GBZ 133-2002 Health protection standard for medical radioactive waste management
Some standard content:
Ics13.100
National occupational health standard of the People's Republic of China
GBZ 133-2002
Radiological protection requirements for management of medical radioactive waste waste2002-04-08 Issued
Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China
Implementation on June 1, 2002
Normative referenced documents
Terms and definitions
General protection requirements for waste management
Management of liquid waste
Management of solid waste
Management of airborne waste
Management of experimental animal households
Waste management system
Appendix A (informative appendix) Commonly used radionuclides in medicineAppendix B (normative appendix) ALImin, DIC (public) and DAC (public) values of commonly used radionuclides in medicine
Appendix C (informative appendix) Storage registration card for medical radioactive wasteAppendix D (informative appendix) Storage registration form for discarded sealed radioactive sources in medical usePrevious
This standard is formulated in accordance with the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases". From the date of implementation of this standard, the original standard WS2-1996 will be invalidated at the same time. Chapters 4 to 9 and Appendix B of this standard are mandatory contents, and the rest are recommended contents. Appendix B of this standard is a normative appendix, and Appendix A, Appendix C and Appendix D are informative appendices.
This standard is proposed and managed by the Ministry of Health.
The drafting unit of this standard: Shanghai Institute of Radiological Medicine. The main drafters of this standard: Du Kairu and Guo Ling. This standard is interpreted by the Ministry of Health.
Health protection standard for the management of medical radioactive waste 1 Scope
This standard specifies the requirements for radiological health protection for the management of medical radioactive waste. GBZ133-2002
This standard applies to the management of medical radioactive waste in medical practice, excluding the management of abandoned sealed radioactive sources above GBq level for teletherapy.
Normative referenced documents
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard through reference in this standard. For any dated referenced document, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this standard. However, parties to an agreement based on this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For any undated referenced document, the latest version shall apply to this standard.
GB8703 Radiation Protection Regulations
GB9133 Classification of Radioactive Wastes
3 Terms and Definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard
3.1 Medical Radioactive Waste
Hereinafter referred to as waste. It refers to liquid, solid and airborne wastes with radioactive specific activity or radioactive concentration exceeding the national prescribed value generated in the medical practice of applying radionuclides. 3.2 Waste Management
Technical activities and management systems involved in waste treatment or disposal. 3.3 Storage Room
Room for temporary storage of radioactive waste before treatment or disposal. 4 General protection requirements for waste management
4.1 According to GB8703 waste management principles and GB9133, determine the treatment or disposal methods for various types of medical waste. For waste classification standards, refer to GB9133.
4.2 Clinical medical radioactive waste must be distinguished from radioactive waste generated in medical research, and they must not be mixed and treated. Commonly used radionuclides in medicine are shown in Appendix A (informative appendix). 4.3 Radioactive waste must be distinguished from non-radioactive waste, and they must not be mixed and treated. Efforts should be made to control and reduce the amount of radioactive waste generated.
5 Management of liquid waste
5.1 Radioactive liquid waste
5.1.1 Nuclear medicine units that use a large amount of radionuclides and produce a lot of wastewater must have special wastewater treatment equipment or separate sewage pools to store and discharge wastewater in turn. The sewage pool must be properly located. The pool bottom and pool wall should be solid, resistant to acid and alkali corrosion and impermeable. There should be measures to prevent leakage. 5.1.2 Units that produce radioactive nuclide waste liquid but do not have a wastewater pool should inject the waste liquid into a container for 10 half-lives and discharge it into the sewer system. If the waste liquid contains long half-life nuclides, it can be solidified first and then treated as solid waste. 5.1.3 The following low-level waste liquid can be directly discharged into ordinary sewers with a flow rate greater than 10 times the discharge flow rate: the total discharge activity per month does not exceed 10ALImin, the activity of each discharge does not exceed 1ALImin, and flushing is carried out after each discharge. The ALImin of commonly used radionuclides in medicine is shown in Appendix B (Normative Appendix). 5.1.4 Waste scintillator with a radioactivity concentration not exceeding 1×10Bq/L, or waste scintillator containing only H or 14C with a concentration not exceeding 1X10°Bq/L shall not be treated as radioactive waste. 5.1.5 Waste liquid with radioactive concentration less than or equal to the "public derived ingestion concentration" DIC (public) shall be treated as non-radioactive waste liquid and may be discharged into the sewer system. The DIC (public) value of commonly used radionuclides in medicine is shown in Appendix B (normative appendix). 5.1.6 When the radioactive waste liquid contains more than two radionuclides, the calculation of the corresponding "public derived ingestion concentration" DICm (public) value is shown in Appendix B (normative appendix). 5.2 Excreta of patients who have been injected or taken radioactive drugs 5.2.1 Medical units that use radioactive drugs to treat patients must provide dedicated toilets with protective signs for inpatients and implement unified collection and management of patients' excreta. It is stipulated that patients shall not use other toilets during hospitalization. 5.2.2 The dedicated toilet for inpatients should have the conditions to quickly flush all the patient's excreta into the pool, and keep the area around the toilet clean at all times.
