Some standard content:
GB/T 2900. 51—1998
With the rapid development of the power industry, power technology, trade and foreign exchanges have greatly increased. In order to ensure that technical terms are consistent with international common terms, the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary IEV Chapter 466 "Overhead Lines" is the International Electrotechnical Commission standard IEC60050 (466) as my country's national standard "Electrical Terminology Overhead Lines". Some terms are different from IFC terms. For this reason, IEC definitions are used as much as possible. In the case of not causing misunderstanding, the customary terms in my country are retained.
This standard is proposed by the Ministry of Electric Power Industry.
This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Overhead Line Standardization Technical Committee. This standard is drafted by the China Electricity Council. The drafter of this standard is Xin Depei.
GB/T 2900. 51—1998
IEC Foreword
1. IEC's formal resolutions or agreements on technical issues are proposed by technical committees on behalf of all national committees that are particularly concerned about these issues. They try their best to express the international consensus on the issues involved. 2. These resolutions may be in the form of recommended standards for international use. It is accepted by national committees in this sense. 3. In order to promote international unification, IEC hopes that all national committees will adopt the contents of IEC recommended standards as their national regulations within the scope permitted by their national conditions. Any differences between IFC recommended standards and corresponding national regulations should be clearly pointed out in national regulations as much as possible.
This standard was proposed by Working Group 5 of Technical Committee 11 (Overhead Lines) of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IFC) and was coordinated by IEC Technical Committee 1 (Terminology).
This standard is promoted to Chapter 466 of the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV). This standard is based on the following documents:
June Rules
1(IEV466)(CO)1211
Voting Report
1(IFV466)(CO1248,1248A.1248BFull voting information for the approval of this standard can be found in the voting report. 1 Scope
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Electrical terminology-Overhead line
Electrical technical terminology-Overhead lineGB/T2900.51-1998
Idt IEC 60050(466):1990
This standard specifies some important terms for overhead lines. It involves the main areas of overhead line technology. This standard is applicable to the formulation of overhead line standards, the compilation and translation of professional literature, teaching materials and books and periodicals, and can also be used as a reference in other fields related to overhead lines.
2 Terminology
2.1 General terms
2.1.1 (Power) line (clic) line A facility consisting of conductors, insulating materials and various accessories used to transmit power between two points in a power system. 2.1.2
Overhead line
A power line on the ground with conductors erected by insulators and towers. Juice: Some overhead lines may also use insulated conductors. 2.1.3 AC line
A line connected to an AC power source or connecting two AC power grids. 2.1.4 (Phase of an AC line) 2.1.5 DC line A line connected to a DC source. 2.1.6 Pole (of a DC line) A single conductor or a bundle of conductors in a DC line under normal operating conditions. 2.1.7 Circuit (of an overhead line) A conductor or conductor system through which current flows. Single circuit line A line with only one circuit. 2.1.9 Double circuit line A line with two circuits of different voltage and frequency installed on the same pole. 2.1.10 Multiple circuits lineA line with several circuits of not necessarily the same power and frequency installed on the same tower 2.1.11 Monopolar line monopole line a DC line with only one pole connecting the power source and the load to form a return circuit through the earth 2.1.12 Bipolar line hipnlir line a DC line with full poles connecting the power source and the load 2.1.13 Transmission line transmisslon line Approved by the State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision on August 13, 1998 and implemented on June 1, 1999 as part of the transmission system
2.1.14 Distribution line dlstrlbution line Line used for power distribution,
GB/T 2900. 51-1998
2.1.15 Conductor (of an overhead line) Conductor (of an overhead line) Single strand or stranded wire composed of multiple strands that are not insulated from each other through which current passes, 2.1. 16 Conductor vibration conductor vihratian Periodic movement of conductor.
2.1.17 Aeolianibration Periodic movement of conductor mainly in the vertical direction caused by wind, with a relatively high vibration frequency of ten to tens of hertz, and an amplitude of the order of magnitude of the diameter of the conductor. 2.1.18 Subspanoscillation Synchronous movement of one or more sub-conductors mainly in the horizontal direction. Its vibration frequency is several hertz, and the amplitude is the order of magnitude of the diameter of the sub-conductor.
2.1.19 Conductor galloping
The periodic motion of a conductor or split conductor in a vertical direction with a low frequency and high amplitude of one tenth of a degree. The maximum amplitude can reach the number of initial droops.
