Some standard content:
GB/T 16820
This standard is formulated in accordance with GB1.6-88 "Regulations for the Preparation of Terminology Standards in Standardization Work Guidelines". The scope and principles of this standard are:
a) The scope of word selection is mainly based on basic terms that can cover the main content of this profession; b) Basic terms common to all professions in surveying and mapping disciplines only include framework words or common words of this profession, and others are generally not included. c) Low-level or obsolete terms of this profession and terms related to instruments and equipment of this profession are not included. In principle, the terminology entries in this standard are only given one English corresponding word. If there are several English corresponding words, only two are listed, and the authoritative works shall prevail.
The classification and term arrangement of this standard are mainly based on customary usage for easy search, rather than rigorous classification research. For terms with the same meaning but different customary names, this standard adds "Synonym: ××××" after the explanation. Appendix A and Appendix B of this standard are standard acknowledgments. This standard is proposed and managed by the State Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation. This standard was drafted by: the Institute of Surveying and Mapping Standardization, State Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation. The main drafters of this standard are: Ge Xiling, Ma Xiaoping and Xue Ming. 166
1 Scope
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Cartography Terms
Cartography Terms
This standard specifies the terms and definitions of map making and map printing. GB/T16820--1997
This standard is applicable to the formulation of map making and map printing standards, the preparation of technical documents, and the compilation of teaching materials, books and periodicals. 2 General
2.1 Map
The carrier of natural and social phenomena with spatial distribution in the form of graphics or numbers using symbol systems according to certain mathematical laws.
2.2 Cartography
cartography
The discipline that studies the theory and technology of map information transmission, spatial cognition, projection principle, cartographic synthesis, and map design, compilation, replication and establishment of map database.
Synonym: Cartography
2.3 Theoretical cartography Theoretical cartography is a discipline that studies the image composition, transmission process, perception characteristics, symbolic laws, spatial cognitive functions and the history of cartography based on information transmission and environmental cognition. 2.4 Applied cartography Applied cartography is a discipline that studies the techniques and methods of map design, map compilation, map printing, digital mapping, map analysis and utilization methods, and the application of maps in various professional fields.
2.5 Comparative cartography is based on the development of map production technology in different countries or regions, the changes in map content and the differences in the understanding of maps in different societies. It studies the impact of maps on their culture and economic development and further studies the theory of how to conduct international cooperation in the field of cartography. 2.6 General cartography General cartography is a discipline that studies the theory, design, compilation technology and application of general maps. 2.7 Thematic cartography Thematic cartography is a discipline that studies the theory, design, compilation technology and application of thematic maps. 2.8 Systematic cartography Systematic cartography is a branch of cartography that studies the principles and methods of geographic system mapping. 2.9 Mathematical cartography is a discipline that studies the theories and methods of representing the earth's surface on a plane, that is, the various theories and methods that constitute the mathematical basis of maps. Synonyms: Cartographic projections
2. 10 Toponymy; toponomy is a discipline that studies the origin, word characteristics, meaning, evolution, distribution patterns and standardization of place names. 2.11 History of cartography approved by the State Administration of Technical Supervision on May 28, 1997, implemented on February 1, 1998
GB/T 16820--1997
A branch of cartography that studies the origin, historical development and historical role of maps and cartography. 2.12 Cartographic information theory regards the contents on the map that are mainly represented in graphical form and recognized and understood by readers as information, and studies the theory of its graphic display, conversion, storage, processing and utilization. 2.13 Cartographic Communication Theory A theory that studies the process and method of map information transmission by treating the map author, map and map reader as a whole from the perspective of information theory.
2.14 Cartographic Model Theory A theory that treats maps as a model (material and cognitive model) that reflects the objective world and uses this to study the nature of maps, explain the production and application of maps. 2.15 Cartographic Perception Theory A theory that studies the process and characteristics of map users' perception of map graphics (including symbols, colors, and annotations) and the psychological reflection characteristics and visual effects of images.
2.16 Cartographic Semiology A theory that treats map symbols as a special language, explores its "grammatical" rules and the "semantic" and "pragmatic" characteristics of symbols, and thus studies the composition rules of map symbols.
2.17 Cartography Map Making
Technology, process and method of designing, compiling, printing and establishing map databases. 2.18 Field mapping
The technical process of directly obtaining geographic information through field investigation and survey and filling it on topographic maps or photographic maps. 2.19 Urban mapping
The process and method of surveying and mapping urban maps and compiling various urban thematic maps with special technologies such as surveying and mapping three-dimensional space and underground construction to reflect urban conditions and development plans. 2.20 Remote sensing mapping The technology of enhancing and geometrically correcting various remote sensing information through remote sensing image interpretation or remote sensing image processing system, and then identifying, classifying and mapping them.
2.21 Cadastral mapping The technology of mapping cadastral maps based on topographic maps or large-scale mapping technology, through cadastral surveys (or surveys), measuring the coordinates of boundary points and the area of plots, and integrating them together to express the content of land ownership. 2.22 Animated mapping is a mapping technique that uses multiple screens of movies and television to change the dynamic display of objects or computer 3D animation technology to show the spatial changes of objects and phenomena.