5.2.3 Excreta in the dedicated septic tank shall be discharged into the sewer system after being stored for 10 half-lives. If the sediment in the pool is difficult to discharge, it can be acidified to facilitate discharge into the sewer system. 5.2.4 Units without dedicated toilets and dedicated septic tanks should provide urine, feces and vomit collectors with radiation protection performance for hospitalized patients who inject and take radioactive drugs (1311, 32P) according to the excretion characteristics of different nuclides. The collections in the first few days should be stored for 10 half-lives and treated as general waste. 5.2.5 When collecting the excrement of patients containing 13'I in accordance with Article 5.2.4, NaOH or 10% KI solution must be added at the same time and then sealed and stored for treatment.
5.2.6 For the excrement of experimental animals containing radioactive nuclides, if the unit does not have a dedicated septic tank, the treatment method can refer to Article 5.2.4. Excrement containing long-half-life nuclides can be solidified and treated as solid radioactive waste. 5.2.7 Special containers should be prepared for the separate collection of patient excrement containing pathogens, and after storage decay, sterilization and disinfection, they should be discharged into the sewer system.
5.2.8 Excrement of patients who meet one of the following conditions does not need to be managed uniformly: a) Excrement of outpatients who have injected or taken radioactive drugs; b) Excrement of patients who meet the discharge conditions. 6 Management of solid waste
6.1 Waste collection
6.1.1 Waste should be collected separately according to the waste classification standards in Article 4.1 and the combustibility and non-combustibility of waste, and the presence or absence of pathogen toxicity. 6.1.2 The waste barrel for collecting waste should have an outer protective layer and ionizing radiation signs. 6.1.3 The placement of the waste barrel should avoid places where staff work and often walk. 6.1.4 Special plastic bags should be placed in the waste barrel to directly collect waste. The full waste bags should be transferred to the storage room in time. 6.2 Waste Storage
6.2.1 The storage room shall be constructed in a structure that meets the requirements of radiation health protection and has natural ventilation conditions or ventilation equipment installed, and ionizing radiation signs shall be set at the entrance and exit.
6.2.2 Waste bags or waste packages, waste barrels and other waste storage containers must be marked with waste type, nuclide type, specific activity range and storage date in a prominent position. 6.2.3 Waste bags containing syringes and broken glass and other items should be covered with a jacket. 6.3 Waste Treatment
6.3.1 The incineration of combustible solid waste must be carried out in an incinerator that has the conditions for incinerating radioactive waste. 6.3.2 Solid waste that is also contaminated with pathogens must be disinfected and sterilized first, and then treated as solid radioactive waste. 6.3.3 Abandoned sealed radioactive sources below the GBq level and that have lost their use value must be stored and processed in facilities with sufficient external radiation shielding capabilities.
6.3.4 Medical waste with a specific activity less than or equal to 7.4×10°Bq/kg can be directly treated as non-radioactive waste. 6.3.5 After the waste decays after storage and the specific activity is reduced to below 7.4×10*Bq/kg, it can be treated as non-radioactive waste. 7 Management of airborne waste
7.1 Any place where 133Xe is used for diagnosis and examination of patients shall be equipped with a device to recover 133Xe in the patient's exhaled air, and it shall not be discharged directly into the atmosphere.
7.2 Airborne waste with a radioactivity concentration less than or equal to the "public derived air concentration" DAC (public) is non-radioactive waste gas and can be discharged directly. The DAC (public) values of commonly used medical radionuclides are shown in Appendix B (Normative Appendix). 7.3 When airborne radioactive waste contains two or more radionuclides, the corresponding "public derived air concentration" DACm (public) values are shown in Appendix B (Normative Appendix). Management of experimental animal bodies
8.1 Animal bodies containing radionuclides should be preserved, dried and ashed. The residue after ashing shall be treated as solid radioactive waste. 8.2 Animal bodies containing long half-life nuclides can be solidified first and then treated as solid radioactive waste. 8.3 Bodies containing higher radioactivity should generally not be preserved, but should be incinerated in time. The residue after incineration shall be treated as solid radioactive waste.
