YS/T 462-2003 Copper and copper alloy tube, rod and wire product defects
Some standard content:
YS/T462—2003
This standard is formulated to standardize and unify the names of defects of copper and steel alloy tube and rod products in my country, to facilitate technical exchanges at home and abroad, and to deal with quality disputes arising from processes and trade. This standard is proposed by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Nonferrous Metals. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Nonferrous Metals. This standard is drafted by Luoyang Copper Processing Group Co., Ltd. This standard is drafted by the China Nonferrous Metals Industry Standardization and Quality Research Institute. The main drafters of this standard are: Lu Junpan, Mei Hengxing, Yang Limei, Zhang Zhiqiang, Zhang Jiaohua, Wang Tingfang, Yu Dajiang. This standard is interpreted by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Nonferrous Metals. H
1 Scope
Defects of copper and copper alloy tube and rod wire products YS/T 462—2003
This standard specifies the definition and characteristics of defects in copper and copper alloy tube and rod wire, analyzes the main causes of defects, and gives typical pictures.
This standard applies to the analysis and determination of defects in steel and copper alloy tube ladder wires. 2 Definition, characteristics, causes and typical pictures of defects 2.1 Overheating and overburning
2.1.1 Definition and characteristics
In the process of heating or processing metals, the phenomenon of high temperature and long time leading to coarse organization and grains is called overheating; when it is severely overheated, the local low melting point components between products melt or the grain boundary weakens. The surface of overheated rods and bars will have pitting, orange peel, coarse grains and reduced performance: the surface of overburned tubes and bars will be rough, and grain boundary cracks will appear after extrusion, and the head will bloom, open cracks or cracks will break. Coarse grains and traces of melting can be seen in the cracked parts, and grain boundary coarsening, melting cavities or eutectic balls, and melted liquid phase networks will appear in the microstructure. 2.1.2 Causes
① The heating temperature is high, the time is long, or the local area is at a high temperature source for a long time. ② The temperature at the end of hot extrusion is too high or if it stays in the high temperature zone for a long time. ③ There are many low-melting point components or low-olefin ignition impurities in the alloy. 2.2 Cracks or joint cracks
2.2.1 Definition and characteristics
Continuous and intermittent irregular seams appear on the surface of tube, rod and wire. Slight ones are called cracks, and severe ones are called cracks. The cracked parts are often oxidized with inclusions, with different shapes and types. Common ones include head cracking, periodic transverse cracking, longitudinal cracking, 45° cracking, fracture, improper heat treatment, hydrogen disease, etc. leading to brittle cracking. 2.2.2 Causes
① There are cracks, inclusions, shrinkage cavities, shrinkage, cold shut and other harmful phenomena in the ingot, or the product structure and chemical composition are seriously uneven. There are large stresses in the ingot or improper processing technology produces large stresses. ③ The heating temperature is too high and the time is too long, resulting in overburning or the heating temperature is too low, the time is too short, the temperature is uneven, and the material plasticity is poor. ④ The extrusion speed is too fast and the processing rate is too large: the heat treatment process is improper, and the processing or heat treatment is in the material's temperature zone. 2.2.3 Typical pictures (Figure 1-Figure 13)
YS/T 462-2003
Figure 1 QSn7-0.2
Head cracking caused by overburning
Figure 3 QAI10-3-1.5
Periodic mold cracking
Figure 5 QAI10-3-1.5
Cracking in 45° direction
1/2 ×
Figure 2 QSi1-3
Hot extrusion head cracking
BAI10-2
Periodic transverse cracking
Figure 6 QSn7-口.2
Cracking in 45° direction
Figure 7 IISn70-1
Periodic transverse cracking
Figure 9 Cu-Ni Alloy
Poor plasticity causes periodic cracks
Figure 11H62
1/2 ×
Longitudinal and 45° staggered cracking
Figure 13 Q4110-4-4
YS/T462—2003
Add cold electricity
Figure 8 QSn7-0.2
Periodic transverse cracking
Figure 10H62
45° direction cracking
Figure 12 [ISn7D-1
Longitudinal cracking
Longitudinal cracking caused by improper heating process
1/2 ×
YS/1 462—2003
2.3 Stress Corrosion Cracking
2.3.1 Definition and Characteristics
The brittle cracking phenomenon of products (yellow or white copper) under the combined action of tensile stress and specific corrosion environment is called stress corrosion cracking. The crack is perpendicular to the stress direction, the fracture is brittle, and it is mostly sudden. 2. 3. 2 Causes