2.23 Cosmic mapping is a mapping technique that uses modern science and technology to observe and draw the earth, the moon, the solar system, other planets and the known universe. 2.24
Map production is the whole process of map production and printing from planning and arrangement, technical design to production implementation and quality management. 2.25
Map specifications is a technical standard uniformly stipulated by an authoritative organization for the technical design, requirements and various accuracy and specifications of surveying and mapping. 2.26 Topographic map symbols is a unified regulation on the style, specifications, color, use, annotation and outline decoration of the symbols of landforms and landforms on topographic maps or other series of maps, which is one of the surveying and mapping standards.
2.27 Map update map rcvision
According to the actual status of the map corresponding area, the map content is modified to keep the map current. 468
2.28 Map classification
map classification.
GB/T16820—1997
Maps are distinguished (or divided) into various types or categories based on the content, scale, mapping area, purpose, medium expression form and usage method of the map. Map function map function
The role and effectiveness of the map. 2.30 Cartographic methodology Methods of using maps to study the distribution patterns, quality and quantity characteristics and dynamic changes of various things and phenomena (including visual analysis, graphic analysis, map measurement, mathematical statistics analysis and mathematical models) as well as methods of using cartography as a research tool for comprehensive evaluation, prediction and forecasting, zoning planning and decision-making management. Cartographic information Catographic information 2.311
New information about the distribution characteristics and laws of cartographic objects that may be obtained through in-depth analysis and interpretation of maps, fmap analysis
Cartographic analysis
The process of analyzing the various contents expressed in the map using visual, graphic, quantitative, mathematical statistics or modeling methods to reveal the quality and quantity characteristics, distribution patterns and regional differences and connections of cartographic phenomena. 2.33 Map evaluation
The process of analyzing and evaluating the correctness, completeness, currentness, accuracy of map content and the design, compilation and printing process of maps based on scientific, ideological, practical and artistic standards. 2.34 Map interpretation The process of judging the quality characteristics and distribution patterns of various content elements represented by maps through reading, analysis, association, reasoning or systematic combination.
2.35 Map use
The method and process of obtaining required information and solving scientific and practical problems through map reading and analysis. 2.36 Cartometry
The method of measuring and calculating on maps to obtain relevant data on the ground. 2.37
Map quality
The comprehensive quality of maps in terms of map accuracy, map reliability, map clarity, map readability, map currentness, map artistry and satisfaction with map needs.
2.38 Map accuracy map accuracy
The degree of accuracy of a map determined by the size of the map content error. 2.39 Map complexity map complexity
The degree of complexity of the map content determined by the number of content items represented by the map and the size of the map load. Map clarity map clarity
The degree of difficulty for the map reader to recognize the symbols, colors, graphics and annotations on the map. 2.41
Map readability map readability
The degree to which the information expressed in the map can be read, recognized, analyzed and accepted by the map user. 2.42
Map verisimilitude
The degree to which the map content conforms to the actual situation. 2.43 Map unity and concert map unity in form and coordination in content of a collection or series of maps. 2.44
Primary graphic elements The most basic point, line, surface and volume symbols that make up map symbols. Visual variable
The degree of difference in shape, size, direction, structure and color of basic graphic elements from the perspective of human vision. 469
2.46 Absolute threshold The minimum degree of stimulation that can cause sensation. Difference threshold
GB/T 16820—1997
The minimum difference between stimuli that can cause difference sensation. 2.48 Just noticeable difference. JND The minimum limit of difference that can be distinguished when visually observed. 2.49
Map perception
The visual effect and cognitive characteristics of map images perceived by map users. 2.50 Perceptual effect Visual variables cause various visual perception effects, which can be generally summarized as: overall sense, hierarchy sense, quantity sense, texture sense, dynamic sense and three-dimensional sense.
2.51 Autokinetic effect
A visual effect of movement is obtained from the structure of the graphic. 2.52 Associative perception When observing a graphic composed of different pixels, the visual variables of different pixels are not obviously different, thus forming an overall visual effect for the observer.
2.53 Ordered perception The visual effect of quickly and clearly dividing the observed object into several levels. 2.54
Quantitative perception Compare the observed object with a standard graphic representing quantity (usually a symbol in the legend) to obtain the visual effect of the concept of quantity.
2.55 Guarient perception
The visual effect of differentiating the quality of the object under observation. 2.56 Depth perception The three-dimensional visual effect obtained when observing the composition of the plane. Synonym: stereoscopic perception
2.57 Perceptual groupings The visual effect of differentiating the observed object into different categories. 2.58 Visual contrast The degree of difference achieved by visual variables.
2.59 Visual hierarchy The visual effect of different levels of distance produced by different visual stimuli such as color changes, symbol size, and line thickness on a two-dimensional plane.
2.60 Visual balance
The visual elements (visual center, visual center of gravity, visual weight) of the observed object are in the positions given by people according to certain principles, so as to achieve a reasonable and coordinated relationship between the elements and a visual effect with a sense of balance. Figure-ground discrimination 2.61
Human visual perception instinctively divides the observed object into the visual effect of the visible impression of the object being observed and the nearly shapeless surrounding background that is not being observed (the two are interchangeable).
