GB/T 31148-2014 Intermodal Universal Pallets Wooden Pallets GB/T31148-2014 |tt||Standard compression package decompression password: www.bzxz.net
This standard specifies the terms and definitions, styles, requirements, test methods, inspection rules, as well as marking, packaging, transportation and storage of wooden pallets. This standard applies to intermodal universal wooden pallets, and also to wooden pallets that are repeatedly used in pallet sharing systems. Disposable pallets can also be used as a reference. ||tt
|| This standard was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T1.1-2009.
This standard was proposed and managed by the National Logistics Standardization Technical Committee (SAC/TC269).
The main drafting units of this standard: Wuxi Qiancheng Packaging Engineering Co., Ltd., Jinhua Jiete Packaging Co., Ltd., Jinyuan Group Wuhu Zhongshan Wood Packaging Co., Ltd., China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing Pallet Professional Committee, Tianjin Development Zone Xinchuangke Industry and Trade Co., Ltd., Guangdong Xinyang Logistics Equipment Co., Ltd., Kunshan Xinhe Packaging Co., Ltd. The
main drafters of this standard: Xu Ping, Zhou Dezhi, Zhou Weizhong, Xia Zerong, Cheng Tao, Tang Ying, Wang Lixin, Ye Jiafei, Yao Zhiming, Zhan Minse.
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For any dated referenced document, only the dated version applies to this document. For any undated referenced document, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document.
GB/T1935 Test method for compressive strength along the grain of wood
GB/T1936.1 Test method for flexural strength of wood
GB/T1938 Test method for tensile strength along the grain of wood
GB/T2828.1—2012 Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes Part 1: Sampling plan for batch inspection indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL)
GB/T3716 Pallet terminology
GB/T4823 Defects in sawn timber
GB/T4995 Performance requirements for intermodal general-purpose flat pallets
GB/T4996 Test methods for intermodal general-purpose flat pallets
GB/T17657—2013 Test methods for physical and chemical properties of wood-based panels and veneered wood-based panels
GB/T23898—2009 Wood-based panels for wooden flat pallets
GB27704 Steel nails
Foreword I
1 Scope1
2 Normative references1
3 Terms and definitions1
4 Style2
5 Requirements3
6 Test methods5
7 Inspection rules6
8 Marking, packaging, transportation and storage9
Appendix A (Normative Appendix) Wood chip pads10
Appendix B (Normative Appendix) Dimensions and tolerances of wooden flat pallet components12
Appendix C (Normative Appendix) Wooden flat pallet nailing diagram15
References19

ICS55.180.20
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T31148—2014
Wooden flat pallets
General-purpose flat pallets for through transit of goods-Wooden flat pallet2014-09-03Issued
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of ChinaStandardization Administration of China
2014-12-01Implementation
GB/T31148—2014
Normative references
Terms and definitions
Test methods
Inspection rules
8 Marking, packaging, transportation and storage
Appendix A (Normative Appendix) Wood chip pads
Appendix B (Normative Appendix) Dimensions and tolerances of wooden flat pallet componentsAppendix C (Normative Appendix)
Pin diagram of wooden flat pallet
References
This standard was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T1.12009. This standard was proposed and managed by the National Technical Committee for Logistics Standardization (SAC/TC269). GB/T31148-2014
The main drafting units of this standard are: Wuxi Qiancheng Packaging Engineering Co., Ltd., Jinhua Jiete Packaging Co., Ltd., Jinyuan Group Wuhu Zhongshan Woodware Packaging Co., Ltd., China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing Pallet Professional Committee, Tian Development Zone Xinchuangke Industry and Trade Co., Ltd., Guangdong Xinyang Logistics Equipment Co., Ltd., Kunshan Xinhe Packaging Co., Ltd. The main drafters of this standard are: Xu Ping, Zhou Dezhi, Zhou Weizhong, Xia Zerong, Cheng, Tang Ying, Wang Lixin, Ye Jiafei, Yao Zhiming, Zhan Minse 1 Scope
Intermodal general-purpose flat pallets Wooden flat pallets
GB/T31148—2014
This standard specifies the terms and definitions, styles, requirements, test methods, inspection rules, and marking, packaging, transportation and storage of wooden flat pallets.
This standard applies to intermodal general-purpose wooden flat pallets, and also to wooden flat pallets that are repeatedly used in pallet sharing systems. Disposable pallets can also be used as a reference.
