dynamic load;c) Diameter monitoring. This standard applies to absolute and relative diameter vibration of rotating shafts.In addition to torsional and axial vibration, it is applicable to the condition monitoring of machines, including acceptance tests on test benches and after installation. This standard also specifies the setting of operating limits.
1 The evaluation criteria for different types of machines will be summarized in the evaluation part of the 4 series of standards, and the general description will be given in Appendix A. 2 This standard uses "torque" to refer to this method because, under large variable compensation conditions, the verification will be carried out on the machine running auxiliary. However, this standard can be applied to other running components as long as it is consistent and complies with the general provisions. This standard considers that operating monitoring is the measurement of vibration during the machine's normal operation. This standard allows the use of some different measurements and measurement methods, as long as the text is clear and the boundaries are provided to enable the measurement to be interpreted. This standard does not apply to dry and friendly machines. ||tt ||2 Referenced Standards
The following standards contain texts which, when used in this standard, are not considered to be relevant to this standard. The texts indicated are valid at the time of publication of this standard. All standards are subject to revision. Parties using this standard should consider using the following standards to measure the performance of the new text. G16C75.1—1999 Mechanical properties of machines for measuring and evaluating non-rotating parts Part 1: General 3 Measurements
3.1 Plates
3. 1. Displacement
The first selected shaft vibration measurement quantity is displacement, and the measurement unit is the same as the displacement. Note 3: Displacement is a variable, so when comparing two positions, it is necessary to consider the relative position range between them (see Appendix D). This standard applies to relative and absolute vibration measurements of rotating shafts, so the displacement is further defined as follows! a) Non-alignment will be + It is the vibration displacement between the rotating shaft and the corresponding structure (such as the bearing seat or housing); b) Absolute position, which is the relative position of the rotating shaft: the inertial reference system reported. National Quality Supervision and Inspection 99--Approved
1999-09
CB/T 1134B.1—1999
: It should be clearly stated that some of the displacement quantities are absolute. A number of different displacement quantities are defined in terms of absolute and relative displacement. These displacement quantities are generally used and include: S: the peak-to-peak displacement in the measuring direction S: the measured in-plane displacement. Any of these quantities may be used for axial displacement quantities but the measurement disk used should be clearly identified so that the measurement can be correctly evaluated according to the specifications of the specification. The relationship between these quantities is shown in Figures B1 and B2. NOTE: For the time being, the small distance between the two peak-to-peak displacements drawn when the two measurements are positive is used as the evaluation criterion. In the future, when the relevant equipment is not running well, the 5\ left blank in B2 may be better left blank. 3.1.2 Rate specification
Relative and absolute motion measurements should be made with sufficient frequency band to cover the machine's frequency potential. 3.2 Types of motion displays
3.2.1 Relative motion measurement
Relative motion measurements are usually made using non-contact sensors which detect the displacement of the shaft between the machine's structural components (e.g. bearings).
3.2.2 Absolute motion displays
Relative or absolute motion measurements are made by one of the following methods: a) using a non-contact sensor, with an inertial sensor (velocity meter or accelerometer) mounted on the bearing to detect absolute motion of the shaft,
b) combining the measured value with a non-contact motion sensor and an inertial sensor (velocity meter) measuring the motion of the support. The two sensors are fastened together to ensure that they are subjected to the same running motion in the measuring direction. After adjustment, they are easily adjusted to provide a scientific indication of the absolute motion of the shaft.
3.3 Measurement method
3.3.1 General
The sensor should be used to assess the vibration of the shaft. For relative and opposite measurements, two sensors should be installed at each auxiliary bearing of the machine or near the bearing. In the same direction perpendicular to the bearing, the angle between the axis of the sensor and the axis diameter should be less than 10", and it is best to install the two sensors in the same axis plane at a position 5° away from each other. The net position gain is the same on each bearing:
A single sensing surface can also be used in each measuring plane instead of a pair of sub-transducers, provided that it can provide sufficient total vibration information.
It is recommended to use a special plate to determine the total non-vibration information caused by uneven surface structure of the shaft, residual magnetism and mechanical deviation of the shaft. It should be noted that for non-reflective vibration, gravity effects can cause a large deviation, which is not suitable for existing test instruments.