The material has tensile stress and is sensitive to stress corrosion, and there are media that can cause corrosion, such as nitrates, nitrogen vapor and solution, saline solution, sulfur dioxide atmosphere, acid vapor, hydrothermal gas, etc. 2.3.3 Typical pictures (Figure 14-Figure 17)
Stress wear cracking
Figure 16H65
Stress corrosion cracking
1/2 ×
Stress corrosion cracking
2.4 Shrinkage
2.4.1 Definition and characteristics
Figure 17HSn70-1A
Stress corrosion cracking
YS/T462-2003
Shrinkage is a special defect at the tail of the extruded product. At the end of the extrusion, due to the flow of metal, the oxide scale on the surface of the ingot, the lubricant and other contaminants often flow into it, resulting in the delamination of the metal. The shrinkage is generally ring-shaped, arc-shaped or knife-tooth-shaped on the cross-section of the product. Some porous extruded tails are strip-shaped, extending from the center to the edge. The center shrinkage tail is a small and serious one located on the cross section of the center of the product. The one located on the outer layer of the pin in a ring or arc shape is called an annular shrinkage tail. The one located on the plain surface of the product is called a subcutaneous shrinkage tail. There are shrinkage tails of various shapes in porous extrusion. 2.4.2 Producing the original solid
① The metal flow at the extrusion tail is turbulent
② There are defects on the surface of the ingot and the surface of the casting. There are contaminants such as lubricants on the extrusion tube. 2.4.3
Typical pictures (Figure 18 Figure 23)
Figure 18T2
Subcutaneous shrinkage
Figure 19 HAI59—3—6
Annular shrinkage tail
YS/T462—2003
Figure 20TC1
Central shrinkage tail
Figure 22 HPh59 — 1
Special shrinkage tail of porous extrusion
2.5 Fracture defects
Figure 21TU1
Central shrinkage tail
Figure 23IIPh58—2.5
Special shrinkage tail of porous extrusion
2.5.1 Definition and characteristics
Extruded products break, and the fracture surface shows holes, fire impurities, delamination, tearing, shrinkage tail, layered fracture and yellow structure, or other defects caused by uneven weaving are collectively referred to as taper defects. 2.5.2 Causes
① There are defects such as pores, shrinkage holes, shrinkage, inclusions, delamination, uneven structure in the ingot. Improper heating or extrusion process
2.5.3 Typical pictures (Figure 24—Figure 37)
Figure 24 QBe2. 0
Fractural pinholes
Figure 25Q4110 - 3 - 1, 5
Fractural inclusions
Figure 26Q4t10 - 3 - 1. 5
Fractural delamination
Figure 28 IPh59 — 1
Fractural shrinkage
Figure 30HFh59—1
Fractural shrinkage of porous extrusion
Figure 27HPb59-1
Fractural tearing
Figure 29T2
YS/T462-2003
1/2 ×
Tensile fracture of porous extrusion
Figure 31 QIi6. 0
Special shrinkage fracture
YS/T 462--2003
QAI10-3-1.5
Lattice fracture
QAI10 - 3 - 1. 5
Layered fracture
1/2 ×
Figure 36 HPb59 - 1
Yellow structure
Figure 33 QA110 - 3 - 1. 5
Same part of Figure 32
Figure 35 HPh59-1
Yellow structure
2.6 Blistering
2.6.1 Definition and characteristics
HPh59 - 1
Yellow structure
YS/T 462—2003
The surface of the product after extrusion or stretch annealing is smooth and elongated in the processing direction. After cutting, it is a cavity. This kind of bulging is called blister. The blister is mostly long and strip-shaped, with a smooth surface and a metallic luster inside. Some of them are accompanied by oxides or other inclusions. 2.6.2 Causes
① The ingot has defects such as pores, shrinkage cavities, and shrinkage. ② The extrusion cylinder and the piercing needle are lubricated, the extrusion cylinder is not cleaned thoroughly, and the piercing needle has cracks. ③ The chlorine gas in the bad material annealing furnace is improperly controlled and the furnace temperature is too high. ④ The ingot and the extrusion cylinder and the pressure pad are not well matched. 2.7 Delamination
2.7.1 Definition and characteristics
The gap between the ordinary rod-shaped wire and the processing direction is called delamination. The contact between the layers is smooth, some have oxidation color or inclusions; fracture inspection shows fracture stratification. 2,7.2 Causes
① There are defects such as pores, shrinkage cavities, and impurities in the ingot, which form stratification along the processing direction after extrusion, stretching, and cold rolling. ? Extrusion cylinder or piercing needle is overlubricated, and the piercing needle has cracks. ① The shrinkage tail of the extruded product is not cut cleanly, and stratification is formed after further stretching and rolling. 2.7.3 Typical pictures (Figure 38)
Figure 38QA110-3-1.5
YS/T 462—2003
2.8 Inhomogeneous composition
2.8.1 Determination and characteristics
The phenomenon that the chemical composition of different parts of tube, rod and wire is greatly different is called inhomogeneous composition. Inhomogeneous composition can cause differences in color or deformation characteristics. Macroscopic inspection often shows component segregation areas or segregation points, and microstructure and performance are different.