9 Waste Management System
9.1 There are dedicated (or part-time) waste management personnel responsible for the collection, classification, storage and treatment of waste. Waste management personnel should be familiar with waste management principles and master dose monitoring technology. 9.2 Set up waste storage registration cards, and the main characteristics and treatment process of waste should be recorded on the cards and filed for record. The card format is shown in Appendix C (Informative Appendix).
9.3 There must be safety measures to prevent waste loss, theft, container damage and disaster accidents. Safety warning signs should be set up in prominent positions in the storage room.
9.4 The disposal and treatment of sealed radioactive sources must comply with registration procedures and be filed for reference. The registration form format is shown in Appendix D (Informative Appendix).
9.5 Waste management personnel must use personal protective equipment and protective facilities when working to prevent overdose exposure. Table A1 Commonly used radionuclides in medicine
Half-life
Appendix A
(Informative Appendix)
Commonly used radionuclides in medicine
Decay type
B, EC
Main wastes generated
Scintillation fluid
Scintillation fluid
Urine, feces, syringes, waste patches
Test tubes, syringes, washing fluid
Test tubes, syringes,
Waste sources
Syringes
Waste patches, waste sources
Waste generator columns, labeled eluents
Waste generator columns, labeled eluents
Waste generator columns, labeled eluents
|Waste generator column, marked eluent
Test tube, marked eluent, cleaning fluid, experimental waste urine, feces, cleaning fluid
Gas (during diagnostic examination)
Urine, syringe, cleaning fluid
Syringe, cleaning fluid
Syringe, cleaning fluid
Appendix B
(Normative Appendix)
Commonly used radioactive nuclides in medicine ALIain, DIC (public), DAC (public) values B1 Case of single nuclide
B1.1ALImin
The minimum limit of annual intake of nuclides by radioactive workers, that is, the minimum of all ingested ALI and inhaled ALI of the same nuclide through oral ingestion and inhalation.
B1.2DIC (public)
The DIC (public) values of various nuclides are calculated as follows: DIC (public) = Annual ingestion limit for occupational personnel ALI#×50
8. (3 X 104
Wherein: DIC (public) = derived ingestion concentration for the public, Bq/kg. B1.3DAC (public)
The DAC (public) values of various nuclides are calculated as follows: Annual inhalation intake limit for occupational personnel ALIk×DAC (public)=
1. 051 2 × 10
Where: DAC (public) - public derived air concentration, Bq/m. B2 Case of two or more nuclides
For two or more radioactive nuclides, the corresponding public derived ingestion concentration DICm (public) and public derived air concentration DACm (public) values are calculated as follows: B2.1 DICm value
2 DIC,
Where: DICm - public derived ingestion concentration value when two or more nuclides exist in the waste liquid, Bq/kg. DIC; - public derived ingestion concentration value of the i-th nuclide, Bq/kg. P - the corresponding activity fraction of the nuclide in the mixed nuclide waste liquid. I=1,2..,kB2.2 DACm (public) value
Taiwan DAC
Where: DACm - public derived air concentration value when two or more nuclides exist in the waste liquid, Bq/m3. DAC,=The public derived air concentration value of the ith nuclide, Bq/m. P = The corresponding activity fraction of the ith nuclide in the mixed nuclide waste liquid. Table B1E
ALImin, DIC (public), DAC (public) values of commonly used single radionuclides in medicine Nuclide
ALImin
3×10°
9×107www.bzxz.net
1×107
8×107
7×108
1×107
1×10%
3×108
4×107
3×10%
2×109
2×107
1x×106
1 ×106 |
5×102
7×103
3×10l
2×103
8×104
2×103
2×103
1×103
2×104
5×10%
7×103
3×104
2×102
5×102
1×103
5x10″
2×102
4×103
1×103| |tt||1×102
4×100
4×100
2×102
2×103
DAC (Public)
4×103
1×103
2×103||tt| |8×102
1×100
2×102
2×104
1×104
4x×10″
1×102
4×10-4
2×102
1×103
2×100
2×10-1
1×102
1×102
1×10-3
Note: ① In the table, I, I, I and IV represent the chemical form and classification of each radionuclide compound, see Table B2. ② The DIC (public) and DAC (public) values in the table are based on the original data in Appendix E of GB8703 (the annual intake limits for ingestion and inhalation of occupational personnel are calculated and rounded to integers). Table B2