2.2 Mechanical design
2.2.1 Loading assumptions Loading assumptions used for line design, determined according to national standards, regulations, meteorological data, etc. 2.2.2 Loading case
A set of load combinations applied to a line element. 2.2.3 Working load
The load composed of load combinations specified without taking into account safety factors or overload factors. 2.2.4 Nominal load normalload; primary load The load composed of wind, conductor and insulator weight and tower, including ice-free and ice-condensed conditions. 2.2.5 Special load
Loads caused by installation, maintenance or failure of line elements. 2.2.6 Legal load Legislative load Loads specified in local or national laws. 2.2.7 Test load Test load Loads applied to one or more components of the overhead line for testing. 2.2.8 Failure load Failure load Loads that cause any component to fail.
2.2.9 Ultimate design load Loads that all components bear without failure during any specified period. 2.2.10 Vertical load The vertical component of any load applied to a specified point of a tower in a three-dimensional system with the same vertical coordinate as the tower. 2.2.11 Inngltudinal load The longitudinal component of any load applied to a specified point of a tower in a three-dimensional system with the same vertical coordinate as the tower. 2.2.12 Transverse load Transverse component of any load applied to a designated point of a tower in a three-dimensional system with the same ordinate as the tower. 2.2.13 Wind load Wind lad Horizontal load caused by wind pressure applied to any part of an overhead line, including the state of no ice or ice. 2.2.14 Ice load Hceloading GB/T 2900. 51—1998 Additional load caused by ice on any element of the line. 2.2.15 Uniform ice load Uniform icelouding Ice load uniformly distributed along the length of each conductor and ground wire in all spans of the line section. 2.2.16 Non-uniform ice loading Nun-uniform ice loading Loads caused by non-uniform ice distribution on conductors or ground wires along a section of the line. Note: This includes the accumulation or non-uniform shedding of ice along the conductor or ground wire: 2.3 Levels
2.3.1 Span
The section of the line between two adjacent hanging points of the conductor: Span length
The horizontal distance between the hanging points of the conductors of two adjacent towers. 2.3.3 Level spanWww.bzxZ.net
The section where the hanging points of the conductors of two adjacent towers are almost on the same level. 2.3.4 Uneven levels Sloping span; inclined span The section where the hanging points of the conductors of two adjacent towers are not on the same level. 2.3.5 Difference in levels The vertical distance between two levels through the hanging points of the conductors. 2.3.6 Sloping span length The distance between the suspension points of two adjacent tower conductors (see Figure 1). 2.3.7 Wind span wind span
The horizontal distance between the midpoints of the towers on both sides. 2.3.8 Gravity span weight span
The horizontal distance between the lowest points of the conductors on both sides of the tower. Note: In the case of a tower, the lowest points of the conductors of two adjacent towers may be located on the same side. 2.3.9 Sag from the lowest point of the conductor to the highest suspension point: The vertical distance between the water half-surface passing through the highest suspension point of the conductor and the water level that cuts the lowest point of the conductor curve. Allow: The lowest point may also be virtual (Figure 1). 2.3.10 Sag sag
The maximum vertical distance between the conductor and the straight line connecting the conductor suspension points in a tower (see Figure 1): 2.3.11 Tension section (ef an overhead line) The line section between two tension towers.
2.3.12 Representative span equivalant span + ruling spin is a hypothetical span. The law of the change of tension caused by micro-load or temperature change may be the same as the actual change law of the tension section
Note: The representative span is close. . Calculate the length of the first span in the tension section as follows: zu
Huanjin: The length of the first span in the tension section. 2.3.13 Catenary
The curve of the ideal flexible soft cable hanging at both ends is calculated by the following formula: y=p(cnsh-1)
GB/T2900.51-1998
In engineering calculations, it can be approximated by using the parabola as follows: 1x
Note: The catenary curve indicates that the weight of the conductor per unit length of the live wire is the same, while the parabola indicates that the weight of the conductor per unit length is the same: Use the parabola equation to calculate the The catenary constant is the ratio of the horizontal tension T (see Figure 1) of the conductor at a given temperature to the specific load per unit length. If the load is not considered, ice and wind loads must also be considered. T.