2.8.2 Causes
① Ingot composition segregation, reverse segregation, incomplete milling of alloy surface. ② Dezincification caused by annealing.
2.8.3 Typical pictures (Figure 39 Figure 40)
Figure 39 QAJ9-21/4×
Central low aluminum area with uneven compositionwww.bzxz.net
2.9 Mechanical damage
Figure 40 QA19-2
Figure 39 High-power structure at the junction
External force acts on the surface of tube, rod and wire and the inner wall of the tube, causing the inner and outer surfaces to be strip-shaped, bundle-shaped, pit-shaped, sharp groove-shaped and other scars, collectively referred to as mechanical damage. Common ones include: abrasions, scratches, bumps, crushing, etc. 2.9.1 Abrasions
2.9. 1. 1 Definition and characteristics
The scars on the inner and outer surfaces of tubes and rods caused by relative sliding or displacement after contact between objects are called abrasions. 2.9. 1. 2 Causes
①Improper cleaning of the tool and die, poor lubrication, wear and deformation or cracks, uneven guide plates of the discharge table, etc. ②Foreign matter adheres to the metal surface or the metal adheres to the extrusion die, piercing needle or working belt of the drawing die. 2.9.2 Scratches
2.9. 2. 1 Definition and characteristics
The scars in the form of strips or sharp grooves caused by relative movement between sharp objects and the surface of tubes and rods are called scratches. 2.9.2.2 Causes
① The processing tools have sharp edges, the surface of the cold processing tools is dechromed, there are hard particles in the lubricant, and the lubrication is poor. ② The core corners on the surface of the tube and rod scratch each other ③ There are hard foreign objects adhering to the metal surface or the tooling. 2.9, 3 Bumps and crushes
2.9.3.1 Definition and characteristics
Bumps are caused by objects hitting the surface of tubes, rods, and wires, and crushes are caused by hard objects pressing on the surface of tubes, rods, and wires. 10
2.9.3.2 Causes
Collision and pressure during loading, bundling and transportation, collision and pressure of foreign hardwoods, 2.10 Eccentricity and cracking
2.10.1 Definition and characteristics
YS/T 462—2003
After the material is extruded, the uneven thickness on the cross section is called eccentricity. If the eccentric tube is extruded or the tube is seriously eccentric, it will be squeezed through from the side or the tube is seriously eccentric and further stretched to cause the tube to be 2.10.2 Causes of eccentricity
① The heating overflow of the ingot is uneven, or the end of the ingot is uneven. The extrusion is not filled before extrusion or the front of the piercing needle is bald or bent. ③ The center line of the equipment is inconsistent, the root and end face of the extrusion shaft are inclined or installed incorrectly. ?Extrusion barrel, die seat, gasket, wear and tear, poor fit, inappropriate size, 2.10.3 Causes of belly cracking
① The ingot temperature is too high and uneven.