113mln
Chemical forms and classification of radionuclide compounds commonly used in medicine (cited from GB8703) Chemical form
Hydrogen water (calculation of DAC includes absorption of hydrogen through the skin) All organic compounds of labeled carbon except CO and CO Phosphorus in the diet is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
All phosphorus compounds except those given in III Phosphorus compounds of elements of the Zn*, Sn”, Mg”, Fe, Bi and La series All inorganic compounds of sulfur
Elemental sulfur
Sulfur compounds and sulfates except IV
Elemental sulfur, sulfides of Sr, Ba, Ge, Sm, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Mo, W, sulfates of Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, As, Sb, Bi Hexavalent compounds of chromium
Trivalent compounds of chromium
All compounds of chromium except IV and V
Halogen compounds and nitrates
Oxides and hydroxides of chromium
All compounds of iron
All common compounds of iron except III
Oxides, hydroxides and halogen compounds of ironOxides, hydroxides and other inorganic compounds of cobalt ingested in trace amountsOrganic complexes and all inorganic compounds of cobalt except oxides and hydroxides present in support materialsAll compounds of cobalt except IV
Oxides, hydroxides, carbides, halogen compounds and nitrates of cobaltAll compounds of gallium
All compounds of gallium except III
Oxides, hydroxides, carbides, halogen compounds and nitrates of galliumSoluble salts of strontium
SrTios
All soluble components except I
SrTi0. and all sparingly soluble components
All other compounds of molybdenum
All compounds of molybdenum except IV
Oxides, hydroxides and MoS2 of molybdenum
All compounds except III
Oxides, hydroxides, halogen compounds and nitrates of technetium
All compounds of steel
All compounds of steel except III
Oxides, hydroxides, halogen compounds and nitrates of indiumTable B2 (continued)
Chemical form
All compounds of tin
All compounds of tin except III
Sulfides, oxides, hydroxides, halogen compounds, nitrates and sulfates of tinAll common compounds of iodine
Iodine All compounds
All common iodine compounds
All iodine compounds
All mirror compounds
Common mirror compounds except III
Mirror oxides, hydroxides, fluorides All gold compounds
All gold compounds except I, III, I and IV
Gold halogen compounds and nitrates
Gold oxides and hydroxides
All thallium compounds
All common ring compounds
Ring oxides and hydroxides
All common ring compounds except IV
Note: There are data reporting that some cyclic compounds, such as hexavalent ring compounds, cyclic citrates and rings in other organic complexes, are absorbed quite highly in the gastrointestinal tract, but this is not necessarily encountered in occupational radiation; absorption is also increased in young individuals. C1 Storage registration card for medical radioactive waste
Department for storage
Appendix C
(Informative Appendix)
Storage registration card for medical radioactive waste
Type of storage container (waste bag, waste package or other storage container) Type of waste
Half-life of contaminated nuclides
Weight of waste (kg)
Specific activity of radioactivity
Storage guarantee: ①The labels used for storage containers (waste bags, waste packages or other storage containers) must be durable and legible. ②Reduce the volume and have additional packaging.
③No flammable, self-igniting, rotten and pathogenic items. ④No non-radioactive waste.
Handling opinions
Deliverer (signature)
Fill in a card for each storage container and keep it. Appendix D
(Informative Appendix)
Registration Form for Storage of Wasted Sealed Radioactive Sources for Medical Use
D1Registration Form for Storage of Wasted Sealed Radioactive Sources for Medical UseCategory
Date of Exit
Using Department
Intensity at Start of Use
Storage Container Number
Storage Time
Handling Opinion
Sendor of Storage (Signature)
Storage Room Manager (Signature)
Fill in the registration form for each discarded sealed source,
Physical and Chemical State
Date, Intensity at Exit
Date of Use
Intensity at Discard
Container Storage Location
Two copies shall be kept by the storage room.