2.4 Sections
2.4.1 Longitudinal profileThe vertical plane through the line axis shows the surface slope of the line (see Figure 1). 2. 4.2 Side slope at x metres+offsct profileThe ground slope of the line shown on a vertical plane parallel to the centre line at a distance (m) from the centre line (see Figure 1). 2.4.3 Transverse profile: Section profile is the section of the line axis.
2.4.4 Diagonal leg section The ground profile on the plane passing through the diagonal line of the opposite corner of the tower. 2.4.5 Line angle lineangle
The angle at which the line direction changes at the tower (0). 2.5 Conductor arrangement
2.5.1 Conductor configuration The geometric arrangement of each phase conductor on the tower. 2.5.2 Horizontal arrangement Horizontal arrangement The arrangement of each phase conductor on the tower. 2.5.3 Semi-horizontal arrangement The arrangement of the conductor slightly above or slightly below the side phase in the semi-horizontal configuration. 2.5.4 triangular configuration The conductors of a circuit are arranged at the vertices of a triangular shape. The base of the triangular shape is not necessarily horizontal. 2.5.5 delta configuration The conductors of a circuit are arranged at the points of an isosceles shape. The base is necessarily horizontal. 2.5.6 Vertical configuration - a layout in which the conductors of a circuit are located in a vertical plane. Semi-vertical configuration 2.5.7
A vertical layout in which the conductors are slightly horizontally separated. 2.5.8 Double circuit vertical configuration doublecircuitvertical configuration A layout in which one circuit is arranged on each side of the tower, and each phase is arranged vertically. GB/T 2900. 51—1998
2.5.9 Double circuit semi-vertical configuration Double circuit vertical configuration A vertical layout in which the phases of each circuit are slightly horizontally separated. 2.5.10 Transposition
The exchange of the relative positions of the conductors of each phase of a line. Note: The conductor transposition is adopted to maintain the electrical symmetry of one conductor to another conductor, the conductor to the ground or the conductor to the adjacent system. 2.5.1 Transposition interval The length of the line between two consecutive transpositions. 2.5.12 Ground clearance The minimum distance between any live part and the ground under specified conditions. 2.5.13 Phase-to-earth clearance The minimum distance between any live part and a ground potential structure under specified conditions. 2.5.14 Clearance to obstacles The minimum distance between any live part and a ground potential obstacle under specified conditions. 2.5.15 Phase-to-phase spacing The distance between the axes of two adjacent phase conductors or split conductors. 2.5.16 Protection angle angle uf shade: shielding angle (USA) The angle between the vertical plane through the ground wire and the plane through the ground wire and the protected conductor to be struck. 2.5.17 Maximum protection angle - minimum angle of shade; minimum slielding angle (CSA) The maximum protection angle within which the line must be located to avoid lightning strikes. 2.6 Towers
2.6.1 Tower support; structure (nf an overhead line) A device for hanging conductors through insulators.
2.6.2 Straight tower intermediate support (deprecated) A tower for the straight section of an overhead line, whose conductors are suspended by suspension clamps, pin-type or support-type insulators. 2.6.3 Angle support tower
A pole used to change the horizontal direction of the line.
2.t.4 Flying angle support; running angle support A tower that changes the line direction with a small or medium angle, and its conductor is suspended by a string of suspension insulators. 2.6.5 Tension support; angle support; strain support (USA) A tower that uses tension insulation to suspend a group of conductors or split conductors. Note: The load of the adjacent barrier is added independently to the cantilever point. 2..E Termination tower tersninal support is a tower that bears the conductor tension at one end of the line 2.6.7 Transposition support tower Transpasition support tower that allows the conductor to change relative position along the line: 2.6. E stayguy (USA)
A steel cable or rod under tension that connects one point on the tower to the ground or two points on the connecting tower. 2.6. Guyed support tower stayed support: guyed support (UNA) A tower with guyed wires to maintain stability.
