The specification for marine monitoring—Part 3:Sample collection storage and transportation
Some standard content:
ICS 07.060
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB17378.3—2007
Replaces GB17378.3—1998
The specification for marine monitoringPart 3 : Sample collection , storage and transportation2007-10-18 Issued
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China Standardization Administration of China
2008-05-01 Implementation
Normative references
Representativeness of sampling
Sampling objectives
3.3 Sampling plan
Sampling procedures
Sample supervision
Water quality samples
General provisions
Safety measures
Optimization of sampling time and space frequency
Layout of sampling stations
Sampling time and sampling frequency
Sampling device
Sampling Washing and preservation of sample bottles
On-site sampling operations
Sampling of special samples
Quality control during sampling·
Storage and transportation of samples
5 Sediment samples
Layout of sampling stations
Monitoring time and frequency
Sample collection
5.5 On-site description of samples
5.6 Sample preservation and transportation...
5.7 Quality assurance and quality control of sample collection 6 Biological samples·….
6.1 Sample collection date and sample source·
6.2 General principles for selecting samples． ． …． 6.3 Layout of sampling stations·
6.4 Sampling season,
Age and size of samples·
Sample collection
GB17378.3—2007
GB 17378.3—2007
6.7 Description of the sampling site
Presentation and transportation of samples
Quality assurance table 1 for sample collection, transportation and storage
Deep sampling layer
All technical contents of this section are mandatory. Preface
GB17378 "Marine Monitoring Specifications" is divided into seven parts: -. Part 1: General principles; bzxz.net
-Part 2: Data processing and analysis quality control; Part 3: Sample collection, storage and transportation; -Part 4: Seawater analysis;
-Part 5: Sediment analysis;
---Part 6: Organism analysis; -Part 7: Ecological survey and biological monitoring of offshore pollution. GH 17378.3—2007
This part is Part 3 of GB17378 and replaces GB17378.3—1998 Marine Monitoring Specification Part 3: Sample Collection, Storage and Transportation".
Compared with GB17378.3—1998, the main changes in this part are as follows: - The definitions (Chapter 2 of the 1998 edition) are cancelled: - General rules are added (see Chapter 3):
— In the layout of sampling stations, the layout principles are supplemented and the monitoring section requirements are added (3.2.1 of the 1998 edition; 4.5.1 and 4.5.2 of this edition) ;
- Added the sampling of special samples and the quality control content during sampling (see 1.10 and 4.11); - In the collection of sediment samples, supplementary provisions were made for the collection of surface samples; added relevant provisions such as sampling purpose, layout of sampling stations, monitoring time and frequency, sample storage containers, quality assurance and quality control of sample collection (Chapter 4 of the 1998 edition, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4.2, 5.6.1 and 5.7 of Chapter 5 of this edition) ; In the collection of biological samples, supplementary provisions are made for sample collection, description of sampling site, storage and transportation of samples; relevant contents such as sampling station layout, sample collection, transportation and storage quality assurance are added (Chapter 5 of the 1998 edition; 6.3, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8 and 6.9 of Chapter 6 of this edition). This part is proposed by the State Oceanic Administration. This part is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Marine Standardization (SAC/TC283). Drafting unit of this part: National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center; Main drafters of this part: Xu Hengzhen, Ma Shuian, Yu Tao, Han Gengchen, Guan Daoming, Wang Jianguo, Qu Chuanyu, Zhang Chunming, Xu Kuncan, Chen Weibao.
The previous versions of the standard replaced by this part are: GB 17378. 3—1998.
1 Scope
Marine Monitoring Specifications
Part 3: Sample Collection, Storage and Transport GB 17378.3—2007
This part of GB17378 specifies the basic methods and procedures for sample collection, storage and transportation in the process of marine monitoring. This part applies to the collection, storage and transportation of samples of water quality, sediment and organisms in the marine environment, and also to the collection, storage and transportation of samples of water quality, sediment and organisms in the dumping of marine wastes and dredged materials. 2 Normative references
The provisions in the following documents become the provisions of this part through reference in this part of GB17378. For any dated referenced document, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this part. However, each research that reaches an agreement based on this part is encouraged to use the latest versions of these documents. New version. For any undated referenced document, the latest version shall apply to this part.