Tesolution acuity
The ability to distinguish subtle differences under standard visual conditions. 2.63Visibility acuityThe ability to perceive the smallest object under standard visual conditions. 170
Map content elements
2.64Map elements
GB/T 16820--- 1997
The basic components that constitute the content of a map, generally including mathematical foundations, geographical elements, etc. 2.65Cartographic languageCartographic visual language composed of various symbols, colors and texts to express spatial information. Cartographic semantics2.66
One of the three elements of map language: the relationship between map symbols and cartographic objects, that is, the information represented by map symbols. 2.67 Cariographic pragmaticsOne of the three elements of map language: the relationship between map symbols and their users, that is, the practicality of map symbols, including distinguishability, understandability, and ease of memorization.
2.68 Cartographic syntaticsOne of the three elements of map language: the relationship between map symbols and symbols, that is, the structural mode and rules of the combination of map symbol systems, 2.69 Map structuremap organizationThe organization of map content composed of mathematical elements, geographical elements, thematic elements, and auxiliary elements2.70 Hierarchical organizationThe organization of geographical elements (including thematic elements) according to their respective prescribed standards. Extensional organization2.71
The overall organization shown by the suitability of the integration, coordination, and carrying capacity of the various elements of the map content. Multi-level organization2.72
The map content visually distinguishes several levels of multi-level organization. 2.73
Thematic overlay
Specialized information content on thematic maps.
Nominal scaling
Method of representing cartographic objects on a map according to their inherent characteristics, that is, differences determined by their properties without involving quantitative relationships: 2.75 Ordinal scaling
Method of representing cartographic objects on a map in order according to a certain symbol. 2.76 Interval scaling Method of representing the data of cartographic objects on a map by determining intervals and levels according to certain measurement units. 2.77 Ratio scaling
Method of displaying the absolute value of a cartographic object on a map with measurement units and a reference starting point. 2.78 Graphic sign
Graphic composed of points, lines, colors and text without qualitative and quantitative meanings. 2.79 Graphic symbol Specific graphic sign or text that represents the spatial location and quality and quantity characteristics of map elements. 3 Map projection
Emapprojection
mapprojection
Map projection
A method of transferring the system of longitude and latitude lines on the earth's ellipsoid to a plane according to certain mathematical rules. 3.2 Vertical circle
vertical rircle
A large circle that avoids a certain point on the earth's ellipsoid. 3.3 Altitude circle
A small circle perpendicular to the vertical circle.
3.4 Principal direction Two directions with extreme length ratios.
3.5 Azimuth
The dihedral angle between the celestial plane and the vertical plane of the celestial body. 3.6 Direction angle
GB/T 16820- 1997
The horizontal angle of a direction line measured clockwise starting from a specific direction. In map projection, a certain principal direction is usually used as the starting direction.
3.7 Scale
principal scale
The ratio of the reduction of the earth ellipsoid in map projection. Usually expressed in words or as a fraction with a numerator of 1. Synonyms: ordinary scale
3.8 Local scale
The scale of some parts of the map is not equal to the principal scale due to the deformation of the map projection. 3.9 Loxodromc, rhumbline A curve on the surface of the earth ellipsoid that maintains the same azimuth as the geographic meridian everywhere. Synonyms: oblique route; rhumb line
3. 10 Great-circle courses A segment of an arc along any great circle on the surface of the earth ellipsoid, which is the shortest distance between two points on the earth's surface. Synonyms: true course; great circle
3. 11 ratio of lengthThe ratio of the length of a differential line segment after projection on the earth's ellipsoid to its original length on the sphere. It is a quantitative indicator to measure the size of map projection length deformation.
3.12 maximum and minimum proportion of lengihGeneral term for the maximum length ratio and the minimum length ratio. It is a quantitative indicator to measure the size of map projection deformation. 3.13 ratio of areaThe ratio of the size of a differential area after projection on the earth's ellipsoid to its original area on the sphere. It is a quantitative indicator to measure the size of map projection area deformation.
3.14 equiangular conditionThe condition under which the angle between any two directions in the differential area on the earth's ellipsoid remains unchanged after being projected onto a plane. equidistant condition3.15
In a projection where the meridians or vertical circles or contour circles are orthogonal after projection, the condition that the length along the meridian (or vertical circle) remains unchanged after projection.
3.16 cquivalent conditionThe condition that the differential area on the earth ellipsoid is equal to the corresponding area on the projection surface. 3.17
indicatrix cllipse
The projection of a differential circle on the earth ellipsoid on the map plane is a geometric figure showing the projection deformation. Synonyms: Tisot curve
3.18 distortion isogramsThe line connecting points with equal deformation values. Used to show the size and distribution of map projection deformation3.19 distortion of projectionThe general term for the length deformation, area deformation and angle deformation caused by the projection of the earth ellipsoid onto a plane (developable surface). 3.20 distortion of angle The change in the size of the angle value in the map projection. It is the difference between the angle on the map and the corresponding angle in the field. It is a quantitative indicator to measure the size of the distortion of the map projection angle. 3. 21 distortion of distance The change in the size of the length value in the map projection. It is the difference between the length ratio and 1. It is a quantitative indicator to measure the size of the map projection length distortion.