3.3.2 Relative reporting or measurement method
Non-fusion relative motion sensors are usually mounted in holes opened in the bearing sequence or mounted on rigid brackets with close bearings. The installation of the sensor in the bearing does not affect the lubrication process. However, the sensor can also be installed in other axial positions, but it must be evaluated with different vibration standards. For sensors mounted on brackets, the brackets should not have any adverse effect on the performance of the sensor data relative to the measured shaft. The rotating auxiliary surface should be smooth while taking into account the total axial movement of the shaft under normal conditions. There are generally no geometric discontinuities (such as chains, lubrication channels, channels), metallurgical structure unevenness and local density. These may cause false signals. In some cases, it is allowed to reduce or spray the auxiliary surface. Please note that the calibration may be different. In general, the total value of the permissible vibration displacement specified in Appendix A must be 6m or more when the sensor is measured. For machines that are originally designed for shaft vibration measurement and are in operation, other deviation standards may be required. 3.3.3 Combining inertial sensors and non-contact relative motion sensors for absolute motion measurement GB/E11348.1—1999
Combining inertial sensors with their contactless relative motion sensors, and adjusting the sum of the outputs of the two sensors, the absolute motion can be obtained. Other requirements for the installation of non-contact sensors are as stated in 9.3.2. In particular, the inertial sensor should be rigidly mounted on the structure of the machine (such as a stand) with the non-contact sensor to ensure that the two sensors are subjected to the same absolute motion in the measurement direction. The sensitivity axes of the non-contact sensor and the inertial sensor should be parallel to ensure that the signals they output are consistent and the absolute motion can be obtained.
3.3.4 Absolute motion can be measured using a contact structure with a micro sensor The inertial sensor (speed or velocity) shall be mounted on the shaft joint. The device shall not produce angular or angular vibrations. The device shall be mounted as described in 3., 3., 3., 3., 3., 4. The rotating surface of the joint shall be smooth and free of any geometrical inconsistencies (such as angular contact) while taking into account the total axial motion of the shaft under all thermal conditions. The mechanical deviation of the shaft shall not exceed 25% of the permissible vibration displacement value specified in Appendix A or 5rL, whichever is greater.
The same shaft motion measurement method is subject to the limitations of the driving surface speed and other factors, such as the shape of the hydrodynamic film under the sensor end, or may give false results. Therefore, the limiting conditions during use should be considered. 3.4 Machine operating conditions
The vibration of the shaft should be measured in the whole operating range of the machine (thermal equilibrium state and operating state). In addition, it can be measured in conditions such as cranking, warm-up, critical speed, etc. The results of the previous measurement shall not be evaluated according to Chapter 3. 3.5 Machine basic structure
The other mechanical and structural characteristics of the machine (such as the engine) will have an important impact on the vibration measurement: Generally speaking, the vibration values of machines of the same type are comparable only when they have the same mechanical characteristics of the natural components and structures. 3.6 Environmental vibration and measurement system evaluation
Before making a preliminary measurement: The influence of environmental vibration on the measurement system and measurement points should be checked when the machine is not running. When the workpiece is moved within the specified range, measures should be taken to eliminate the influence of the environment: 4. When using dry standard screening instruments, the following should be taken into account: humidity, corrosive gases, shaft surface speed, shaft material and surface torsion, the medium (such as water, air or steam), the vibration and impact along the three main axes, pneumatic users, fields, the same sensor terminals are all close to the company, power supply fluctuations and changes. The measurement system has a direct calibration system and has appropriate output parameters to allow for further analysis. 5. Evaluation criteria 5.1 The evaluation of the pumping effect must be comprehensive! The pumping effect;
h) The vibration of the shaft relative to the structure. 5-2 If the evaluation indicator is the change of the shaft movement,3) When the average value of the fixed relative motion sensor's support structure is small (i.e. less than 2 of the specific axis relative motion), the shaft relative motion can be used as the shaft motion. 5) When the support structure of the fixed relative motion sensor's support structure reports a value that is 2 or more of the shaft relative motion, a shaft standard measurement should be carried out. However, if its value is found to be greater than the shaft relative motion, the shaft standard motion can be used as the shaft motion measurement. 5.3 If the evaluation index is the dynamic quotient of the bearing, the shaft relative vibration will be used as the measurement of the special shaft data. 5.4 If the evaluation index is the 10/rotor limit. When the vibration of the fixed relative motion transmission support structure is small, that is, less than 25% of the shaft relative vibration, the shaft relative vibration can be used as a measure of the limit reduction: b) When the vibration of the fixed relative motion transmission support structure is 20% or more of the shaft relative vibration, the shaft relative vibration measurement GB/T1134B.1-1999 can still be used as a high value of the limit reduction, unless the vibration of the fixed relative motion transmission support structure does not reflect the full motion. In the latter case, special measurements are required. 5.5 The level of vibration of the shaft depends on the size and weight of the vibrating body, the characteristics of the mounting system and the power and use of the machine. Therefore, when different shaft vibration levels are required for a particular machine, different objectives and relevant research and development conditions should be taken into account. When necessary, a note should be made in the product specification:
5.6 General criteria for the assessment of shaft vibration of different machines are given in Appendix A. The assessment criteria are intended for operation monitoring and acceptance testing and are only applicable to the source power generated by the machine itself, and are not related to the power transmitted to the machine from the outside. For certain types of machines, the criteria given in this standard are supplemented by the criteria measured on non-rotating parts in GB16075.11999. For example, the method of the above standard can be used with the higher standard with the application limit. Specific criteria for different classes and types of machines are given in the relevant parts of the standard: 5.7 The assessments considered in this standard are limited to broadband vibrations and have relevant provisions and limitations: Under most conditions they are sufficient for acceptance testing and operational monitoring. However, in some cases it is appropriate to use information from the data to assess the vibrations of a certain type of machine. Information on fluctuations in the vibrations may be useful in detecting and determining changes in the machine which would not be detected using broadband data measurements. This will be explained in the appendix.