Market Consultation
According to the principle of the current demand, the angle corresponding to the required current + the angle corresponding to the overhead line is called the maximum protection angle, written as [with, the English terminology is slightly different in meaning GB/T 2900. 51-1998
2.6.10 Self-supporting tower self-supporting tower, 2.7 pole and support without guy wire, with its own stability
2.7. 1 pole
vertical single pole, can be made of wood, concrete, saw or other materials, its end points are connected or connected to the foundation. 2.7.2 H-type pole portalsupport: \H\pole: \H\trame (USA) H-shaped pole, including two vertical E supports with a certain distance, and cross braces on the top. 2.7.3 Brucket
A small piece of hardware fixed to a building or any structure: 2.7.4 A-type pole tower\A\pole;\A\frame (USA) The pole has two legs, which are bolted together at the top to form an A-shaped pole tower, which is composed of cross components. 2.8 Tower
2.8.1 Tower
A supporting structure made of steel, stainless steel, concrete and other materials, usually composed of a four-shaped tower body and a frame. 2.8.2 Lattice tower
A tower structure assembled with parts.
2.8.3 Bracing system; tacing system A method of placing lattice components,
2.8.4 Single warrcn: single lacing The lattice type shown in No. 1 in Figure 2.
2.8.5 Double warren; double iacing The structure type shown in Figure 2, No. 2
2.8.6 Triple warren; triple lacing The structure type shown in Figure 2, No. 3.
2.8.7 K-shaped web member \K\braclng;\K” panel The type of lattice structure shown in No. 4 in Figure 2.
2.8.8 Double web member with auxiliary members double warren redundant.suppart;double lacing redundant support The type of lattice structure shown in No. 5 in Figure 2,
2.8.9 Tower head tophamperisuper structure The superstructure of the tower shown in No. 1 in Figure 3
2.8.10 Earth wire peakzoverhead ground wire peak (USA) The tower head is used to hang the ground wire, as shown in No. 11 in Figure 3. Beam ganiry;hridge+girder2. 8. 115
Gate-type pole or tower hanging conductor approximately horizontal component. As shown in No. 12 in Figure 3. 2.8.12 Crossarm
The part of the tower head that hangs the conductor, as shown in No. 13 in Figure 3: 2. 8. 13 Torkr\K\Trame A component of the tower head, as shown in Figure 3, No. 11. 2.8.14 Plan bracing: Diaphragm A component of a water section, as shown in Figure 3, No. 21. 2.8.15 Tower body
The vertical section of the tower. As shown in Figure 3, No. 2
2.8.16 Waist
GB/T 2900. 51—1998
The horizontal plane boundary between the tower and the tower head. As shown in Figure 3, No. 15. 2.B.17 Main bracing
The component of the tower shown in Figure 3, No. 22.
2.8.18 Redundant bracings: Secondary bracings New bracing components shown in Figure 3, No. 23.
2.8.19 Main bracing lcg
The component shown in No. 24 in Figure 3.
2.8.20 Leg slope
The cut of the main material inclination angle, as shown in No. 25 in Figure 3. 2.8.21 Node: panel point
The meeting point of the tower components, as shown in No. 26 in Figure 3, 2. B. 22 Anti-climbing guard; anti-climbing device A device installed or attached to the tower, structure, guy wire, etc. to increase the difficulty of climbing for unauthorized people, as shown in No. 27 in Figure 3. 2.8.23 Footing
The part of the tower at the junction of the tower body and the foundation, as shown in No. 30 in Figure 3. 2.8.24 Hill-side extension: leg extension The section of the tower body added to the tower foundation, used to compensate for the height difference of the tower on the hillside and keep water. As shown in No. 31 in Figure 3. Note: Extensions can also be used to adjust the height of the tower. 2.8.25 Body extension section A section of a tower that is added to the lower part of the tower to increase its height. 2.9 Foundation
2.9.1 Foundation
A structure located underground that is connected to the bottom of the tower and stably bears the applied loads. 2.9.2 Block foundation The entire foundation is made of block concrete. The tower foot or anchor bolts are buried in the concrete foundation. 2.9.3 Separate footing foundations Each tower foot bears the load of the foundation: 2.9.4 Pad and chimney foundation spread fonting with pier (USA) The foundation including the pad is inserted into the soil. The long chimney foundation ensures a fixed connection with the tower plug-in member or anchor bolts: (see 4)