3.22 distortion of area GB/T 16820---1997
The change in the size of the area in the map projection. It is the difference between the area ratio and 1. It is a quantitative indicator to measure the size of the map projection area distortion.
Projection transformationprojection transformalion3.23#
The process of transforming the coordinates of a point in one map projection into the coordinates of a point in another map projection. Standard parallelstandard parallel
A parallel without any distortion in a map projection. 3.25 Tisot's theorem
A theorem systematically expounded by the French mathematician Tisot, which states that no matter what transformation method is used in map projection, there are at least one pair of orthogonal direction lines on the sphere, and their orthogonal relationship can still be maintained on the projection plane. 3.26 Conformal projection A type of projection in which the angle formed by two differential line segments at any point on the projection surface remains unchanged before and after projection. Synonyms: conformal projection; similar projection
3.27 Equidistant projection A projection in which the area of any figure on the map remains unchanged after being enlarged by the main scale with the corresponding figure in the field. 3.28 Equidistant projection An arbitrary projection in which the distance along the meridian or perpendicular circle remains unchanged before and after projection. 3.29
Arbitrary projection A projection in which angle deformation, area deformation and length deformation exist simultaneously. 3.30 Cylindrical projection A type of projection with a cylindrical surface as the image receiving surface. It is assumed that a cylinder is wrapped around the earth and is tangent to the earth's surface, and the graticule is projected onto the cylindrical surface, and then the cylindrical surface is unfolded into a plane. 3.31 canic projection A type of projection with the cone as the receiving surface. It is assumed that a cone is wrapped around the earth and is tangent to the earth, and the graticule is projected onto the cone surface, and then the cone surface is unfolded into a plane. 3.32 azimuthal projectian A projection with a plane as the receiving surface. It is assumed that a plane is tangent to the earth, and the graticule on the sphere is projected onto the plane, which can keep the azimuth from the projection center to any point consistent with the actual situation. Synonyms: Zenith projection
3.33 Pseudo-cylindrical projection Pseudo-cylindrical projection is obtained by modifying the cylindrical projection according to certain conditions. In the orthographic projection, the latitudes are parallel straight lines, the central meridian is a straight line perpendicular to the latitudes, and the other meridians are curves symmetrical to the central meridian. Pscudo-conic projection3.34
is obtained by modifying the meridians of conic projection. In the orthographic projection, the parallels are concentric circles, the central meridian is orthogonal to all the parallels, and the other meridians are curves concave to the central meridian.
3.35 Pseudo-azimuthal projection is obtained by modifying the meridians of azimuthal projection. In the orthographic projection, the parallels are concentric circles, and the meridians are curves symmetrical to the central meridian and intersect at the center of the parallels; in the transverse and oblique projections, the meridians and latitudes are complex curves. 3.36 Polyconic projection It is assumed that a series of coaxial cones are cut on the latitudes of the earth, and the meridians and longitudes on the earth are projected onto the surfaces of each cone, and then unfolded along a certain mother line.
3.37 Perspective projection473
GB/T16820:1997
A projection that obtains the latitude and longitude grid by the method of geometric perspective. Depending on the position of the viewpoint, it is divided into spherical center projection, spherical projection, circumcenter projection and orthographic projection.
3.38 Orthographic projection A perspective azimuthal projection of arbitrary nature. The receiving plane is tangent to the sphere, the viewpoint is at infinity, and the projection lines are parallel and perpendicular to the receiving plane.
3. 39 Circumcentric perspective projection - a perspective azimuthal projection of arbitrary nature. The receiving plane is tangent to the sphere, and the viewpoint is located on the circumference of the diameter passing through the point of tangency. 3.40 Spherical projection - one of the equiangular perspective azimuthal projections. The receiving plane cuts the sphere, the viewpoint is located at the point opposite the point of tangency, and the projection plane is perpendicular to the diameter passing through the viewpoint.
3.41 Gnamonic projection
gnamonic projection
- a perspective azimuthal projection of arbitrary nature. The viewpoint is at the center of the earth, the receiving plane is tangent to the earth's surface, and the projection plane is perpendicular to the diameter passing through the viewpoint.
Synonyms: heliocentric projection; annular projection
3.42 Derivative projection - a map projection produced by adding new projection conditions to an original known projection. Synonym: derivative projection.
3.43 Normal projection refers to a type of projection in which the axis of the image receiving surface coincides with the earth's axis. When the projection surface is a plane, the surface is perpendicular to the earth's axis of rotation; when the projection surface is a cylindrical or conical surface, its central axis coincides with the earth's axis of rotation. Transverse projection3.44
refers to a type of projection in which the axis of the image receiving surface is perpendicular to the earth's axis. When the projection surface is a plane, the surface is perpendicular to a certain diameter of the equator; when the projection surface is a cylindrical or circular surface, its central axis coincides with a certain diameter of the equator. 3.45 Oblique projection refers to a type of projection in which the axis of the image receiving surface is oblique to the earth's axis. When the projection surface is a plane, the normal of the surface is oblique to the earth's axis of rotation; when the projection surface is a cylindrical or conical surface, its central axis is oblique to the earth's axis of rotation. 3.46 Homeotheric projection When making a map of a larger area, the mapping area is divided into several blocks, each of which is formed by a separate projection.