specifies fluctuations in the vibrations which are beyond the consideration of this standard. 5.8 The vibrations reported on a particular machine may be sensitive to changes in the operating state and this is not necessary in sensitive situations. In other cases, although the vibration sensitivity under certain steady-state conditions does not meet the requirements for the movement of a specific machine, the old result is a change in the technical requirements. If there are different vibration sensitivities for the equipment, the manufacturer and the user should reach an agreement on the test method or the necessity and scope of the assessment.
GB/11348.1-1999
Appendix A
(Annex to the standard:
The provisions of the general assessment criteria for the vibration of rotating shafts used for different types of machines are related to many factors, and the assessment criteria used for similar machines and in some cases for different rotors connected on the same auxiliary are also lower: Fourth, it should be ensured that the correct criteria are used for a specific machine and to avoid that the difficult specifications of the machine are mistakenly used for other types (for example, for use in petrochemical equipment). The assessment criteria for high speed compression machines running in equipment are different from those for large steam generators. Only a few shaft vibration standards have been published so far and these are mostly for specific machine requirements and have not been widely used in other fields. The basis for the assessment criteria is given in units of peak amplitude (grams) in Appendix B. No specific vibration values are given. Specific vibration values for different classes and types of machines are given in the relevant parts of this series of standards. A1 Factors affecting the assessment criteria When formulating shaft vibration assessment criteria, there are a number of factors that must be considered, including:) Measurement conditions (e.g. ensuring adequate rotation or avoiding excessive loads on bearings) Measurement type: absolute vibration or relative vibration or: c) (Appendix B);
) Measurement point location
Shaft vibration performance
f) Type of shaft, spacing and directness;
Function of the resistor, power and dimensions;
Nine shaft requirements, relative degree of seat and foundation: i) The quality and quality of the shaft.
Obviously, it is impossible to determine the influence of many factors on a single machine. The criteria for making the assessment apply to some machines. Different criteria, drawn from experience, are necessary for a particular machine, but they can only serve as a guide for its operation and there are occasions when the machine can safely and effectively operate outside the recommended range. 42 Assessment criteria
Two assessment criteria are used to determine the effectiveness of the shaft: one criterion focuses on monitoring the amplitude of wideband shaft vibrations and the other criterion focuses on single amplitude changes, whether they are increasing or decreasing. 42.1 Test 1: Estimation of vibration amplitude at a constant speed in steady-state operation This criterion relates to the determination of the limits of the shaft vibration values. The maximum shaft vibration values expected at a bearing, in combination with the allowable vibration range of the bearing, the machine image, and the acceptable vibration range of the supporting structure and the base, are determined by the internationally established assessment area.
Figure A1 is a table of allowable shaft vibration values versus operating tolerances in units of peak-peak vibration. In general, the vibration allowable values decrease as the machine's operating speed increases, but the actual vibration allowable values or the ratio of their variation with speed will vary for different types of machines.