GB/T12763.8 Marine Survey Specification Part 8: Marine Geological and Geophysical Survey GB17378.4 Marine Monitoring Specification Part 4: Seawater Analysis GB17378.5 Marine Monitoring Specification Part 5: Sediment Analysis 3 General
3.1 Sampling Representativeness
In order to make the collected samples representative, the sampling section, sampling station, sampling time, sampling frequency and sample quantity of the monitoring sea area should be carefully designed so that the data of the analyzed samples can objectively represent the real situation of the marine environment, and ensure that the sampled samples not only represent the original environment, but also should not change, add or lose during the sampling and processing process. 3.2 Sampling Objectives
The sampling objective is to collect samples that are easy to transport, easy to handle in the laboratory, and can represent the entire environment. Take feasible measures to make the proportion and concentration of the relevant components in the sample the same as those in the marine environment, and the components will not change before the experimental analysis, and keep the same state at the time of sampling.
3.3 Sampling plan
The sampling plan is an important part of the whole monitoring plan. It generally includes: where and how to collect samples;
-sampling equipment and its calibration;
-sample container, including cleaning and adding fixative;-sample collection;
-sample pretreatment procedure;
sampling procedure;
sample record:
sample storage and transportation:
quality assurance and quality control measures.
3.4 Sampling Procedure
When designing the sampling procedure, the purpose and principle of sampling should be determined first. The sampling date is the main basis for determining the sampling location, sampling frequency, sample arrival time, sample handling and analysis technical requirements. The sampling procedure should include: 1. Determine the purpose and principle of sampling; 2. Determine the temporal and spatial scale of sample collection; 3. Set up sampling points; 4. On-site sampling methods and quality assurance measures. 5. Sample Supervision
Sample supervision, that is, the integrity of the process from sample collection to sample analysis. Sample collection and analysis should be traceable: there are clear requirements for sample seals, on-site notebooks, supervision records and sample lists, as well as the procedures used. For samples that are not in the same stage, the custodian's responsibilities, samplers, on-site monitoring responsible persons, and handover personnel have clear responsibilities. 4 Water Quality Samples
4.1 General Provisions
Obtaining representative samples from the marine environment and taking all precautions to avoid changes in the time interval between sampling and analysis is the first key link in marine environmental investigation and monitoring. The sampling procedure should include the following main aspects: 1. Sampling purpose: Sampling purposes are usually divided into three types: environmental quality control, environmental quality characterization, and pollution source identification; 2. The temporal and spatial scale of sample collection; 3. The design of sampling points; 4. On-site sampling methods and quality assurance measures.2 Safety Measures
The following safety measures should be taken when collecting samples: When sampling under various weather conditions, the safety of operators and instruments should be ensured! When sampling in large water bodies, operators should wear safety belts, prepare life-saving diagrams, and take safety and fixing measures for various instruments and equipment;
Before sampling in ice-covered water bodies, the location and range of thin ice should be carefully checked. When sampling in all waters, monitoring ships should prevent merchant ships, fishing boats and other ships from approaching, and should use various signals at any time to indicate the nature of the work being done:
Sampling in unsafe places such as dangerous shores should be avoided. If it is unavoidable, one person should not be alone, but a group of people can take samples and take appropriate measures. If conditions permit, sampling should be done in safe places such as bridges and docks. Protection measures should be taken for sampling equipment installed on the shore or in shallow waters;
When sampling, some special protective measures should be taken to avoid certain accidental situations, such as corrosive, toxic, flammable and explosive, virus and harmful animals that harm the human body;
When using electrically operated sampling equipment, safety measures should be strengthened during operation and maintenance. 4.3 Samples
4.3.1 Sample Types
4. 3.1.1 Instantaneous samples
Instantaneous samples are discontinuous samples. Whether at the water surface or at a specified depth and bottom layer, they should generally be collected manually, and in some cases they can also be collected by mobile methods.
Investigation. -Instantaneous samples should be collected for possible pollution in a certain range of sea areas or for investigation and monitoring of the pollution level, especially for sampling in a larger area. For certain test items, such as water samples for dissolved oxygen, hydrogen sulfide and other dissolved gases, instantaneous samples should be collected. 4.3.1.2 Continuous samples
Continuous samples usually include collecting timed samples at fixed time intervals (depending on time) and collecting timed samples at fixed flow intervals (depending on volume). Collecting continuous samples is often used in special cases such as direct sewage outlets to the sea to reveal changes that cannot be observed using instantaneous samples.