3.47 Polyfocal projection In a map, there are multiple projection centers, and the scale changes gradually and continuously from the projection center to the surrounding areas. 3.48 Variable scale projection Varioscale projection Use mathematical or geometric methods to change the scale of the map surface to highlight the projection of some important local graphics.
3.49 Interrupted projection Use different central meridians to split in non-main parts and then connect at the equator. 3. 50 Sinusoidal projection A projection in which the parallels are parallel lines, the central meridian is a straight line, and the other meridians are sine curves. It is a special case of equal area projection. Projection with two standard parallels 3.51
Projection with two standard parallels. That is, the projection of the equiangular (equal-area) secant cone or cylinder, usually the secant cone projection.
3.52 Gauss-Kruiger projection Gauss-Kruiger projection is a projection of a equiangular cross-section elliptical cylinder. It was proposed by the German mathematician and astronomer Gauss (CF Gauss), and supplemented by the German geodesist Kruger (J. Kruger). Imagine that an elliptical cylinder is used to cross the central meridian of the projection zone on the ellipsoid surface, and the intersection points of the longitude and latitude lines within a certain range of longitude on both sides of the central meridian are projected onto the elliptical cylinder according to the equiangular condition, and the cylindrical surface is unfolded into a plane, so as to obtain this projection.
Synonyms: Gauss projection
3.53 Mercator projection Mercator projection is a projection of the equiangular cylindrical projection. Created by Dutch cartographer Mercator (G. Mercator) in 1569. An imaginary cylinder tangent to or secting the earth is projected onto the cylindrical surface according to the equiangular condition. After the cylindrical surface is unfolded into a plane, this projection is obtained.
3.54 Universal Transverse Mercator projection (UTM) Transverse angular secant elliptical cylindrical zoning projection. The imaginary cylindrical surface and the spherical surface are sected on two small circles symmetrical to the central meridian, and are projected separately according to the longitude difference of 6°. Except for the equator and the central meridian, which are straight lines, the other longitudes and latitudes are curves symmetrical to them, and they are orthogonal to each other. 5 Universal Polar Stereographic projection (UiPS) 3.55
That is, the azimuthal equiangular projection.
5 Bonne's projection
A pseudo-circular projection of equal area. Created by R. Bonnc of France in 1725. Its latitudes are concentric arcs and are equal in length to the actual field. The central meridian is the radius of the centroid and is equal in length to the actual field. Other meridians are curves symmetrical to the central meridian. 3.57 Grinten's projection Grinten's projection is a polyconic projection of arbitrary nature. Created by VanderGrinten of the United States in 1909. The central meridian and the equator of this projection are a pair of orthogonal straight lines, and the length of the equator is not deformed. The other longitudes and latitudes are arcs symmetrical to the equator and the central meridian. 3.58
Albers projection Albers projection is a kind of axial equal-area secant conic projection. Created by Albers in 1805. 9 Lambert projection Lambert projection 3.59
Usually refers to the "Lambert equal-area azimuthal projection", which was proposed by German mathematician Lambert in 1772. In addition, there are "Lambert Equal Area Cylindrical Projection" and "Lambert Equal Area Conic Projection". 3.60 Ordinary Polyconic Projection ordinarypolyconicprojection A polyconic projection of arbitrary nature. Created by Heisler in 1802. The equator and central meridian of this projection are straight lines, the latitudes are intermediate axis arcs orthogonal to the central meridian, all without length deformation, and the other meridians are curves symmetrical to the central meridian. 3.61 Retroazimuthal projection retroazimuthal projection A projection in which azimuthal lines can be projected into straight lines. Synonyms: Retroazimuthal projection
3.62 Multiple perspective azimuthal projection multiple perspective azimuthal projection A type of perspective azimuthal projection. This projection is based on the principle of perspective projection and uses several auxiliary spheres that are tangent to the projection center. The earth's surface is projected onto the auxiliary spheres one by one using the perspective projection method, and finally onto the plane. 3.63 Spatial projection spatial projection is a method of transforming geographic information obtained by satellite detectors into surface images according to certain mathematical rules. 3.64 spatial obligquc Mercator projection is a pseudo-cylindrical projection with the central axis of the cylinder perpendicular to the satellite orbit plane. It is suitable for mapping narrow areas extending along the direction of the satellite orbit.
4 map design and production4.1 Map preparation map design and production The process of map preparation includes three stages: editing preparation, original map preparation and publication preparation. 4.2 Cantour
0—1997
GB/T 16820
The projection of a curve formed by connecting adjacent points with equal ground elevation on a map on a plane. 4.3 Contour interval
The elevation difference between adjacent contour lines on a map. The contour interval that remains unchanged on a map is called fixed contour interval; the contour interval that changes according to the elevation is called variable contour interval.