2 Normative references
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For any dated reference, only the dated version applies to this document. For any undated reference, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document. GB/T1935 Test method for compressive strength of wood along the grain GB/T1936.1 Test method for flexural strength of wood GB/T1938
Test method for tensile strength of wood along the grain
GB/T2828.1-2012 Sampling inspection procedure for attributes Part 1: Sampling plan for batch inspection based on acceptance quality limit (AQL)
GB/T3716
GB/T4823
GB/T4995
Pallet terminology|| tt||Defects in sawn timber
Performance requirements for intermodal general purpose flat pallets
Test methods for intermodal general purpose flat pallets
GB/T4996
GB/T17657-2013Test methods for physical and chemical properties of wood-based panels and veneered wood-based panels GB/T23898—2009 Artificial panels for wooden flat pallets GB27704 Steel nails
EN13183-2:2002
Moisture content of a piece of sawn timber Part 2, Estimation by electrical resistance method 3 Terms and definitions
The terms and definitions defined in GB/T 3716 and GB/T 4996 and the following terms and definitions apply to this document. 3.1
Wooden flat pallet
woodenflatpallet
Flat pallet without upper components made of wood packaging materials such as wood and artificial board. 3.2
sawntimber
Product obtained by processing logs.
compositechipboardblock
chipsblock
A pallet block made of wood chips (wood chips, sawdust, chips obtained by crushing wood or similar materials) and adhesives, which are formed by hot pressing.
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GB/T31148-2014
4Style
The style of wooden flat pallet is shown in Figure 1.
a) The flat dimensions of the pallet are 1200mm×1000mm. Four-way access, single-sided use, tightly butted side panels, longitudinal beam panels and bottom decking are in the same direction, and the bottom plate structure is a "川"-shaped flat pallet (referred to as "川"-shaped pallet) b) The flat dimensions of the pallet are 1200mm×1000mm, four-way access, single-sided use, tightly butted side panels, and a perimeter bottom flat pallet (referred to as "perimeter bottom pallet") c) The flat dimensions of the pallet are 1200mm×1000mm, single-sided use, and a partial four-way access flat pallet with a U-shaped groove on the longitudinal beam (referred to as a longitudinal case pallet) Figure 1 Styles of wooden flat pallets
5 Requirements
5.1 Materials
5.1.1 Wood www.bzxz.net
GB/T31148—201 4
d) Pallet with plane size of 1100mm×1100mm, closely butted side panels, double-sided flat pallet (referred to as "double-sided pallet")
Figure 1 (continued)
5.1.1.1 Allowable strength of wood
The allowable strength of wood for wooden flat pallets shall be in accordance with the provisions of Table 1 (the allowable strength is equal to the test strength divided by the safety factor, the safety factor for bending strength and tensile strength is 6.5, and the safety factor for compressive strength is 5.5). Table 1 Allowable strength of wood
Strength, f,
5.1.1.2 Timber species
(Along the grain) Compressive strength, in.
Unit is MPa
(Grain grain) Tensile strength, sub,||tt ||The wood species used for wooden pallets are Masson pine, southern pine, red pine, hemlock, Douglas fir, Scotch pine, Chinese pine, spruce, radiata pine, etc. Species with equal or greater strength can also be used. 5.1.1.3 Moisture content
The moisture content of each component of the wooden pallet should not be higher than 20%. 5.1.1.4 Pest control
When necessary, wooden pallets should be subjected to pest control treatment such as black steaming and heat treatment. 5.1.2 Pallet nails
The surface of the pallet nails for wooden pallets should be treated with electrochemical plating, and the performance requirements should be implemented in accordance with GB27704. The specifications and usage occasions of pallet nails are specified in Table 2.
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Specifications of pallet nails
P2.68X50.8HW
P2.87X63.5HW
P3.05X76.2HW
5.2 Requirements for components
Table 2 Specifications and application scenarios of pallet nails
Application scenarios
Nailing of longitudinal boards and top decking in chuan-shaped and perimeter-bottom pallets Nailing of longitudinal beams and decking in chuan-shaped and perimeter-bottom pallets Nailing of pads and bottom decking in chuan-shaped and perimeter-bottom pallets Nailing of pads, longitudinal beams and top decking in chuan-shaped and perimeter-bottom pallets 5.2.1 The decking, pads, longitudinal beams and longitudinal beams of wooden flat pallets shall be made of whole sawn timber. When necessary, pads may be made of wood shavings, which shall comply with the provisions in Appendix A.
