This standard specifies two methods for determining the bulk density of granular refractory materials with a particle size greater than 2.0 mm: - Method 1: weighing method; - Method 2: burette method. Method 1 is used as an arbitration method. Depending on the properties of the material being tested, the two methods may give different results. Therefore, when reporting the bulk density value, the method used should be stated or the method that should be used in case of dispute. The same method should be used for the volume determination of the sample, sample selection and sample preparation, calculation of the bulk density, and the test report submitted. GB/T 2999-2002 Test method for bulk density of refractory particles GB/T2999-2002 Standard download decompression password: www.bzxz.net

ICS 81.080
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T 2999—2002
Replaces GB/T2999—1982
Refractory materials
Test method for bulk density of granular materials
Refractory materials--Determination of bulk density of granular materials(grain density), MOD)
2002-12-31 Issued
People's Republic of China
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine
2003-06-01 Implementation
GB/T2999—2002
This standard is modified and adopted from 15088401987* Determination of bulk density (number of grains specific gravity) of refractory materials (English version) This standard is redrafted based on ISC 884C, 1987. For the convenience of comparison: the laboratory mercury method of 1SL)8811, 1087 is included. Appendix B lists the corresponding clauses of this standard and the clauses of the international standard. This standard is modified when the international standard is used as much as possible. These technical differences are marked with a cross-line in the negative margin of the clauses to which they are related. The technical differences and their original list are given in the appendix for reference. For ease of use, this standard also makes the following editorial modifications: a) "This international standard" is changed to "this standard"; b) The decimal point "" is used instead of the comma "; the foreword of the international standard is deleted. The water standard replaces GB/T2999-1982 "Test method for bulk density of granular refractory materials". The main differences between this standard and the previous version are as follows: a) The sample width is changed from 2.0 mm to 3.0 mm, which is changed to 2.0 mm to 4.0 mm; the liquid hook and gauze used to determine the mass of the sample is changed from "dry as much as possible by hand..." to "twist it dry by hand again, so that the mass of the mixed gauze is 1.8 to 2.2 times the mass of the dry gauze"; b) The water absorption rate is changed from "calculate the water absorption rate to an integer\rounded to\rounded to a decimal place after the water absorption rate is calculated". Appendix A, Appendix P and Appendix C of this standard are all informative appendices. This standard was originally submitted by the National Metallurgical Industry Research Institute. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Waterproof Materials. This standard was drafted by Luoyang Refractory Materials Research Institute and Haicheng Huayu Refractory Materials Group Co., Ltd. The main drafters of this standard are Zheng Xianghua, Liang Dianfu, Li Tunying, Liu Lindun and Zhang Shao. The previous versions of the standards replaced by this standard are YB/1842-1975 and GB/T2999-1982. 1 Applicable scope
Test method for bulk density of refractory particles This standard specifies the types and methods for determining the volume density of granular refractory materials with a particle size greater than 2.0 mm: - Method 1: weighing method:
- Method 2: burette method.
Method "is used as an arbitration method.
GB/T 29992002
Depending on the properties of the material being tested, the two methods may produce different results. Therefore: When reporting the bulk density value, the method used should be stated or, in case of dispute, the method to be used should be stated. The same method should be used for the volume determination of the sample, sample selection and sampling, calculation of bulk density and the test report submitted.
2 Normative referenced documents
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard through their incorporation into this standard. For any referenced document with a date indicated, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this standard. However, parties to an agreement based on this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For any referenced document without a date indicated, For referenced documents of the same period, the latest version shall apply to this standard. GR/20-2000 Test method for bulk density, apparent porosity and true porosity of dense shaped refractory products (eq[S()) 3017:19983
G13/T5071--1997 Test method for true density of refractory materials GB/T6005-1997 Basic dimensions of mesh holes of test sieves, perforated plates and shaped sheets GR/T8170-1987 Numerical revision rules GH/T17617·1998 Refractory raw materials and amorphous refractory materials 3 Terms and definitions
This standard adopts the following terms and definitions:
Particle bulk density bulk densily of agranuur material (grain density) is the ratio of the dry mass of a granular material to its total volume. 3.2
Water absorption
The ratio of the mass of water absorbed by all open pores in a porous dry material to the mass of the underlying material, expressed as 3.3
Apparent mass
The mass of the test specimen minus the mass of the excluded liquid, which is equivalent to the mass of the saturated specimen suspended in the liquid. 3.4