4.4 Intermediate contour Starting from the elevation datum, the contour line is drawn at a fixed contour interval. Synonym: basic contour line
4.5 Index contour
Starting from the elevation datum, a contour line with thickened contour intervals every four (or three) intermediate contours. Synonyms: bold contour
half-interval contour4.6
contour drawn at 1/2 fixed contour interval. Synonyms: half-interval contour
4.7 auxiliary contour
extra contour
contour drawn at 1/4 fixed contour interval. Synonyms: auxiliary contour
4.8 slope line
a short line drawn on a contour line to indicate the direction of the slope. 4.9 relief; geomorphy
the general term for the undulating shapes on the earth's surface.
4.10 planimetric feature various fixed objects on the earth's surface: can be divided into natural features and artificial features. 4.11 topography
the general term for landforms and features.
Hypsometric tending mathod4.122
The method of dividing the landform into several elevation zones according to height, and setting different and gradient colors for each zone to represent the undulating shape of the ground. 3 Graduation of tints4.13
When using the tint method to represent the landform, a color table designed for each elevation zone according to certain color changes or visual perception rules. 4.14 Hill shading
The method of representing the undulating shape of the ground by the light and dark, cold and warm changes of the color tone. 4.15 Scenography
The method of representing the undulating shape of the ground by using perspective painting. S Arrowhead method
The method of using different widths and narrow bands of arrow symbols to show the moving direction, route and quantity and quality characteristics of map elements. Synonyms: moving line method
4.17 dot method
A method that uses points of equal size and shape to represent a certain numerical value to reflect the distribution range, quantity characteristics and density changes of a map element.
Synonym: point method
4.18 Isoline method
A method of representing the quantity characteristics of cartographic objects on a map by connecting points with equal values (contours). 4.19 Area method
A method of representing the distribution range and status of cartographic objects on a map by using contour lines, colors, textures, annotations and symbols. 476
Synonym: Area method
4.20 Quality base methodGB/T 16820--1997
A method of representing the quality characteristics of various cartographic objects that are continuous or spread over the entire mapping area by using colors, haloes or surface symbols. Synonym: Quality base method
Quantity base method method
A method of using colors, halos or surface symbols to represent the quantitative characteristics of various mapping objects that are continuous or spread throughout the entire mapping area. 4.22 Positioning diagram method Positioning diagram method A method of using the same type of statistical charts to represent the number of map elements in the entire range and their internal structure or periodic quantitative changes at certain locations within the distribution range of map elements. 4.23 Chorisagram method; cartodiagram method A method of using a certain division as a unit to use statistical charts to represent the number and structure of map elements in each division unit. 4.24 Chorosagram method; choloplethic method A method of using a certain division as a unit to classify the average quantitative index of a certain map element in each district, and using corresponding color levels or different density halos to represent the differences in the element in different division units. Synonyms: Equi-area method
4.25 Grid representation method grid method
A method of covering the mapping area with equal-sized grids, using grids as units to represent the quality or quantity characteristics of map elements, and distinguishing them with colors or patterns.
4.26 Block diagram
A local stereogram drawn using perspective.
Profiles
A diagram that cuts the ground with a section perpendicular to the ground surface to reflect the ground undulation curves or internal structure. 4.28 Oblique traces
A method of three-dimensional display that cuts the ground with continuous sections at an angle to the ground surface to form a set of ground undulation curves to reflect the ground undulation.
4.29 Perspective traces A method of reflecting the ground undulation by drawing a surface diagram based on perspective rules. ) Map scale
The ratio of the length of a line segment on the map to the horizontal distance of the corresponding line segment on the ground. 4.31 Slope scale
A graphical scale for measuring the slope of a map. Map annotation4.32
A general term for words and numbers on a map. Map annotations are composed of factors such as font, font size (font size), character spacing, position, arrangement direction and color.
Map symbolsmapsymbols
A general term for various graphics, signs and words on a map. Map symbols are composed of factors such as shape, size, color, positioning points and text. 4.34Map symbolsmap symbols
A unified regulation for the style, specifications, color, use and map annotations and gallery decoration of landforms and landforms on a map. 4.35Point symbolpoint symbol
A symbol whose concept can be considered as a point in space. The size of the symbol is independent of the map scale but has positioning characteristics. 4.36Line symbollinesymbol
A symbol whose concept can be considered as a line in space. The symbol extends in a certain direction and its length is related to the map scale. 4.37 Area symbol10 Planimetric feature Various fixed objects on the earth's surface: can be divided into natural features and artificial features. 4.11 Topography
General term for landforms and landforms.
Hypsometric tending mathod4.122bZxz.net
The method of dividing the landform into several elevation zones according to height, and setting different and gradient colors for each zone to express the undulating shape of the ground. 3 Graduation of tints4.13
When using the layered tinting method to express landforms, a color table designed for each elevation zone according to certain color changes or visual perception rules. 4.14 Hill shading
The method of expressing the undulating shape of the ground by changing the light and dark, cold and warm tones. 4.15 Scenography
The method of expressing the undulating shape of the ground by using perspective painting. S arrowhead method
A method that uses arrows of different widths to show the direction, route, quantity, and quality characteristics of map elements. Synonyms: moving line method
4.17 dot method
A method that uses points of equal size and shape representing a certain value to reflect the distribution range, quantity characteristics, and density changes of a map element.