4.3.1.3 Mixed samples
GB 17378.3—2007
Mixed samples refer to the mixture of several individual samples collected at the same sampling point based on flow rate, time and volume. Mixed samples are used to provide average data of components. If the measured components in the water sample change significantly during the collection and storage process, the mixed water sample cannot be used and must be collected and stored separately.
4.3.1.4 Composite water sample
The water sample obtained by mixing water samples collected from different sampling points at the same time (the time is not exactly the same, but as close as possible). 4,3.2 Sample Requirements
Once the sample is collected, it should be kept in the same state as when it was collected. The sample should be protected from contamination by the ship, water sampling equipment, experimental equipment, glassware, chemicals, air and the operator himself during the collection, storage and analysis test. The components to be tested in the sample may also be lost due to adsorption, sedimentation or volatilization. 4.4: Optimization of sampling time and space frequency
The determination of sampling positions and the selection of time and space frequency should first be based on the objective analysis of a large amount of historical data, and then the characteristic zoning of the surveyed and monitored sea area should be carried out. The key to the characteristic zoning lies in the central trend of the historical data of each station and the determination of the characteristic zoning standards. According to the uneven distribution of pollutants in relatively large sea areas and the relative homogeneity of local sea areas, the monitoring sea area is divided into polluted area, transition area and control area using classification methods such as homogeneity analysis and fuzzy set clustering analysis. 4.5 Layout of sampling stations
4.5.1 Layout principles
The layout of monitoring stations and monitoring sections should be based on the monitoring objectives determined in the monitoring plan, combined with the natural characteristics of water area type, hydrology, meteorology, environment and pollution source distribution, and the optimization of the layout plan should be proposed based on various factors and determined on the basis of research and demonstration. The main sampling stations should be reasonably arranged in sea areas where the environmental quality has changed significantly or has important functional uses, such as near-shore estuaries or near major pollution sources. In the initial pollution survey of the sea area, grid-type layout can be carried out. There are many factors that affect the layout of the stations, and the following principles are mainly followed: being able to provide representative information;
environmental geographical conditions around the station,
dynamic field conditions (tidal field and wind field), - social and economic characteristics and the impact of regional pollution sources; the degree of navigation safety in the station country;
economic benefit analysis;
-Try to consider the uniformity of the geographical distribution of the stations, and try to avoid the system boundaries of the characteristic division; consider the layout of the monitoring stations according to the differences in hydrological characteristics, water body functions, and water environment self-purification capacity. At the same time, natural geographical differences and special needs should also be taken into account. 4.5.2 Monitoring sections
The layout of monitoring sections should follow the principle of denser nearshore, sparser farshore, denser key areas (such as major river estuaries, sewage outlets, fisheries or farms, scenery, tourist areas, ports and docks, etc.), and sparser control areas. The section setting should be based on the actual needs of mastering the water environment quality status, taking into account the control of the temporal and spatial distribution and change laws of pollutants, and strive to obtain the most representative sample points with fewer sections and measuring points. Each section can be divided into left, middle, right and different depths. After the actual measurement of water quality parameters, the variance analysis between the measuring points can be done to determine the significant difference. At the same time, the closeness between the measuring points is analyzed and judged, so as to determine the location of the sampling points within the section. In order to determine the number of sampling points in the section within the complete mixing area, it is necessary to stipulate the minimum correlation coefficient between the concentrated sample points. For sampling along the coast of the ocean, a large section can be set up along the coast, and multiple sampling points can be set up in the section. The sampling section in the estuary area should be arranged perpendicular to the direction of runoff diffusion. One or more sections should be arranged according to the terrain and hydrodynamic characteristics. The sampling sections (stations) in the harbor are arranged according to the terrain, tides, waterways and monitoring objects. In areas with complex tidal currents, the sampling section can be set perpendicular to the coastline.
