The purpose of this standard is to specify the general requirements for safe access to machinery as described in GB/T 15706.2-1995. This part of the standard gives recommendations for the selection of access facilities when access to the machine is required and cannot be directly accessed from the ground or floor. This standard applies to all machines (fixed and mobile) that require fixed access facilities. This standard is particularly applicable to access facilities that are an integral part of the machine. In the absence of specific standards or national regulations, this standard also applies to access facilities installed in buildings as part of the building. It is particularly applicable to plants consisting of large units operating as a whole (such as power plants, paper mills, steel mills, petrochemical plants, etc.). Note: In the case of large machines, this standard can also be used when the access facilities (such as stairs, etc.) are the main part of the building or part of the machinery, so that other requirements may be met (such as evacuation routes of the building, etc.). This standard also applies to access facilities that are not permanently fixed to the machine, but can be removed or moved aside for certain operations on the machine (such as changing the felt pads of a paper machine). This standard does not apply to lifting devices or movable lifting platforms designed for lifting people or other special devices. The major hazards involved in this standard are shown in Chapter 4. GB 17888.1-1999 Safety of machinery - Fixed means of access to machinery and industrial equipment - Part 1: Selection of fixed means of access between two levels GB17888.1-1999 Standard download decompression password: www.bzxz.net

GB 17888. 1-1999
This standard is equivalent to ISO/DIS14122-1:1996 "Safe access to fixed facilities for machinery and industrial equipment - Part 1: Selection of fixed facilities for access between two levels" in terms of technical content. This standard is the first part of the "Safe access to fixed facilities for machinery and industrial equipment" series of standards. The names of the other parts of this series of standards are: Part 2: Working platforms and passages
Part 3: Stairs, steps and guardrails
Part 4: Fixed ladders
Appendix A of this standard is a prompt appendix.
This standard is proposed by the State Machinery Industry Bureau. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Machinery Safety Standardization Technical Committee. The responsible drafting unit of this standard: Mechanical Science Research Institute. Participating drafting units: Jilin Province Labor Protection Science Research Institute, China Standardization and Information Classification and Coding Research Institute.
The main drafters of this standard: Li Qin, Ma Xianzhi, Shi Junwei, Xiao Jianmin, Zhang Mingxu, Luo Shijian, Cheng Hongbing. 51
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Safety of machinery
Permanent means of access to machines and industrial plantsPart 1: Choice of a fixed means of access between two levels1Scope
GB17888.1-1999
The purpose of this standard is to specify the general requirements for safe access to machinery as described in GB/T15706.2-1995. This part of the standard gives recommendations for the choice of access facilities when access to the machine is required and direct access from the ground or floor is not possible. This standard applies to all machines (fixed and mobile) that require fixed access means. This standard applies in particular to access means that are an integral part of the machine.
In the absence of specific standards or national regulations, this standard also applies to access means for machines installed in buildings as part of the building. It is particularly applicable to plants consisting of large units operating as a whole (such as power plants, paper mills, steel mills, petrochemical plants, etc.). Note: In the case of large machines, this standard can also be used when it is difficult to determine whether the access means (such as stairs, etc.) are an integral part of the building or a part of the machinery, so that other requirements can be met (such as evacuation routes of the building, etc.). This standard also applies to access means that are not permanently fixed to the machine, but can be removed or moved aside for certain operations on the machine (such as changing the felt pads of a paper machine). This standard does not apply to lifting devices or movable lifting platforms designed for lifting people or other special devices. The major hazards covered by this standard are shown in Chapter 4. 2 Referenced standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard. At the time of publication of this standard, the versions shown are valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. GB/T15706.1-1995 Basic concepts and general principles for mechanical safety Part 1: Basic terms and methodology GB/T15706.2-1995 Basic concepts and general principles for mechanical safety Part 2: Technical principles and specifications GB/T16856-1997 Principles of risk assessment for mechanical safety GB17888.3-1999 Mechanical safety Fixed facilities for access to machines and industrial equipment Part 3: Stairs, steps and guardrails GB17888.4-1999 Mechanical safety Fixed facilities for access to machines and industrial equipment Part 4: Fixed vertical ladders 3 Definitions
In addition to the definitions in GB/T15706, the following definitions are also used in this standard (see Figure 1). Approved by the State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision on October 18, 199952
Implementation on October 1, 2000
GB 17888. 1-1999
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A-slope, B-avoidance range: C, D, E-stairs, D is recommended; F, G-steps, F is recommended, H-straight ladder Figure 1
3.1 Ladder
Fixed access facility with an inclination of 75° to 90°. The horizontal component can be a step, a pedal, etc. 3.2 Stepladder
Fixed access facility with an inclination of 46° to 74°. The horizontal component is a pedal.
3.3 Stairway
Fixed access facility with an inclination of 20° to 45°. The horizontal component is a pedal.
3.4 ​​Ramp
A fixed access facility with an inclination of 0°~～10°. It has a flat surface without any separate horizontal components. 4 Hazards
The following main hazards should be considered when determining the form and location of the access facility: a) Falling hazard;
b) Slipping hazard;
c) Tripping hazard;
d) Excessive physical exertion, such as the hazard caused by climbing a ladder for a long time; e) Hazards caused by machinery, such as:
Moving parts of the machine;
- Movement of the machine itself (mobile machinery);- Radiation, hot surface, noise;
Steam, hot liquid.
f) Hazards caused by the environment of the machine, such as inhalation of toxic substances in the air;53
GB 17888. 1 --1999
g) Falling hazards of substances or objects (when they may pose a risk to people). The main objective of this part of the standard is to prevent people from falling and excessive exertion. 5 General
5.1 Requirements for the selection of fixed access facilities
At all stages of the "life" of the machine (see 3.11 of GB/T15706.1-1995), fixed access facilities should enable people to safely and easily access all areas and parts of the machine that are foreseeably required to enter. 5.2 Preference for access facilities
Access facilities should be selected in the following order: a) direct access from the ground or floor (see 5.3.1 for details); b) lifting devices, ramps or stairs (see 5.4 for details); c) steps or ladders (see 5.5 for details).