2.9.5 Stub (of a support)
The component connecting the tower and the foundation with a bolt. (See Figure 4, No. 1) 2.9.6 Chimney (of a foundation); Pier (of a foundation) (t:SA) The contracted part of the foundation, where the main material and the anchor bolts are completely buried in the chimney. (See Figure 1, No. 5) 2.9.7 Muff; reveal (USA)
The part of the foundation column above the ground, usually made into a horn shape to allow drainage (see Figure, No. 2). 2.9.8 Pad (of a foundation) The wider part of the foundation in the soil to ensure a reasonable distribution of loads (see Figure 4, No. 8), 2.9.9 Excavation
A hole excavated in the foundation (see Figure 4, No. 4). 2.9.10 Backfill
After pouring the foundation, fill the soil dug out during the foundation pit excavation (see Figure No. 3). 2.9.11 Imported backfillGB/T 2900.51—1998
When the source is not suitable, fill the foundation pit with soil or other materials after pouring the foundation. 2.9.12 Reinforcing rods To ensure a firm connection between the foundation railing and the base, pre-embed steel bars in the concrete (see Figure 4 No. 6). 2.9.13 Cleat
Fixed on the inserted main material, strengthen the component connected to the foundation (see Figure 4 No. 9). 2.9.14 Heil; Undercul
The outer part of the foundation excavation is excavated to ensure that the concrete base is stressed in the original soil (see Figure 4 No. 7). 2.9.15 Grillage foundation A type of foundation in which the main material or the main material of the tower leg is connected to a grillage structure buried in the soil. 2.9.16 Pile foundation A type of slender foundation constructed without excavation. Driven pile
The pile is driven into the ground by hammer or vibration without pre-excavation. Eaugered pile;bored pile
2.9.18 Cast-in-place pile
A type of foundation in which a long circular hole is first drilled in the ground and then poured with concrete, and the connecting parts of the tower and foundation are pre-buried.
pressure injected pide
2.9.19 Pressure injected pile
A type of pile formed by pouring concrete into the drilled hole under pressure so that the concrete has better contact with the original soil. 2.9.20 Expanded pile; bulb pile: under-reamed pile with the lower end enlarged.
2.9.21 Anchor rod
A rod or other metal part used to connect the anchor wire to the ground anchor. 2.9.22 Anchor reel
A device usually buried in the soil to provide a fixed point to prevent pulling out. 2.10 Bare conductor
Sold conductor
2.10.1 Single core wire
Wire made of a single conductor
2.10.2 Stranded wire
Single wire used to make stranded wire
2.10.3 Stranded conductorA wire made of a certain number of bare single strands of wire, each layer of which is twisted in the left or right direction. 2.10.4 Layer
In the stranded wire, the lay direction and pitch length are the same, and the wire is arranged on a circle with the same radius as the conductor. 2.10.5 Pitch length of lay
The axial length of a single strand in the stranded wire. 2.10.6 Lay ratio: the ratio of the lay pitch length to the diameter of the layer of the spiral. Direction of lay
Direction of lay of the strands of a stranded conductor when viewed from the end. Note: "Left lay" means clockwise. "Left lay" means anti-clockwise. 2.10.8 Smooth hody conductor; segmenial or locked coil condnctnr A conductor whose radial direction is annular or has a feature that prevents any radial movement of the conductor, and whose outer layer is relatively smooth. 2.10.9 Hollow cnn conductor GB/T 2900. 51—1998
A tubular conductor made of a core wire or a hollow conductor made of a fan-shaped spiral of strands wrapped around a reinforcing single strand. 2.10.10 Expanded conductor Expanded conductor A conductor whose diameter is increased by replacing some of the internal strands with non-metallic, lighter strands. 2.10.11 All aluminium conduetor (AAC) A stranded conductor in which all the strands are aluminium wires.