GB17378.3—2007
The sampling stations in the open sea area of the coast are arranged in a grid shape of vertical and horizontal sections. Large sections can also be set up along the coast of the ocean. 4,5.3 Sampling levels
The sampling levels are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Sampling level
Water depth range/
Less than 10
50~100
Above 100
Surface layer, bottom layer
Surface layer, 10m bottom layer
Standard layer
Surface layer, 10 m50 m, bottom layer
Surface layer, 10m.50m, below water layer, bottom layer Note 1, surface layer refers to 0.1 below the sea surface m~1m; Minimum distance between the bottom layer and the adjacent standard layer/
Note 2: For the bottom layer, for estuaries and harbor waters, it is best to take a water layer 2㎡ away from the seabed. The distance from the bottom layer can be increased as appropriate during deep swimming or strong winds and waves. 4.6 Sampling time and sampling frequency
Determine the sampling time and sampling frequency according to the following requirements; a) The principles for determining the sampling time and frequency are as follows: - Reflect the environmental information with the minimum work required: technical possibility and feasibility;
Can truly reflect the changing characteristics of environmental factors; Try to consider the continuity of sampling time.
Spectral analysis can be used as a method to determine the sampling time and frequency. b) The variation curve of pollutants drawn based on a large amount of data, Determine the sampling time and frequency based on the highest or higher expectation of change. c
Use the survey and monitoring data for many years, use appropriate parameters as statistical indicators, and conduct time cluster analysis. Determine the sampling time and frequency based on the time cluster results. Other statistical methods can also be used to conduct statistical tests to determine the sampling time and frequency.
Note: The sampling frequency used for environmental quality control should generally be higher than the sampling rate required for environmental quality characterization. The sampling procedure for pollution source identification is different from that for environmental quality control and environmental quality characterization. There are many factors that affect the determination of sampling time and sampling rate, and its sampling frequency is much higher than the frequency of pollutant occurrence.
4.7 Sampling device
4.7. 1 Technical requirements for water quality samplers
The following are the main technical requirements for water quality samplers: Good filling and airtightness: The structure of the sampler should be tight, the closing system should be reliable, the ear should not be easily blocked, and the exchange of seawater and water in the sampling bottle should be sufficient and rapid. The number of parts should be reduced to a minimum; the material should be corrosion-resistant, non-contamination, and non-adsorbent. Trace metal water samplers should be non-metallic structures, often with tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene and polycarbonate as soil materials. If metal materials are used, non-metallic coatings should be applied to the surface of the metal structure; -Simple structure, light, easy to rinse, easy to operate and maintain, no residual samples before sampling, and convenient sample transfer; Able to resist the influence of harsh climate and adapt to operation under a wide range of environmental conditions. Able to work in an environment with a temperature of 0℃~~40℃ and a relative humidity of no less than 90%;
Cheap price, easy to promote and use.
4.7.2 Sampler Types
The following are several types of samplers:
α) Instantaneous sampler
GB17378.3—2007
Nearshore surface water sampler: A bottle clamp wrapped in plastic is connected to a retractable long pole, and the sampling bottle is fixed on the plastic bottle clamp. The sampling bottle is the sample bottle.
Floating water sampler: The sampling bottle is installed in a fixed frame made of stainless steel that can be opened. The steel frame is connected to the float with a fixed length of nylon rope. It is usually used to collect surface oil and other water samples. b) Depth comprehensive sampler
Deep comprehensive sampling requires a set of mechanical devices to clamp the sampling bottle and sink it into the water. The weighted sample bottle sinks into the water, and the water samples of each layer of the entire vertical section are injected into the sampling bottle through the injection valve at the same time. The sinking or lifting speed of the sampling bottle changes accordingly with the depth. At the same time, it has an adjustable injection hole to keep the injection flow constant when the water pressure changes. When the above sampling equipment is not available, an open-closed water sampler can be used to collect samples from each depth layer separately and then mix them. The open-closed water sampler is a simple and easy-to-use sampler with openings at both ends and openable lids at the top and bottom. The sampler is open and sinks into the water. When it reaches the sampling depth, the lids at both ends are closed according to the command, and the sample of the required depth can be obtained at this time. c) Selected depth fixed point water sampler (closed-open-closed water sampler) The sampling bottle fixed on the sampling device is submerged in the water body in a closed state. When the sampler reaches the selected depth, it is opened according to the command. After the sampling bottle is filled with water samples, it is closed according to the command. The closed-open-closed water sampler made of non-metallic materials is very suitable for the collection of trace metal samples. d) Pump suction system water sampler
Using the pump suction system water sampler, a large volume of water samples can be obtained, and continuous sampling can be performed in vertical and horizontal directions. It can also be used in conjunction with CTD and STD parameter monitors, which is unique. The suction height of the sampling object should be the smallest, and the entire pipeline system should be tight. 4.7.3 Sampling cables and other equipment
Hydrographic wire ropes should be coated with non-metallic materials or replaced with plastic ropes. The hammer should be sprayed with materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene and polyethylene. Anti-contamination measures should be taken for hydrographic winches.