5.3 Selection of access facilities
5.3.1 Basic solution
Whenever possible, direct access from the ground or from the floor should be preferred. In particular, control devices or other parts of the machine that require frequent access should be directly accessible on the ground or floor as much as possible. If direct access according to 5.3.1 is not possible, the following should be selected as the basic solution for necessary access: Lift
A suitable ramp with an inclination of 3° to 10° (see 5.4b) Stairs with an inclination of 30° to 38° (see 5.4c) 5.3.2 Selection criteria for stairs or ladders
5.3.2.1 When designing machinery, stairs and ladders should be avoided as much as possible as they have a greater risk of falling and require more physical effort. 5.3.2.2 If access according to 5.3.1 is not possible, stairs or ladders can be considered. The final decision should be made based on risk assessment. In each case, the residual risk (see GB/T 16856) should be at an acceptable level. If the level of residual risk is considered too high, the basic structure of the machine should be changed to adopt a more suitable access route (see 5, 3.1 and Appendix A). Below are some typical cases where stairs or ladders may be used. The final choice should always be made based on risk assessment. In most cases, stairs or ladders should be selected if one or more of the following conditions are met: a) The vertical distance is short;
b) The access is expected to be used only rarely;
Note: When estimating frequent use, the entire life of the machine should be considered. If the access is required to be used frequently, such as during assembly or installation of the machine or during periodic overhaul, stairs or ladders are generally not used. c) There is no need to carry large tools, spare parts or other equipment when using the access; d) Only one person is expected to use the access at the same time; e) The access is not used for the evacuation of injured persons; f) The structure of the machine makes it impossible to use ordinary stairs or other basic facilities (see 5.3.1). Note: Tower cranes and mobile machines are examples. 5.3.2.3 For the choice between stairs and ladders, see 5.5.5.4 Choice of hoist, ramp or stairway Stairways or ramps between two levels should be preferred as access facilities. When choosing between hoists, ramps and stairs, the following should be considered: a) Hoists are the best solution for the following applications: - Frequent access for several people;
Long vertical distances;
Transport of heavy loads (cargo);
GB 17888. 1—1999
- In addition to hoists, an alternative evacuation route is always required. b) Ramp is the best solution for the following applications: - Short vertical distances;
Need for wheeled vehicles (forklifts, trolleys, etc.). The slope of the ramp depends on the use:
For trolleys or other transport vehicles, the maximum slope is 3°. For motor vehicles (such as forklifts), the maximum slope is 7°. For walking, the maximum slope is 10°.
Note 1: For stairs with one or two steps, ramps are usually desirable. Note 2: The nature of the ramp surface has a great influence on safety. The surface should have good anti-slip properties. c) Stairs (see GB17888.3 for details). The basic solution is a slope between 30° and 38°. 5.5 Choice between step ladders and straight ladders
When making a choice between step ladders and straight ladders, at least a) and b) should be considered. For detailed requirements for these installations, see GB17888.3 and GB17888.4.
a) Safety performance of ladders:
If a person walks down and does not face the ladder, he must be very careful so as not to fall or fall; - If the user is very careful, tools, spare parts, etc. can be carried up and down the ladder to a certain extent; - According to the requirements of GB17888.3, ​​the maximum step of the ladder without a rest platform is 3m; ladders with an inclination of 60° to 70° should only be selected as temporary access facilities due to space limitations or process needs. b) Safety performance of vertical ladders:
People must face the vertical ladder and hold it with their hands. Therefore, there is no risk of falling when descending, as there is with stairs; using a vertical ladder consumes more energy;
—According to GB17888.4, the maximum staircase without a rest platform is 10m; 1. The two main protective facilities to prevent users of vertical ladders from falling from heights are safety cages and fall arresters on rigid anchors; cages are always available, and the actual safety level does not depend on the operator's activities; whereas rail-type fall arresters on rigid anchors require conscious adjustment by the operator.
When carrying gas cylinders or other bulky equipment (such as firefighting equipment or equipment used in the event of a gas leak), the cage cannot be used.
The vertical ladder with a personal fall protection device has a better fall protection capability than the cage. 1. If the harness used with the rail-type fall arrester is not compatible with the sliding system, the locking of the system support is unreliable. 55
GB 17888. 1--1999
Appendix AWww.bzxZ.net
(Indicative Appendix)
Examples of possible changes in machines or systems to facilitate accessA1 Make changes in columns, beams, pipes, cable drums, platforms, tanks, etc. to adopt more suitable stairs or other possible more suitable access facilities.
A2 Make changes in the access route to adopt more suitable stairs or other possible more suitable access facilities. Example 1: Take entry from the other side so that there is enough space for a suitable staircase, and if necessary, add a horizontal platform. Example 2: Make changes in the design of the stairs to facilitate the possible use of more suitable stairs (for example: change in direction). A3 Make changes in the machine to eliminate the need for entry, or to enable entry from the ground or floor. Example 1: Make the lubrication point close to the ground with the help of pipes. Example 2: Use different lubrication methods, such as: * permanent lubrication;
lubrication by circulating oil pump.
Example 3: Locating motors and power transmissions to allow ground-level access to service and maintenance points. Example 4: Installing machinery in another location to allow access from an existing platform. Example 5: Relocating lines and/or valves to allow valves to be operated at ground level or on the floor. 56
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