2.10.12 All aluminium allay conductor (AAAC) All conductors are stranded aluminium alloy wires.
reinforced conductor
2.10.13 Reinforced stranded wire
Stranded wire made of two different materials to strengthen its mechanical properties. 2.10.14 Steel-core aluminum stranded wire stcelrcreinforceduluminiumconductor (ACSR) A reinforced conductor in which a middle layer or multiple layers of aluminum segments are stranded on the outside of a galvanized steel core wire. 5 Steel-core aluminum alloy stranded wire steel reinforceddaluminiumalloyconductor (AACSR) 2.10.15
Single-layer or multi-layer aluminum alloy single wires are stranded on the outside of ammonium-plated steel wire. 5 Aluminum-clad steel reinforced aluminum stranded wire aluniniumcladsteelreinforcedafuminiumconductor (ACSR/AC) 2.10.16
A reinforced stranded wire made of one or more layers of aluminum-clad steel strands symmetrically arranged in a conventional composite structure. 2.10.17 Reinforced aluminum alloy stranded conductor (ACAR) is a reinforced conductor made of one or more layers of aluminum alloy wires arranged symmetrically in a conventional stranded structure. 3 (core of reinforced stranded conductor) 2. 10. 18
The central single wire or inner layer of high-strength material in reinforced stranded conductor: the stress on the core may be greater or less than the stress on the outer layer of lead or aluminum alloy. 2.10.19
single conductor
One phase or one pole of a line composed of a group of conductors. 2.10.20 bundle conductor A group of conductors connected in a uniform arrangement. It is one or two poles of a circuit. 2.10.21 sub-conductor
any single conductor in a bundle 2.10.22
a bundle consisting of two sub-conductors. 2.10.23
a bundle consisting of three sub-conductors. 2.10.24 quad-conductor
a bundle consisting of four-conductor hundles (USA) Method: This type of activity can be used for split conductors with more than one sub-conductor. 2.10.25 Earth wire; shield wire: grounded wire on some towers or all poles, usually suspended above the line conductor, and the conductors are all "protective angles" to prevent the conductors from being subjected to the required steps.
2.10.26 Jumper
A short conductor that does not bear tension between two sections of a power line. 2.10.27 Grounding device: A conductor or conductor system buried in the ground, which is connected to the foot of the line tower. 2.11 Conductor fittings
2.11. 1 Spacer
A device that keeps a certain geometric arrangement between the sub-conductors of a split conductor. 2.11.2 Spacer damperGB/T 2900. 511998
-A flexible or semi-rigid spacer that can reduce the wind vibration and sub-span oscillation of the conductor. 2.11.3 Mid-span tension joint A connection device used to reverse the conductor and can seal the electrical and mechanical properties of the conductor. Example: pull-type joint (see Figure 5, No. 1), joint-type joint (see Figure 5, No. 2).
Conical joint (see Figure 5, No. 3).
2.11.4 Dea-end tension joint A connection fitting that fixes the end of the conductor and connects it to the tension insulator, which can withstand the full current of the conductor and has a conductor machine connected to the terminal.
2.11.5 Junperflag: A part of the jumperlug or other fittings that connects the conductor to another conductor. 2.11.6 Jumper terminal One end of the conductor. The current flows through this end to the jumper clamp. Repair pipe repair sleeve
Special hardware used to repair damaged wires to restore their electrical and mechanical properties. 2.11.8 Clamp
A hardware that can be fixed on a wire.
2.11.9 Suspension clamp Suspension clamp is a hardware used to suspend a wire to a suspension insulator string. 2.11.10Anchor clamps, tension clamps, dead-end clamps, and wire clamps used to tie conductors to tension insulator strings or pole towers and to bear the tension of the line. Pivot-type suspension clamps2. 11.111
A suspension clamp whose hull can rotate around a horizontal axis.2. 11. 12
Hull (of a suspension clamp) Body (of a suspension clamp) The part of a suspension clamp that supports the conductor.
2.11.13 Suspension straps (of a suspension clamp) The part of a suspension clamp that supports the hull.
2.11.14 Trunnion (of swivel type suspension clamp) Trunnion (of swivel type suspension clamp) A protruding part of the hull, which serves as a swivel axis on the connecting piece, allowing the clamp to swing. 2. 11.15 Counterweight (to a suspension insulator set)
A heavy object held at the lower end of the suspension load to increase the vertical load on the clamp. Note: The function of the counterweight is to reduce the windage angle of the suspension wire string under the action of wind or at the corner pole: it can also reduce the metal parts from being connected, resulting in undesirable windings!
2.11.16 Vibration damper A device twisted on the conductor or ground wire to suppress or reduce the vibration caused by wind. 2.11.17 (conductor) Night warning light (for conductor) A device attached to a conductor that emits light due to the capacitive coupling of the live conductor. 2.11.18 (conductor and earth wire) Aviation warning marker (lor conductor and earth wire) A warning device that is visible throughout the entire building using a conductor or earth wire. 2.11.19
rods
A metal strip that is spirally wound around the conductor at the suspension point before the pendant light is installed
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