4.8 Washing and storage of sampling bottles
The washing requirements of sampling bottles are shown in 4.12.2. After each sampling, the sampling bottle should be placed in a plastic bag for storage, and should not be in direct contact with the hull or other sources of contamination.
4.9 On-site sampling operations
4.9.1 Sampling on the shore
If the water is flowing, the sampling personnel standing on the shore should face the direction of the water flow. If the bottom sediment is disturbed, sampling cannot continue.
4.9.2 Sampling on ice
If the ice is covered with snow, a wooden shovel or plastic shovel can be used to clear a 1.5m×1.5m snow patch, and then an ice drill or electric saw can be used to open a hole in the center. Since the ice drill and saw teeth are made of metal, this increases the possibility of water contamination. After breaking the ice, use an ice scoop (if taking trace metal samples, the ice scoop needs to be wrapped in plastic) to remove the broken ice. At this time, special care should be taken to prevent the sampler's clothes and shoes from contaminating the ice around the mouth. Sampling can be done after a few minutes.
4.9.3 Sampling on board
Sampling against the wind is adopted to control various contaminations from the hull to the lowest possible level. Since the hull itself is a source of pollution, appropriate measures should always be taken during sampling on board to prevent the possible impact of various pollution sources on board. When the hull reaches the sampling station, the sea surface around the incoming sample ship should be divided into three parts according to the wind direction and flow direction, namely the hull pollution area, the wind pollution area and the sampling area, and then the sampling should be carried out in the sampling area. After the engine is turned off, when the hull is still moving slowly, the floating water sampler should be thrown forward from the bow as far as possible, or a small boat should be used to leave the large ship for a certain distance before sampling. On the ship, the sampling personnel should insist on operating towards the wind, the sampler should not directly contact the load-bearing part of the hull, and the hands should not touch the drain port of the sampler. The water sample in the sampler should be drained first, and then the sample should be taken. When collecting trace metal water samples, avoid direct contact with iron or other metal objects. 4.10 Sampling of special samples
4.10.1 Collection of dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand samples The dissolved oxygen in water towels should be determined by the quantitative method, and the water samples should be collected directly into the sample bottle. When collecting samples, sugar should be added to prevent the water sample from being aerated or residual gas. If you use a plexiglass water sampler, a ball valve water sampler, or an inverted water sampler, you should avoid stirring the water body. The dissolved oxygen sample should be collected first. The sampling steps are as follows:
Connect one end of the latex tube to the glass tube, and put the other end on the water outlet of the water sampler. Put a small amount of water sample in the water sample bottle and rinse it twice; insert the glass tube to the bottom of the sample bottle, slowly add the water sample, and when the water sample is filled and overflows about half of the bottle volume, slowly withdraw the glass tube:
Immediately use an automatic liquid adder (the tip of the tube is close to the liquid surface) to add manganese chloride solution and alkaline potassium iodide solution in turn; plug the bottle stopper and press the bottle stopper and the bottom of the bottle with your hand, and slowly turn the bottle upside down 20 times to fully mix the sample with the fixative. Analysis can only be carried out when the sediment in the sample bottle drops to less than two-thirds of the bottle body. 4.10.2 Collection of pH samples
The collection of pH samples should follow the following steps: - The sample bottle used for the first time should be cleaned and soaked in seawater for 1 day; - Wash the water sample bottle twice with a small amount of water sample; - Then slowly fill the bottle and immediately cover the bottle stopper; - Add 1 drop of mercuric chloride solution to fix it, cover the bottle cap, mix well, and wait for the test - The sample is allowed to be stored for 24 hours.