Synonym: point method
4.18 Isoline method
A method of representing the quantity characteristics of cartographic objects on a map by connecting points with equal values (contours). 4.19 Area method
A method of representing the distribution range and status of cartographic objects on a map by using contour lines, colors, textures, annotations and symbols. 476
Synonym: Area method
4.20 Quality base methodGB/T 16820--1997
A method of representing the quality characteristics of various cartographic objects that are continuous or spread over the entire mapping area by using colors, haloes or surface symbols. Synonym: Quality base method
Quantity base method method
A method of using colors, halos or surface symbols to represent the quantitative characteristics of various mapping objects that are continuous or spread throughout the entire mapping area. 4.22 Positioning diagram method Positioning diagram method A method of using the same type of statistical charts to represent the number of map elements in the entire range and their internal structure or periodic quantitative changes at certain locations within the distribution range of map elements. 4.23 Chorisagram method; cartodiagram method A method of using a certain division as a unit to use statistical charts to represent the number and structure of map elements in each division unit. 4.24 Chorosagram method; choloplethic method A method of using a certain division as a unit to classify the average quantitative index of a certain map element in each district, and using corresponding color levels or different density halos to represent the differences in the element in different division units. Synonyms: Equi-area method
4.25 Grid representation method grid method
A method of covering the mapping area with equal-sized grids, using grids as units to represent the quality or quantity characteristics of map elements, and distinguishing them with colors or patterns.
4.26 Block diagram
A local stereogram drawn using perspective.
Profiles
A diagram that cuts the ground with a section perpendicular to the ground surface to reflect the ground undulation curves or internal structure. 4.28 Oblique traces
A method of three-dimensional display that cuts the ground with continuous sections at an angle to the ground surface to form a set of ground undulation curves to reflect the ground undulation.
4.29 Perspective traces A method of reflecting the ground undulation by drawing a surface diagram based on perspective rules. ) Map scale
The ratio of the length of a line segment on the map to the horizontal distance of the corresponding line segment on the ground. 4.31 Slope scale
A graphical scale for measuring the slope of a map. Map annotation4.32
A general term for words and numbers on a map. Map annotations are composed of factors such as font, font size (font size), character spacing, position, arrangement direction and color.
Map symbolsmapsymbols
A general term for various graphics, signs and words on a map. Map symbols are composed of factors such as shape, size, color, positioning points and text. 4.34Map symbolsmap symbols
Uniform regulations for the style, specifications, color, use of symbols of landforms and landforms on a map, as well as map annotations and gallery decoration. 4.35Point symbolpoint symbol
Refers to a symbol whose concept can be considered as a point in space. The size of the symbol is independent of the map scale but has positioning characteristics. 4.36Line symbollinesymbol
Refers to a symbol whose concept can be considered as a line in space. The symbol extends in a certain direction and its length is related to the map scale. 4.37 Area symbol10 Planimetric feature Various fixed objects on the earth's surface: can be divided into natural features and artificial features. 4.11 Topography
General term for landforms and landforms.
Hypsometric tending mathod4.122
The method of dividing the landform into several elevation zones according to height, and setting different and gradient colors for each zone to express the undulating shape of the ground. 3 Graduation of tints4.13
When using the layered tinting method to express landforms, a color table designed for each elevation zone according to certain color changes or visual perception rules. 4.14 Hill shading
The method of expressing the undulating shape of the ground by changing the light and dark, cold and warm tones. 4.15 Scenography
The method of expressing the undulating shape of the ground by using perspective painting. S arrowhead method
A method that uses arrows of different widths to show the direction, route, quantity, and quality characteristics of map elements. Synonyms: moving line method
4.17 dot method
A method that uses points of equal size and shape representing a certain value to reflect the distribution range, quantity characteristics, and density changes of a map element.
Synonym: point method
4.18 Isoline method
A method of representing the quantity characteristics of cartographic objects on a map by connecting points with equal values (contours). 4.19 Area method
A method of representing the distribution range and status of cartographic objects on a map by using contour lines, colors, textures, annotations and symbols. 476
Synonym: Area method
4.20 Quality base methodGB/T 16820--1997
A method of representing the quality characteristics of various cartographic objects that are continuous or spread over the entire mapping area by using colors, haloes or surface symbols. Synonym: Quality base method
Quantity base method method
A method of using colors, halos or surface symbols to represent the quantitative characteristics of various mapping objects that are continuous or spread throughout the entire mapping area. 4.22 Positioning diagram method Positioning diagram method A method of using the same type of statistical charts to represent the number of map elements in the entire range and their internal structure or periodic quantitative changes at certain locations within the distribution range of map elements. 4.23 Chorisagram method; cartodiagram method A method of using a certain division as a unit to use statistical charts to represent the number and structure of map elements in each division unit. 4.24 Chorosagram method; choloplethic method A method of using a certain division as a unit to classify the average quantitative index of a certain map element in each district, and using corresponding color levels or different density halos to represent the differences in the element in different division units. Synonyms: Equi-area method
4.25 Grid representation method grid method
A method of covering the mapping area with equal-sized grids, using grids as units to represent the quality or quantity characteristics of map elements, and distinguishing them with colors or patterns.