Radiatorand all sparingly soluble components
All other compounds of molybdenum
All compounds of molybdenum except IV
Oxides, hydroxides and MoS2 of molybdenum
All compounds except III
Oxides, hydroxides, halogen compounds and nitrates of technetium
All compounds of steel
All compounds of steel except III
Oxides, hydroxides, halogen compounds and nitrates of indiumTable B2 (continued)
Chemical forms
All compounds of tin
All compounds of tin except III
Sulfides, oxides, hydroxides, halogen compounds, nitrates and sulfates of tinAll common compounds of iodine
All compounds of iodine
All common iodine compounds
All iodine compounds
All mirror compounds
Common mirror compounds except III
Mirror oxides, hydroxides, fluoridesAll gold compounds
All gold compounds except I, III, I and IV
Gold halogen compounds and nitrates
Gold oxides and hydroxides
All thallium compounds
All common ring compounds
Ring oxides and hydroxides
All common ring compounds except IV
Note: There are data reporting that some cyclic compounds, such as hexavalent ring compounds, cyclic citrates and rings in other organic complexes, are absorbed quite highly in the gastrointestinal tract, but this is not necessarily encountered in occupational radiation; absorption is also increased in young individuals. C1 Storage registration card for medical radioactive waste
Department for storage
Appendix C
(Informative Appendix)
Storage registration card for medical radioactive waste
Type of storage container (waste bag, waste package or other storage container) Type of waste
Half-life of contaminated nuclides
Weight of waste (kg)
Specific activity of radioactivity
Storage guarantee: ①The labels used for storage containers (waste bags, waste packages or other storage containers) must be durable and legible. ②Reduce the volume and have additional packaging.
③No flammable, self-igniting, rotten and pathogenic items. ④No non-radioactive waste.
Handling opinions
Deliverer (signature)
Fill in a card for each storage container and keep it. Appendix D
(Informative Appendix)
Registration Form for Storage of Wasted Sealed Radioactive Sources for Medical Use
D1Registration Form for Storage of Wasted Sealed Radioactive Sources for Medical UseCategory
Date of Exit
Using Department
Intensity at Start of Use
Storage Container Number
Storage Time
Handling Opinion
Sendor of Storage (Signature)
Storage Room Manager (Signature)
Fill in the registration form for each discarded sealed source,
Physical and Chemical State
Date, Intensity at Exit
Date of Use
Intensity at Discard
Container Storage Location
Two copies shall be kept by the storage room.
Radiatorand all sparingly soluble components
All other compounds of molybdenum
All compounds of molybdenum except IV
Oxides, hydroxides and MoS2 of molybdenum
All compounds except III
Oxides, hydroxides, halogen compounds and nitrates of technetium
All compounds of steel
All compounds of steel except III
Oxides, hydroxides, halogen compounds and nitrates of indiumTable B2 (continued)
Chemical forms
All compounds of tin
All compounds of tin except III
Sulfides, oxides, hydroxides, halogen compounds, nitrates and sulfates of tinAll common compounds of iodine
All compounds of iodine
All common iodine compounds
All iodine compounds
All mirror compounds
Common mirror compounds except III
Mirror oxides, hydroxides, fluoridesAll gold compounds
All gold compounds except I, III, I and IV
Gold halogen compounds and nitrates
Gold oxides and hydroxides
All thallium compounds
All common ring compounds
Ring oxides and hydroxides
All common ring compounds except IV
Note: There are data reporting that some cyclic compounds, such as hexavalent ring compounds, cyclic citrates and rings in other organic complexes, are absorbed quite highly in the gastrointestinal tract, but this is not necessarily encountered in occupational radiation; absorption is also increased in young individuals. C1 Storage registration card for medical radioactive waste
Department for storage
Appendix C
(Informative Appendix)
Storage registration card for medical radioactive waste
Type of storage container (waste bag, waste package or other storage container) Type of waste
Half-life of contaminated nuclides
Weight of waste (kg)
Specific activity of radioactivity
Storage guarantee: ①The labels used for storage containers (waste bags, waste packages or other storage containers) must be durable and legible. ②Reduce the volume and have additional packaging.
③No flammable, self-igniting, rotten and pathogenic items. ④No non-radioactive waste.
Handling opinions
Deliverer (signature)
Fill in a card for each storage container and keep it. Appendix D
(Informative Appendix)
Registration Form for Storage of Wasted Sealed Radioactive Sources for Medical Use
D1Registration Form for Storage of Wasted Sealed Radioactive Sources for Medical UseCategory
Date of Exit
Using Department
Intensity at Start of Use
Storage Container Number
Storage Time
Handling Opinion
Sendor of Storage (Signature)
Storage Room Manager (Signature)
Fill in the registration form for each discarded sealed source,
Physical and Chemical State
Date, Intensity at Exit
Date of Use
Intensity at Discard
Container Storage Location
Two copies shall be kept by the storage room.
Radiator
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