4.10.3 Collection of turbidity and suspended matter samples The collection of turbidity and suspended matter samples should follow the following steps: - After the water sample is collected, the sample should be released from the sampler as soon as possible; - Shake the sampler while the water sample is bottled to prevent the suspended matter from settling in the sampler; - Remove impurities such as leaves, sample-like objects, etc. 4.10.4 Collection of heavy metal samples
The collection of heavy metal samples should follow the following steps: -After the water sample is collected, measures should be taken to prevent contamination from atmospheric dust on site, and the sample should be released as soon as possible; To prevent the pollutants contained in the sample in the sampler from decreasing as the suspended matter sinks, the water sampler must be shaken while filling the sample;
Immediately filter with a 0.45μm filter membrane (except for the water sample to be tested), and acidify the filtered water sample with acid to a pII value of less than 2. Put the stopper on and store it in a clean environment.
4.10.5 Collection of oil samples
The collection of oil samples should follow the following steps: To determine the oil content in water, a single-layer water sampler should be used to fix the sample bottle and fill it directly in the water body. After sampling, it should be immediately raised to the surface of the water and extracted on site:
The container of the oil sample should not be rinsed with seawater in advance. 4.10.6 Collection of nutrient salt samples
The collection of nutrient salt samples should follow the following steps: When sampling, first discard a small amount of water sample, mix and then divide the sample; When sampling, divide the sample immediately;
- When filling the sample, wash the sample bottle and the cover at least twice: - The amount of water sample filled should be three-quarters of the bottle capacity - When sampling, prevent pollution from sewage discharged from the ship and the shaking of the hull; prevent air pollution, especially pollution from ship smoke and smokers: It is recommended to use a sampling bottle to collect nutrient salt samples;
- Use a 0.45um filter membrane to filter the water sample to remove particulate matter. 6
4.11 Quality Control in Sampling
4.11.1 Field Blank Sample
CB17378.3—2007
Field blank refers to the sample of pure water at the sampling site, which is bottled, stored, transported and directly sent to the laboratory for analysis according to the sampling method and requirements of the measurement item. By comparing the measurement results of the field blank with the indoor blank, the influence of the sampling process and environmental conditions on the sample quality can be understood. The preparation method and quality requirements of the pure water used for the field blank sample are the same as those of the indoor blank sample water. The pure water should be brought to the sampling site by the sampling personnel in a clean special container, and care should be taken to prevent contamination during transportation. 4.11.2 Field Parallel Samples
Field parallel samples refer to the collection of parallel double samples under the same sampling conditions and sent to the laboratory for analysis. The measurement results can reflect the precision of sampling and laboratory measurement. When the laboratory precision is controlled, it mainly reflects the change of precision in the sampling process. When performing on-site parallel sampling, attention should be paid to controlling the consistency of sampling operations and conditions. For non-homogeneous substances or unevenly distributed pollutants in water quality, operate the sampler during sample filling to keep the sample uniform.
4.11.3 On-site spiked samples
On-site spiked samples are to take a group of on-site parallel samples, add a standard solution of the substance to be tested prepared in the laboratory with a certain concentration to one of the water samples of known volume, and leave the other sample unspiked. Then process the sample according to the sample requirements and send it to the laboratory for analysis. Compare the measurement results with the laboratory spiked samples to understand the changes in the measurement object during sampling and transportation. The standard solution used on site is the same as that used in the experimental space. On-site spiked operations should be performed by skilled quality control personnel or analysts. 4.11.4. Anti-contamination of sampling equipment and materials The following measures should be taken to prevent contamination of sampling equipment and materials: samplers and sample bottles must be cleaned according to the prescribed washing method and sampled in prescribed containers; before on-site operations, preservation tests and spot checks should be carried out on the cleanliness of the samplers; sample containers used for dispensing organic compounds should be lined with Teflan or aluminum foil caps after washing to prevent contamination of water samples; sampling personnel should keep their hands clean, and when sampling, they should not touch the inner wall and bottle cap of the sample bottle with their hands or gloves; sample bottles should be protected from dust, stains, smoke and dirt, and should be placed in a clean environment; filter membranes and their equipment should be kept clean, and can be washed with acid and other detergents, and wrapped with clean aluminum foil; sterilized bottles should be kept sterile until sample collection; foreign metal substances should not come into contact with acids and water samples; samplers can be rinsed extensively with seawater, or placed at a deeper depth before being brought up to the sampling depth for sampling. 4.12 Purchase, storage and transportation of samples
4.12.1 Selection of materials for sample containers
The selection of materials for the purchase and storage of water quality samples should follow the following principles: 1. The material of the container should minimize the degree of contamination of the water quality sample; 2. The container should be easy to clean; 3. The material of the container should be inert in terms of chemical and biological activity, so that the interaction between the sample and the container is kept at a minimum level; 4. When selecting a container for storing samples, the strain capacity to temperature changes, crack resistance, tightness, ability to open repeatedly, volume, shape, quality and possibility of repeated use should be considered; Most samples containing inorganic components are made of polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene and polycarbonate polymer materials. Commonly used high-density polyethylene is suitable for the storage of samples for analysis and determination of silicate, sodium salt, total alkalinity, chloride, conductivity and pH in water; 5. Glass containers are suitable for the storage of organic compounds and biological samples. Plastic containers are suitable for the storage of water samples of radionuclides and some trace elements. Containers with neoprene rings and oil-lubricated valves are not suitable for storing organic and microbial samples.