Closed pores
Pores enclosed in the refractory material that cannot be filled with liquid when immersed in liquid under the conditions specified in GB/T2997, measured by the mass displacement method of the granular material. CB/T 2999—2002
5 Sampling
Sampling shall be carried out in accordance with the standard sampling plan of GB/T17637 or other standards agreed upon by relevant parties. 6 Preparation, quantity and size of test specimens
6.1 Preparation of test specimens
Size the test specimens in the laboratory according to the regulations into about 1000g of test materials, crush and sieve them as they are crushed (the particles under 5.6mm are directly passed through the medullary), and the particles are sieved from 0.05 to 0.10mm until all particles pass through the sieve with a hole diameter of 5.6mm (8.1. 1) and discard the particles smaller than 2.tmm. Place the sample on the screen for washing (8.1.2) and wash with water or blow with air (for water-sensitive samples) to remove dust or loose particles attached to the surface. 6.2 Weight of the sample
All 2.0mm~5.Gmm particles are divided into about 200~500g by quartering for testing. 7 Determination of the mass of the sample (M)
Place the sample on an electric heating plate at 110℃=5℃! Dry in a drying oven (8.1.3) to constant weight, and cool naturally to room temperature in a desiccator (8.1.1). Weigh two samples of 40R~60g respectively with a balance (8.1.5) with an accuracy of 0.01%. Determination of sample volume - Method 1: Weighing method 1.1 Equipment 1.1.1 Test sieve: in accordance with GB/T6005, with a pore size of 2.0mm, 3.rmm and equipped with a sieve bottom and sieve cover 8.1.2 Sieve: standard sieve with a pore size of 2mm. 8.1.3 Electric heating drying oven: temperature control accuracy 110 ± 5 8.1.4 Desiccator. 1.5 Balance: graduation value is 0.01 g 8.1.6 Non-absorbent fiber cloth. 8.1.7 Container: made of galvanized sheet or 8.1.8 Vacuum device: capable of reducing the absolute pressure to no more than 2 500 Pit, and can measure absolute pressure. b. 1. 9 Liquid: plain water or pure organic liquid, 8.1.10 Net basket: a net basket with handles made of 1 m mesh. 8.1.11 Container with flow tube
8.1.12 Cotton gauze: size 60 cm × 60tml 8.1.13 Weighing bottle: diameter 60mm height 30mm, 8.1.14 Specific gravity balance or hydrometer: graduation value is 0. 001g/cm 8.2 Sample immersion
Carefully place the weighed sample on a non-absorbent fiber cloth (8.1.6), tie it up with a string and place it in a container (8.17) and place it in a vacuum device (8.1.8). Vacuum until its absolute pressure is less than 2.500Pa. Keep the sample under this vacuum for 51min+. Then slowly inject the immersion liquid (8.1.9) for sample absorption within 5min until the sample is completely submerged. Keep the vacuum for another 5min. Stop the vacuum and take out the container and place it in the air until it reaches room temperature. 8.3 Determination of apparent mass (m2) of saturated sample Put the basket (8.1, 10) Hang it on the hook of a large balance and make sure that the liquid completely covers the basket. Adjust the balance to zero. Take out the basket and set it aside. Then, open the bandage and carefully put the saturated sample into the basket. Move it quickly to the liquid in the container with a vortex tube. When the sample is completely covered by the immersion liquid, move the basket up and down several times to allow the residual bubbles to escape. Hang the basket on the hook of the balance and weigh it to an accuracy of 0.01g. B.4 Determination of the mass of saturated sample (m)
8.4.1 Dry the cotton yarn (.8.1.12) to form 4 to 8 layers thick, weigh its mass, and then saturate it with the immersion liquid. Twist it so that the mass of the wetted cotton yarn is 1.8 to 2.2 times that of the dry cotton yarn. GB/T 2999—2002
8.4.2 Take the sample out of the immersion blanket and carefully transfer it from the basket to a non-absorbent fiber cloth (8.1.6). Remove excess droplets and place the sample together with the non-absorbent fiber cloth on a wrung wet cotton gauze. Carefully wipe off the immersion liquid attached to the surface of the particles with the cotton gauze until the particles are no longer adhered to each other and the diffuse liquid attached to the surface of the particles is invisible (but do not suck out the diffuse liquid in the pores). Immediately place it in a weighing bottle (8.1.13) and weigh the mass of the saturated sample in the air (make sure that there is no significant change in the weighing due to the evaporation of the immersion liquid). The mass is accurate to 0.01 g.
8.5 Determination of the density of the diffuse liquid
The density of the diffuse liquid used at the test temperature can be determined by the method of the blanket specific gravity balance (8.1.14) or the method of the liquid hydrometer (8.1.11). The mass is accurate to 0.001 B. 6 Calculation of results 8.6.1 The volume is calculated according to formula (1): V_ma-m2 8.6.2 The bulk density is calculated according to formula (2): Vrmjm? 8.6.3 The water absorption is calculated according to formula (3): m -m × 100%
Where:
Volume of the sample. Unit is cubic centimeter (cm3): Volume density of the sample. Unit is gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm2); Water absorption rate of the sample, expressed in %,
Mass of the dry sample. Unit is gram ()
Apparent mass of the saturated sample. Unit is gram (): Mass of the saturated sample in air. Unit is gram (g): Density of the immersion liquid at the test temperature. Unit is gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3), o.