5.2.2 Quality of wood for components
The quality of wood for each component of a wooden flat pallet shall comply with the provisions of Table 3. Table 3 Quality of wood for components of a wooden flat pallet
Dimensions and tolerances
Measurement and calculation methods
The maximum dimension shall not exceed the material width
The number of pieces within 1m of any material length shall not exceed the number of pieces within 1m of any material length shall not exceed the length shall not exceed the material length
The degree of inclination of the twill shall not exceed
The most serious corner notch shall not exceed the board width, and the maximum height of the horizontal bend shall not exceed the horizontal length of the inner bend. 5.3.1 The manufacturing tolerance of the plane dimension of a wooden flat pallet is 2mm.
5.3.2 The dimensions and tolerances of each component in a wooden flat pallet shall be in accordance with the provisions of Appendix B. 5.4 Processing requirements
5.4.1 Nail joint
Quality requirements for pallet components
Longitudinal beam
Not allowed
Not cheated
When nailing, there should be no exposed nails or missing nails. The nail tips protruding from the back of the board should be bent back on the back of the board, and the depth of the nail cap buried in the board should not exceed 3mm.
5.4.2 Nail
The nailing of wooden flat pallets (specifications of pallet nails, number of nails, nailing positions, etc.) shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of Appendix C. 5.4.3 Chamfering
GB/T 31148—2014
The corners of wooden flat pallets do not need to be chamfered. If necessary, it can be agreed upon by the supply and demand parties. The bottom deck should be partially chamfered, and the size of the local chamfer is 10mm×45. 5.4.4 Plane diagonal
The difference in length between the two diagonals of the wooden flat pallet should not exceed 3mm. 5.5 Appearance quality
The wooden flat pallet surface is required to be flat, pollution-free, free of burrs that affect use, and free of mechanical damage. 5.6 Performance requirements
The rated load (R) of the wooden flat pallet is 1000kg, meeting the various performance requirements specified in GB/T4995, such as bending test, fork lifting test, cushion block or longitudinal beam compression test, stacking test, bottom deck bending test, corner drop test, etc. 6 Test methods
6.1 Materials
6.1.1 Bending strength of wood
The bending strength of wood shall be tested in accordance with the provisions of GB/T1936.1. 6.1.2 Compressive strength along the grain of wood
The compressive strength along the grain of wood shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T1935. 6.1.3 Tensile strength along the grain of wood
The tensile strength along the grain of wood shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T1938, 6.1.4 Moisture content test
The moisture content of wood shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of EN13183-2:2002. 6.1.5 Pallet nails
The performance, size and allowable deviation of pallet nails shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB27704. 6.2 Inspection of component and wood quality
Visual inspection under natural light, the inspection and calculation methods of various defects in wood quality shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB/T4823. 6.3 Dimensional tolerance and processing requirements
Visual inspection under natural light, use steel ruler, tape measure and other inspection tools to inspect each item, accurate to 0.5mm. 6.4 Appearance quality inspection
Visual inspection under natural light.
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5Performance requirement inspection
6.5.1Bending test
Perform as specified in GB/T4996.
Fork lifting test
Perform as specified in GB/T4996.
6.5.3Compression test of pads or longitudinal beams
Perform as specified in GB/T4996.
6.5.4Stacking test
Perform as specified in GB/T4996.
Bending test of bottom deck
Perform as specified in GB/T4996
6.5.6Angle drop test
Perform as specified in GB/T4996.
7 Inspection rules
7.1 Inspection classification
Product inspection is divided into factory inspection and type inspection. Inspection sequence
During inspection, the sample should first be subjected to non-destructive inspection of dimensions, appearance and other items. After passing the inspection, destructive inspection of bending test, fork lift test and other items should be carried out.