GB17378.3—2007
4.12.2 Washing of sample containers
The washing of sample containers should follow the following principles: New containers should be thoroughly cleaned, and the type of detergent used depends on the composition of the substance to be tested; for general use, dust and packaging materials can be removed with white water and detergent, then soaked with chromic acid and acid detergent, and then rinsed with distilled water. Used containers often have oil, heavy metals and sediments adsorbed and attached to the walls and bottom of the container. When reused, they should be thoroughly cleaned before use; for glass bottles with stoppers, there are often dissolution, adsorption and adhesion phenomena at the ground mouth. Polyethylene bottles are particularly prone to adsorbing oil, heavy metals, sediments and organic matter, which are difficult to remove, so great care should be taken when washing; when using a polyethylene bottle, first clean it with a 1mol/L hydrochloric acid solution, and then soak it in a nitric acid solution (1+3) for a long time. The water sample bottles used for storage counting and biochemical analysis should also be soaked in nitric acid solution and then rinsed with distilled water to remove any heavy metal and chromate residues. If the organic components to be determined need to be extracted with benzene before determination, in this case, the glass bottles can also be treated with benzene extractant.
4.12.3 Fixation and storage of water quality samples
Water quality samples are usually fixed by freezing and acidification followed by low-temperature cooling. Water quality filtered samples are acidified to a pH value of less than 2 and then refrigerated at low temperature. Filtered samples cannot be acidified (except for mercury samples), as acidification can desorb trace metals on particulate matter. Unfiltered water samples should be frozen for storage.
The on-site treatment and storage methods of water samples shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB17378.4. 4.12.4 Sample transportation
Empty sample containers should be transported to the sampling site or containers filled with samples should be transported back to the laboratory for analysis with great care. The packaging box can be made of a variety of materials to prevent breakage, maintain sample integrity, and minimize sample loss. The lid of the packaging box should generally have an isolation material to apply slight pressure to the bottle stopper to increase the fixation of the sample bottle in the sample box. 4.12.5 Marking and Recording
After the sampling bottle is filled with the sample, the sample source and sampling conditions should be recorded immediately and marked on the sample bottle. The sampling record should accompany the sample from the time of sampling until the end of the analysis and test. 5 Sediment Samples
5.1 Purpose
To study the deposition, migration and transformation laws of various pollutants in the marine environment and determine the pollution absorption capacity of the sea area. To study the impact of water pollution on marine organisms, especially on marine benthic organisms, and to conduct marine environmental evaluation, prediction and comprehensive management. Collecting representative sediment samples is an important part of implementing sediment monitoring and reflecting the sedimentation status and pollution history of the marine environment. 5.2 Arrangement of sampling stations
5.2. 1 Principles of arrangement of sampling stations
The arrangement of sampling stations should follow the following principles: a) The setting of sediment sampling section should be consistent with that of water quality section, so as to compare the mechanical composition, physical and chemical properties and pollution status of sediment with the pollution status of water quality; sediment sampling point should be on the same line as water quality sampling point. If there are obstacles affecting the sampling of sediment sampling point, it can be appropriately offset;
The station should be representative in the monitored sea area, and its sedimentation conditions should be stable. The following aspects should be considered in selecting station: hydrodynamic conditions (ocean current, vertical structure of water mass); sedimentary fork structure;
——biological disturbance;
——sedimentation rate;
——sedimentary structure (geomorphology, grain size, etc.);3 Fixation and storage of water samples
Fixation of water samples is usually carried out by freezing and acidification followed by low-temperature cooling. Acidification of filtered water samples to a pH value of less than 2 is performed, and then refrigeration is performed at low temperature. Samples that have not been filtered should not be acidified (except for mercury samples), as acidification can desorb trace metals on particles. Unfiltered water samples should be frozen and stored.