8.6.4 If the apparent porosity of the sample is required, it can be calculated according to the provisions of GH/2997. 9 Determination of sample volume - Method 2: Burette method 9.1 Equipment
9.1.1 Beaker: 150 ml
9.1.2 Calibrated burette, 50 ml or 10 ml. Graduation value is 0.1l. 9.1.3 Magnifying glass.
9.1.4 Funnel: The diameter of the top point is 10mm.
9.2 Determination of sample volume
Put the dried and weighed sample (see 7) into the beaker (5.1.1) and add water at room temperature until the sample is submerged. 1)
(3)
Before each use, wipe the burette (9.1.2) to remove fat and rinse it. Fill the burette with water to between 20ml and 25ml. After leaving it for 1min, use a magnifying glass (9.1.3) to estimate the reading to 0.05ml and then place the funnel (9.1.1) in the burette [Before each measurement, fold the cotton gauze (8.1.12) into a square of 4 to 8 layers thick. Use water to dry and twist it by hand in 8.4.1). After the sample has been soaked for at least 2 minutes, cover the beaker with a glass, cover the sample, and pour out the water as completely as possible. Then move the sample to a non-absorbent red fiber cloth (8.1.6) - after removing excess water, place the sample and the non-absorbent fiber cloth on the wrung cotton gauze, and carefully absorb the water on the surface of the particles with the cotton gauze until the water attached to the surface of the particles disappears. Then fold the red fiber cloth so that the sample GB/T 2999-2002
is placed in the burette through the funnel, and use a magnifying glass to estimate the final liquid level reading, accurate to 0.05mL. The difference between the final reading and the initial reading of the burette is the sample volume. 9.3 Calculation of results
The sample volume density is calculated according to formula (4)
Px-Ve
In the formula:
The sample volume density, unit is gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm2): m
The mass of the dry sample, unit is gram (g); Vs- The volume of the sample, unit is cubic centimeter (cm3). 10 Rounding of values ​​
According to GB/T 8170-1987, the volume density is rounded to two decimal places after calculation, and the water absorption is rounded to one decimal place after calculation. 11 Allowable error
111 The error of parallel tests and retests of the same laboratory, the same test method, and the same sample is not allowed to exceed 0.b2g/cm2 for volume density and 0.3% for water absorption. 112 The retest error of the same test room, the same test method, and the same sample shall not exceed 0.04 g/cm3 for volume density and 0.6% for moisture content.
11.3 If the results of two parallel tests on the same sample exceed the allowable error, the test must be repeated. 12 Test report
The test report should include the following contents.
Based on the standard:
Method used:
Commissioning unit:
(Sample brand, name and number;
Single value and absolute value of the test result;
Name of the liquid used in the test;
Test period:
Test personnel.
A.1 Principle
Appendix A
(Informative Appendix)
ISO8840:1987 (Part)
Determination of sample volume
Vacuum mercury method
GB/T 2999—2002
The sample volume is determined by the vacuum mercury displacement method, and the void is less than 30mbar. The best is 1.33mbar (about 1f). Note: bar-10Pa.
A.2 Equipment
A.2.1 Vacuum hydrometer
Less than Fig. 1 Conical ground plug connection S0383). Scale: mm
X direction enlargement
Fig. A.1 Vacuum hydrometer
GB/T2999—2002
A.2.2 Test assembly
Shown in Fig. A. 2.
Water tank,
Valve 2;wwW.bzxz.Net
The lower part of the hydrometer:
4--Glass plug with a hole (aperture ≤l um): outlet
density meter main part:
7--overflow capillary
8--density meter vacuum connector:
vacuum outlet:
10--water short discharge sleeve,
11--water storage tank:
vacuum injection gauge:
14:--wolf weir:
vacuum pump,
16--gate.