4.26 Block diagram
A local stereogram drawn using perspective.
Profiles
A diagram that cuts the ground with a section perpendicular to the ground surface to reflect the ground undulation curves or internal structure. 4.28 Oblique traces
A method of three-dimensional display that cuts the ground with continuous sections at an angle to the ground surface to form a set of ground undulation curves to reflect the ground undulation.
4.29 Perspective traces A method of reflecting the ground undulation by drawing a surface diagram based on perspective rules. ) Map scale
The ratio of the length of a line segment on the map to the horizontal distance of the corresponding line segment on the ground. 4.31 Slope scale
A graphical scale for measuring the slope of a map. Map annotation4.32
A general term for words and numbers on a map. Map annotations are composed of factors such as font, font size (font size), character spacing, position, arrangement direction and color.
Map symbolsmapsymbols
A general term for various graphics, signs and words on a map. Map symbols are composed of factors such as shape, size, color, positioning points and text. 4.34Map symbolsmap symbols
Uniform regulations for the style, specifications, color, use of symbols of landforms and landforms on a map, as well as map annotations and gallery decoration. 4.35Point symbolpoint symbol
Refers to a symbol whose concept can be considered as a point in space. The size of the symbol is independent of the map scale but has positioning characteristics. 4.36Line symbollinesymbol
Refers to a symbol whose concept can be considered as a line in space. The symbol extends in a certain direction and its length is related to the map scale. 4.37 Area symbol24 Cartogram method; choloplethic method A method that uses a certain area as a unit, classifies the map elements according to the average index of the quantity of each area, and uses the corresponding color level or different density halo lines to represent the difference of the elements in different areas. Synonym: Equi-area method
4.25 Grid method
A method that covers the same size grid in the mapping area, uses the grid as a unit to represent the quality or quantity characteristics of map elements, and distinguishes them by color or pattern.
4.26 Block diagram
A local stereogram drawn by perspective.
Profiles
A figure that cuts the ground with a cross section perpendicular to the ground surface to reflect the ground undulation curve or internal structure. 4.28 Oblique traces
A method that cuts the ground with continuous cross sections at an inclined angle to the ground surface to form a set of ground undulation curves to reflect the ground undulation.
4.29 Perspective traccs A method of reflecting the undulations of the ground by drawing a surface map according to the rules of perspective. ) Map scale map scale
The ratio of the length of a line segment on the map to the horizontal distance of the corresponding line segment on the ground. 4.31 Slope scale slope scale
A graphical scale for measuring the slope of a map. Map annotation 4.32
A general term for words and numbers on a map. Map annotations are composed of factors such as font, font size (font size), character spacing, position, arrangement direction and color.
Map symbols mapsymbols
A general term for various graphics, signs and words on a map. Map symbols are composed of factors such as shape, size, color, positioning points and words. 4.34 Map symbols
Uniform regulations for the style, specifications, color, use of symbols of landforms and features on maps, as well as map annotations and gallery decoration. 4.35 Point symbol
A symbol whose concept can be considered as a point in space. The size of the symbol is independent of the map scale but has positioning characteristics. 4.36 Line symbol
A symbol whose concept can be considered as a line in space. The symbol extends in a certain direction and its length is related to the map scale. 4.37 Area symbol24 Cartogram method; choloplethic method A method that uses a certain area as a unit, classifies the map elements according to the average index of the quantity of each area, and uses the corresponding color level or different density halo lines to represent the difference of the elements in different areas. Synonym: Equi-area method
4.25 Grid method
A method that covers the same size grid in the mapping area, uses the grid as a unit to represent the quality or quantity characteristics of map elements, and distinguishes them by color or pattern.
4.26 Block diagram
A local stereogram drawn by perspective.
Profiles
A figure that cuts the ground with a cross section perpendicular to the ground surface to reflect the ground undulation curve or internal structure. 4.28 Oblique traces
A method that cuts the ground with continuous cross sections at an inclined angle to the ground surface to form a set of ground undulation curves to reflect the ground undulation.
4.29 Perspective traccs A method of reflecting the undulations of the ground by drawing a surface map according to the rules of perspective. ) Map scale map scale
The ratio of the length of a line segment on the map to the horizontal distance of the corresponding line segment on the ground. 4.31 Slope scale slope scale
A graphical scale for measuring the slope of a map. Map annotation 4.32
A general term for words and numbers on a map. Map annotations are composed of factors such as font, font size (font size), character spacing, position, arrangement direction and color.
Map symbols mapsymbols
A general term for various graphics, signs and words on a map. Map symbols are composed of factors such as shape, size, color, positioning points and words. 4.34 Map symbols
Uniform regulations for the style, specifications, color, use of symbols of landforms and features on maps, as well as map annotations and gallery decoration. 4.35 Point symbol
A symbol whose concept can be considered as a point in space. The size of the symbol is independent of the map scale but has positioning characteristics. 4.36 Line symbol
A symbol whose concept can be considered as a line in space. The symbol extends in a certain direction and its length is related to the map scale. 4.37 Area symbol
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