42.1.1 Assessment Areas
The following typical assessment areas are defined to facilitate qualitative vibration assessment of specific machines and to provide a guide for reference. 5
GB/11348.1—1999
Zone A The vibration of newly delivered machines is usually measured in this zone. Zone B: It is generally considered that the machine with vibration amplitude in this zone can be operated for a long time without restriction. Zone C: It is generally considered that the machine with vibration amplitude in this zone is not suitable for long-term continuous operation. For example, the machine is operated in this state for a long time until appropriate remedial measures are taken. Zone D: The vibration amplitude in this zone is generally considered to be strong enough to exceed the machine requirements. 42.1-2 Zone Limit Values
These zone values are not intended to be used as acceptance technical conditions, they should be determined by the machine manufacturer and the user. Rather, these values provide a guide to avoid unrealistic requirements for overall incomplete performance. In some cases, due to the characteristics of the specific machine, it is required to use unqualified zone values (higher or lower). In such cases, it is usually necessary to explain the reason and wait for confirmation that the machine will not be cut off at a higher cutting amplitude. The area A is a machine with a certain degree of reduction in the actual loss amplitude and the related conversion range. The important thing is to select an example of the evaluation criteria for the zone. 12.2 The standard for adding vibration values is an example of the evaluation criteria for the zone. This note provides an evaluation of the deterioration of the vibration amplitude based on the previously established multiple values. If the vibration value shows a significant increase or decrease, that is, the area that does not meet the criteria, measures should also be taken. This change becomes a temporary or permanent change, which may indicate the presence of an emergency or other cause of failure. The standard is based on the following changes in position:
When applying the criteria, the measurement of the movement is carried out at the same sensor position and under the same machine operating conditions. The change in the movement value should be studied to avoid the occurrence of dangerous situations. The assessment criteria for the change of movement are given in this series of standards. Some changes will only be found in the most sensitive areas (see 7 of this standard, A2.3 monitoring limit values
GB/T 113/8. --1999
For long-term operation, it is advisable to set operating vibration limits for some types of screens. These limits are used for alarms and supply of machine shapes or conditions. The alarm indicates that the vibration amplitude has reached a certain level or the vibration has changed significantly, and it is necessary to take immediate measures to collect and compensate for the changes. In general, if the alarm occurs, the machine can continue to operate for a period of time. At the same time, the cause of the vibration change should be determined and remedial measures should be formulated. For machines: a certain vibration trap value is specified. Exceeding this value may cause damage to the machine. If the value exceeds the value, emergency measures should be taken to reduce the vibration or reduce the value. The operating limits of the machine are not reflected in the corresponding requirements. The relevant different directions are given in the specific section A2.3 of this system standard.1. The alarm setting
alarm setting may vary greatly. For a fixed machine depth, the selected value is usually based on the base or value determined by experience. The
value should be higher than the other line by a certain value + the upper limit value of the region B. If the line is deviated, the alarm may be lower than the region
. If the reference line is not established, for example: the alarm value should be determined based on the experience of other similar machines, or based on the acceptance test results. After a period of time, the base is found. If the alarm line is emptied (for example, after the machine is overhauled), the alarm value should be able to be confirmed accordingly. For machines with different bearings, the stop value can be set differently, which is related to the difference in fullness and bearing stiffness. A2.3.2 Machine stop value: Generally related to the probability of the machine, it depends on the specific design requirements of the machine to withstand the abnormal load. Therefore, the stop value for all machines that can be designed is generally the same, and is usually related to the setting of the same value. However, for machines that are not designed, it is impossible to give a correct stop value. Generally speaking, the machine value will be in the area.
(Appendix)
Derivation of measured quantities
B1 Dynamics of rotating shafts
The dynamics of rotating shafts is sufficient to describe how the center position changes with time. Figure B shows a typical axis speed. The shape of the axis is determined by the shape of the bearing, the bearing seat and the bearing, and the position of the axis during rotation. The most accurate result is a force on the axis. In other words, it can be a straight line, the time for the axis to complete a cycle, etc.! One of the most important things about the use of the device is that in this case: the frequency before the excitation is affected by the rotation rate of the axis, there are many other types of applications, such as the asymmetry of the main force. For this case, the rotation rate of the axis is equal to the frequency of the rotation of the axis. When the motion is due to self-excitation, the orbit is not a simple shape, but changes in a synchronous period of time, and it may not be related to the application. Generally speaking, the recording of the rotation of the pull can produce many different reports. Therefore, it will produce a complex track tooth. It is the loss and effect of each excitation force. The D2 rotation measurement
in the low shaft position of the hurdle, the beat heart trace can be measured by two relative motion sensors installed on different radial planes (good thing S cabinet is, but it will not be a small mistake if the product is tested. If the negative change between the two sensors is not related to the old teaching, the system will be decomposed according to the exchange method: if the sensor is added to measure the absolute resistance, the absolute track of the shaft will be completely independent of the motion of the rotating parts. If the sensor is used to measure the source of motion, the weak connection of the disc is used as the sensing end, and the structural part is dynamic.
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