The on-site treatment and storage methods of water samples shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB17378.4. 4.12.4 Sample transportation
Empty sample containers should be transported to the sampling site or containers filled with samples should be transported back to the laboratory for analysis with extreme care. The packaging box can be made of a variety of materials to prevent breakage, maintain sample integrity, and minimize sample loss. The lid of the packaging box should generally have an isolation material to apply slight pressure to the bottle stopper to increase the fixation of the sample bottle in the sample box. 4.12.5 Marking and Recording
After the sampling bottle is filled with the sample, the sample source and sampling conditions should be recorded immediately and marked on the sample bottle. The sampling record should accompany the sample from the time of sampling until the end of the analysis and test. 5 Sediment Samples
5.1 Purpose
To study the deposition, migration and transformation patterns of various pollutants in the marine environment and determine the pollution absorption capacity of the sea area. To study the impact of water pollution on marine life, especially on marine benthic organisms, and to conduct marine environmental evaluation, prediction and comprehensive management. Collecting representative sediment samples is an important part of implementing sediment monitoring and reflecting the sedimentation status and pollution history of the marine environment. 5.2 Arrangement of sampling stations
5.2. 1 Principles of arrangement of sampling stations
The arrangement of sampling stations should follow the following principles: a) The setting of sediment sampling section should be consistent with that of water quality section, so as to compare the mechanical composition, physical and chemical properties and pollution status of sediment with the pollution status of water quality; sediment sampling point should be on the same line as water quality sampling point. If there are obstacles affecting the sampling of sediment sampling point, it can be appropriately offset;
The station should be representative in the monitored sea area, and its sedimentation conditions should be stable. The following aspects should be considered in selecting station: hydrodynamic conditions (ocean current, vertical structure of water mass); sedimentary fork structure;
——biological disturbance;
——sedimentation rate;
——sedimentary structure (geomorphology, grain size, etc.);3 Fixation and storage of water samples
Fixation of water samples is usually carried out by freezing and acidification followed by low-temperature cooling. Acidification of filtered water samples to a pH value of less than 2 is performed, and then refrigeration is performed at low temperature. Samples that have not been filtered should not be acidified (except for mercury samples), as acidification can desorb trace metals on particles. Unfiltered water samples should be frozen and stored.
The on-site treatment and storage methods of water samples shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB17378.4. 4.12.4 Sample transportation
Empty sample containers should be transported to the sampling site or containers filled with samples should be transported back to the laboratory for analysis with extreme care. The packaging box can be made of a variety of materials to prevent breakage, maintain sample integrity, and minimize sample loss. The lid of the packaging box should generally have an isolation material to apply slight pressure to the bottle stopper to increase the fixation of the sample bottle in the sample box. 4.12.5 Marking and Recording
After the sampling bottle is filled with the sample, the sample source and sampling conditions should be recorded immediately and marked on the sample bottle. The sampling record should accompany the sample from the time of sampling until the end of the analysis and test. 5 Sediment Samples
5.1 Purpose
To study the deposition, migration and transformation patterns of various pollutants in the marine environment and determine the pollution absorption capacity of the sea area. To study the impact of water pollution on marine life, especially on marine benthic organisms, and to conduct marine environmental evaluation, prediction and comprehensive management. Collecting representative sediment samples is an important part of implementing sediment monitoring and reflecting the sedimentation status and pollution history of the marine environment. 5.2 Arrangement of sampling stations
5.2. 1 Principles of arrangement of sampling stations
The arrangement of sampling stations should follow the following principles: a) The setting of sediment sampling section should be consistent with that of water quality section, so as to compare the mechanical composition, physical and chemical properties and pollution status of sediment with the pollution status of water quality; sediment sampling point should be on the same line as water quality sampling point. If there are obstacles affecting the sampling of sediment sampling point, it can be appropriately offset;
The station should be representative in the monitored sea area, and its sedimentation conditions should be stable. The following aspects should be considered in selecting station: hydrodynamic conditions (ocean current, vertical structure of water mass); sedimentary fork structure;
——biological disturbance;
——sedimentation rate;
——sedimentary structure (geomorphology, grain size, etc.);
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