② The extrusion speed is too fast and the extrusion coefficient is too small. The extrusion die hole is unreasonable or deformed, and the piercing needle is bent. 2. 10.4 Typical pictures (Figure 41 Figure 42)
Figure 41 BFe10-1-1
2. 11 Profile twisting
2. 11. 1 Definition and characteristics
The twisting phenomenon of profile after pressure correction is called profile twisting, commonly known as twisting 2. 11.2 Causes
BA113-3
The uneven heating temperature of the ingot, the unreasonable design and installation of the pressure-removing tool, and the uneven lubrication lead to uneven metal flow. 2.12 Tearing
2.12.1 Definition and characteristics
After the tube or bar is squeezed or machined, the surface of the tube or bar appears sheet-like or strip-like scars along the processing direction. The tearing part has defects such as metal color and individual clamps. 2. 12.2 Causes
① The surface of the ingot is uneven, with defects such as inclusions and cracks. ② The extrusion die is not designed and installed properly, the lubrication is poor, the metal flow is uneven, the peeling die is not sharp, and the design and installation are unreasonable. The peeling process is unreasonable.1 Definitions and characteristics
Bumps are caused by objects hitting the surface of tubes, rods and wires, and crushes are caused by hard objects pressing on the surface of tubes, rods and wires. 10
2. 9. 3. 2 Causes
Collisions and pressures during loading, bundling and transportation, collisions and pressures of pipes and materials, and collisions and pressures of foreign hardwoods. 2. 10 Eccentricity and belly breaking
2. 10. 1 Definitions and characteristics
YS/T 462—2003
After the material is extruded, the uneven thickness on the cross section is called eccentricity. If the eccentric tube or the eccentricity of the tube is serious, it will be squeezed through from the side or the tube is seriously eccentric and further stretched to cause 2.10.2 Causes of eccentricity
① The heating overflow of the ingot is uneven, or the end of the casting is uneven. The ingot is extruded before filling or the front of the piercing needle is bald or bent. ③ The center line of the equipment is inconsistent, the root and end face of the extrusion shaft are inclined or installed incorrectly. ? The extrusion cylinder, die seat, gasket, wear and tear are not well matched, the size is not suitable, 2.10.3 Causes of belly breakage
① The ingot temperature is too high and uneven.
② The extrusion speed is too fast and the extrusion coefficient is too small. The extrusion die hole design is unreasonable or deformed, and the piercing needle is bent. 2. 10.4 Typical pictures (Figure 41 Figure 42)
Figure 41 BFe10-1-1
2. 11 Profile twist
2. 11. 1 Definition and characteristics
The twisting phenomenon after profile straightening is called profile twist, commonly known as twist 2. 11.2 Causes
BA113-3
Uneven heating temperature of ingot, unreasonable design and installation of pressing tools, uneven lubrication and other reasons lead to uneven metal flow. 2.12 Tearing
2.12.1 Definition and characteristics
After the tube and bar are squeezed or machined, the phenomenon of sheet-like and strip-like scars on the surface along the processing direction is called tearing. The tearing part has defects such as metal color and individual clamps. 2. 12.2 Causes
① The surface of the ingot is uneven, with defects such as inclusions and cracks. ② The extrusion die is not designed and installed properly, the lubrication is poor, the metal flow is uneven, the peeling die is not sharp, and the design and installation are unreasonable. The peeling process is unreasonable.1 Definitions and characteristics
Bumps are caused by objects hitting the surface of tubes, rods and wires, and crushes are caused by hard objects pressing on the surface of tubes, rods and wires. 10
2. 9. 3. 2 Causes
Collisions and pressures during loading, bundling and transportation, collisions and pressures of pipes and materials, and collisions and pressures of foreign hardwoods. 2. 10 Eccentricity and belly breaking
2. 10. 1 Definitions and characteristics
YS/T 462—2003
After the material is extruded, the uneven thickness on the cross section is called eccentricity. If the eccentric tube or the eccentricity of the tube is serious, it will be squeezed through from the side or the tube is seriously eccentric and further stretched to cause 2.10.2 Causes of eccentricity
① The heating overflow of the ingot is uneven, or the end of the casting is uneven. The ingot is extruded before filling or the front of the piercing needle is bald or bent. ③ The center line of the equipment is inconsistent, the root and end face of the extrusion shaft are inclined or installed incorrectly. ? The extrusion cylinder, die seat, gasket, wear and tear are not well matched, the size is not suitable, 2.10.3 Causes of belly breakage
① The ingot temperature is too high and uneven.
② The extrusion speed is too fast and the extrusion coefficient is too small. The extrusion die hole design is unreasonable or deformed, and the piercing needle is bent. 2. 10.4 Typical pictures (Figure 41 Figure 42)
Figure 41 BFe10-1-1
2. 11 Profile twist
2. 11. 1 Definition and characteristics
The twisting phenomenon after profile straightening is called profile twist, commonly known as twist 2. 11.2 Causes
BA113-3
Uneven heating temperature of ingot, unreasonable design and installation of pressing tools, uneven lubrication and other reasons lead to uneven metal flow. 2.12 Tearing
2.12.1 Definition and characteristics
After the tube and bar are squeezed or machined, the phenomenon of sheet-like and strip-like scars on the surface along the processing direction is called tearing. The tearing part has defects such as metal color and individual clamps. 2. 12.2 Causes
① The surface of the ingot is uneven, with defects such as inclusions and cracks. ② The extrusion die is not designed and installed properly, the lubrication is poor, the metal flow is uneven, the peeling die is not sharp, and the design and installation are unreasonable. The peeling process is unreasonable.
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