3 Inspection items
The inspection items for factory inspection and type inspection are shown in Table 4. Table 4 Inspection items for factory inspection and type inspectionSerial number
Inspection items
Component requirements
Dimensions and tolerances
Processing requirements
Appearance quality
Bending test
Factory inspection
Type inspection
RequirementsChapter number
Test methodsChapter number
6.2. Appendix A
Inspection items
Fork lift test
Compression test of pads or longitudinal beams
Stacking test
Bending test of bottom pin plate
Corner drop test
Factory inspection
Note: "\ is a mandatory inspection item, \\ is an optional item. 7.4 Type inspection
Type inspection should be carried out when one of the following situations occurs: when a new product is put into production and when the design is finalized and identified;
Table 4 (continued)
Type inspection
When raw materials , when there is a major change in the process, which may affect the performance of the product: c)
Once a year during normal production;
d) When production is resumed after a suspension of more than half a year; e) When the national quality supervision and inspection department makes an inspection request. 7.5
Batching and sampling
7.5.1Batching
Requirements Article number
GB/T31148—2014
Test method Article number
Under normal circumstances, the same raw materials, the same specifications, and the same process conditions are considered as a batch, and the single inspection batch (N) should not be greater than 10,000 pieces. 7.5.2 Defect classification
When the results of the inspection of wooden flat pallets determine that it is necessary to distinguish the defect categories, proceed in accordance with the provisions of Table 5. Table 5 Defect classification
Inspection items
Component requirements
Wood species or service strength does not meet the requirements of Table 1 Wood moisture content is greater than 26%|| tt||The moisture content of wood is 20%~26%
The specifications of pallet nails do not meet the requirements of 5.1.2. The wooden flat pallet parts are not made of whole sawn timber. The wood used for wooden flat pallet parts is rotten. The wood used for wooden flat pallet parts is sandwiched. The maximum size or number of knots does not meet the requirements of Table 3. Planking
The number of wormholes and cracks does not meet the requirements of Table 3
The degree of inclination of the diagonal grain does not meet the requirements of Table 3
The most serious corner defect and warping do not meet the requirements of Table 3rKacadiaiKAca
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Inspection items
Longitudinal beam board
Component requirements
Dimensions and tolerances
Table 5 (continued)
The maximum size or number of knots does not meet the requirements of Table 3. The number of wormholes and cracks does not meet the requirements of Table 3
The degree of inclination of the diagonal grain and the warping do not meet the requirements of Table 3. The most serious corner defect of the blunt shuttle The size does not meet the requirements of Table 3. The quality requirements of wood for pads do not meet the requirements of Table 3. The pattern blocks do not meet the requirements of Appendix A. The maximum size or number of knots does not meet the requirements of Table 3. The degree of inclination of the twill and the warping do not meet the requirements of Table 3. The number of wormholes and the most serious size of the blunt edges do not meet the requirements of Table 3. The manufacturing tolerances of the plane dimensions of wooden flat pallets do not meet the requirements of 5.3.1. The dimensions and tolerances of the components of wooden flat pallets do not meet the requirements of Appendix B. The pallet nails are not bent back as required. The nail cap depth of the pallet nails does not meet the requirements of 5.4.1. The cloth nails of wooden flat pallets do not meet the requirements of Appendix C. The bottom plank is not partially chamfered. It does not meet the requirements of 5.5. 7.5.3 Acceptance Quality Limit (AQL) According to GB/T2828.1-2012, the acceptance quality limit (AQL) of wooden flat pallets is: 0.1 for serious defects, 25 for severe defects, and 65 for minor defects.
7.5.4 Sampling plan
Except for the performance requirement inspection items, where 3 samples are randomly selected from a batch of samples for each inspection, all inspection items shall determine the normal inspection sampling plan for wooden flat pallets in accordance with the provisions of GB/T2828.1-2012. In a sample unit, each defect is counted only once. The sampling plan for wooden flat pallets is shown in Table 6. Table 6 Sampling and qualification judgment plan for wooden flat pallets Inspection batch
N≤150
15≤N≤280
281500
501≤N≤1200
1201≤N≤3200
3201≤10000
Sample size (n)
Serious defects
Number of acceptance
Note: If more than 10,000 pieces are handled as another batch. 8
Number of rejections
Severe defects
Number of acceptances
Number of rejections
Minor defects
Number of acceptances
Number of rejections
7.6 Judgment rules
GB/T31148—2014
Sampling samples According to the inspection items in Table 4, single judgment is made on wooden flat pallets. If any item does not meet this standard, the batch of products is judged to be unqualified.
8 Marking, packaging, transportation and storage
8.1 Marking
Clear and recognizable, non-removable markings should be printed on the sides of the wooden pallet in a visible position, indicating product specifications, production date, name of the production unit and other information.
8.2 Packaging
When packaging, the goods should be stacked neatly, and the stacking height should be adapted to the modern logistics system. Special requirements can be agreed upon by both the supply and demand parties. 8.3 Transportation
Rain shelter and waterproof measures should be taken during transportation. 8.4 Storage
Put in a ventilated and dry warehouse, and measures should be taken to avoid insect infestation and pollution. When stored outdoors for a short period of time, rain protection measures should be taken. 9
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