A.3 Determination of vacuum density meter
Figure A.2 Schematic diagram of test device
Clean and dry the vacuum density meter and weigh it to an accuracy of 0.1. Note: If all the determinations are carried out at the same temperature, it is not necessary to weigh the empty vacuum density meter. A.4 Determination of the weight of the vacuum hydrometer after filling with mercury Evacuate the vacuum hydrometer and suck in mercury until the mercury is positive from the capillary (see A.2). Close valves 2 and 5 in sequence to disconnect the vacuum pump, pour out the remaining mercury overflowing from the capillary, and use a steel wire to remove the mercury left in the empty pipette below valve 2. Weigh the hydrometer with the most water filling to an accuracy of 0.1 g. A.5 Determination of the weight of the hydrometer after loading the sample and filling with mercury GB/I 2999-- 2002
Put all the dried and weighed samples into the mercury hydrometer, evacuate the hydrometer and suck in mercury according to A.4. This will apply an average pressure of about 256 mbar to the particles. Weigh the entire hydrometer to an accuracy of 0.1 g. Immediately suck out the mercury in the hydrometer under vacuum. Remove the mercury adhering to the sample, weigh the sample and calculate the difference with the original sample weight to determine the amount of mercury remaining in the sample. If the weight of mercury remaining in the sample exceeds 5% of the original sample weight, this value should be stated in the test report, expressed as a percentage by weight. A.6 Calculation of sample volume
If weighed according to A.4 and A.5 at warm conditions (constant mercury density), the sample volume Va (nL) is calculated as follows: m+m2+
If weighed according to A, 1 and A.5 at different temperatures (different mercury densities), the sample volume Vr (mL) is calculated as follows: V=me.m_.m.-mg
wherein:
m-the weight of the hydrometer after filling with mercury, in grams (α); 0
T-the weight of the hydrometer after loading the sample and filling with mercury, in grams (g); m
the weight of the empty hydrometer, in grams (g)m. The unit is gram (g): β---the density of mercury calibrated and measured at the same concentration, in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3); β---the density of mercury measured by the specific gravity meter after weighing the sample and filling it with mercury, in grams per cubic meter (g/cm3); β---the density of mercury measured by the specific gravity meter after weighing the sample and filling it with mercury, in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). The density of mercury is a function of temperature, see Table A.1. Table A.1 Relationship between mercury density and temperature
Temperature/℃
Density/ig/cn）
Temperature/℃
Density/(g/cm)
GB/T2999-2002
(Informative Appendix)
The chapter and clause numbers of this standard are the same as those of IS0 8840: 1987 Table B3.1 gives a list of comparisons between the number of this standard and the number of IS08840:1987. Table B3.1 gives a list of comparisons between the number of this standard and the number of IS08840:1987. Table B3.2 gives a list of comparisons between the number of this standard and the number of ISO8840:1987. Table B3.3 gives a list of comparisons between the number of this standard and the number of ISO8840:1987. Table B3.4 gives a list of comparisons between the number of this standard and the number of ISO8840:1987. Table B3.5 gives a list of comparisons between the number of this standard and the number of ISO8840:1987. Table B3.6 gives a list of comparisons between the number of this standard and the number of ISO8840:1987. Table B3.7 gives a list of comparisons between the number of this standard and the number of ISO8840:1987. Table B3.8 gives a list of comparisons between the number of this standard and the number of ISO8840:1987. 3 Technical monitoring Added two definitions of water absorption and apparent mass. Added the provision that samples are taken from a large amount of raw materials and then divided into about 100 k and 200 ~ 500 respectively. Two parallel samples are used to replace one parallel sample. Delete 6.3 and weigh 40% ~ 6g of sample as a substitute! 50g sample is replaced by the point-in-air mercury method with the weighing method and the yarn is used as a substitute. The excess water in the sample is first removed on a non-absorbent fiber cloth. Then the sample and the non-absorbent fiber are placed on a dried cotton cloth. GB/T 2999—2002
Because the product standard of refractory raw materials in my country also needs the index of water absorption rate: In addition, this standard generally refers to the single method to measure the volume of the sample. The process needs to determine the apparent quality of the sample.
1S() 5840 does not specify how many samples to be taken from the bulk raw materials, which is poor in operability. At the same time, through our conditional test, we believe that as long as the standard procedures are strictly followed, using two parallel samples is sufficient.
Because the content of 6.3 in the international standard has been combined with the purpose of this standard through test verification, in actual operation, it is suspected that the vacuum mercury method has the following defects: 11: Water pollution environment: (2) In the case of water pollution, the mercury in the pores of the sample cannot be removed completely, which will affect the test results; (\) The product standard of a certain refractory raw material in my country stipulates the water absorption rate and gasification rate of the raw materials, which cannot be measured by the vacuum mercury method. Therefore, the method adopted by the international standard is not suitable for the hair electricity, because the small particles are easy to stick together in the hair market, which is easy to cause human error, and the operation process is very complicated. The data processing of the test results and the hardness of the test error are increased. The corresponding content of the test report does not specify the data processing and error of the test results, and it is impossible to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of the test results. Chapter 8 Questions and Contents Modifications, the content of the test report must be increased. Ge Wei Zhiguai 17bzw.cn Crisp Bear Brown Marrow Seed Driving Brown Di 17izw.com Crisp Daifeng
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