YS/T 463-2003 Copper and copper alloy sheets, strips and foils Product defects
Some standard content:
YS/T463—2003
This standard is formulated to standardize and unify the names of defects of copper and copper alloy strip and foil products in my country, so as to facilitate domestic and foreign technical exchanges and deal with quality disputes arising from process problems and economic and trade processes. This standard is proposed by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Nonferrous Metals. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Nonferrous Metals. This standard is drafted by Luoyang Copper Processing Group Co., Ltd. This standard is drafted by China Nonferrous Metals Industry Standardization and Quality Research Institute, Shanghai Nonferrous Gold Group Co., Ltd., and Shanghai Jintai Copper Co., Ltd.
The main drafters of this standard are: Lu Junpanmei Hengxing, Yang Lijuan, Liu Guosheng, Zhang Zhiqiang, Zhang Jinghua, Wang Tingfang, Chen Jiangqiao, Junsheng, and this standard is interpreted by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Nonferrous Metals. 1 Scope
Defects in copper and copper alloy plates, strips and foils
YS/T 463—2003
This standard specifies the definition and characteristics of common defects in copper and alloy plates, strips and foils, analyzes the main causes of defects, and gives some typical pictures.
This standard applies to the analysis and determination of defects in copper and copper alloy plates, strips and foils. 2 Definition, characteristics, causes and typical pictures of defects 2.1 Overheating and overburning
2.1.1 Definition and characteristics
In the process of heating or heating, the phenomenon of high temperature, long time, and coarse organization and grain size of metal is called overheating. In severe overheating, the phenomenon of local melting of low melting point components between grains or weakening of grain boundaries is called overburning. The surface of the overheated plate and strip has pitting, orange peel, coarse grains and decreased plasticity. The surface of the overburned plate is rough, and grain boundary cracks, side cracks, opening cracks or cracks into pieces appear during rolling. Coarse branches and traces of melting can be seen at the cracked part. In the microstructure, grain boundary thickening, melting cavities or eutectic balls, and melted phase networks are found.
2.1.2 Causes
① The heating temperature is high, the time is long, or the part is in the high temperature source for a long time. ② The temperature at the end of the hot addition is too high and the stay time in the high temperature zone is too long. ③ There are many low melting point components or low melting point inclusions in the alloy. 2. 1.3 Typical pictures (Figure 1-Figure 5)
Figure 1H62
Coarse grains caused by overheating
Figure 2Hrb591
Annealing after rolling
YS/T463-2003
Figure 3H62
Overburning and rolling into pieces
2.2 Cracks or splitting
2.2.1 Definition and characteristics
Figure 5QBe2.0
Overburning structure
2/3×x
Hot rolling cracking caused by overburning
Irregular cracks appear in plates, strips and foils after rolling or annealing. Mild cracks are called splitting and severe cracks are called splitting. The cracked parts are often oxidized and have impurities, with various shapes. Common ones include surface cracking, side cracking, opening cracking, periodic cracking, fracture (fracture band), hydrogen cracking, etc.
2. 2.2 Causes
(E) The ingot has defects such as impurities, impurities, brittleness, cold cracking, etc., and contains impurities or crystalline structure, and the chemical composition is seriously uneven: the material is relatively mature.
The heating temperature is too high and the time is too long, resulting in overheating or the heating temperature is too low and the time is too short, resulting in uneven heating of the plastic. ① The maximum temperature is too large and the strain rate is not appropriate. Dynamic heat treatment E process does not need to be added E or heat treatment of the material under the knee temperature diagram, 2.2.3 Typical pictures (Figure 6 Figure 14)
Figure 6 (Sn7 - 0. 2
Figure 8QSn7 - 0, 2
Opening crack
Figure 10 HPh59 - 1
Periodic transverse crack
Figure 7 QSn7-0. 2
Opening side material
OSn6. 5 - 0, 1
Opening crack
Figure 11H62
YS/T 463—2003
1/10×
Intergranular and transgranular cracking
TS/T 463--2003
Figure 12 H65
7/10×
Partial broken wing
2.3 Plate shape defects
Tao14TU1
Excessive oxygen content Hydrogen cracking
Figure 13QSn6,5-0. 1
Condensate surface transverse cracks
The uneven heating of the lower metal, improper roll shape, and improper rolling process lead to uneven rolling of the plate shape. Common ones include: plate bedding marks, bending, plasticity, change plate and second screen plate, as well as other unique plate shape defects. 2.3.1 Plate shape wave decay
2. 3. 1. 1 Definition and characteristics
The uneven deformation of metal leads to various uneven appearance of the product after rolling, which is called plate shape wave. Common ones include: edge wave rolling of plate and strip, middle wave and second rib wave and other uneven wave. 2. 3. 1. 2 Causes
① The wheel overflow is uneven, the temperature at the wave is high ② The profile control is unreasonable, and the roll gap adjustment is unreasonable. ③ The positive and negative distribution is unreasonable.
The thickness of each ingot or the source plate is uneven.
③ The friction between the rolls is small or the mesh slip is uneven. The tension is not uniform or uneven.
2. 3. 1. 3 Defect Schematic Diagram (Figure 15)
2.3.2 Slow Bending
2.3.2.1 Definition and Characteristics
Zhongshang Liquid
The product bends laterally after processing, forming a lateral bend. 2.3.2.2 Causes
①The thickness and temperature of the two sides of the rolled piece are different. ②The adjustment of the pressing screws on both sides of the roller is unbalanced. ③The profile is incorrect or the biting direction is incorrect. ④There is a large stress in the plate, strip and box material.
2.3.2.3 Defect Schematic Diagram (Figure 16)
2.3.3 Warping
2.3.3. 1 Definition and Characteristics
Yan Xietang
YS/T 4632003
The phenomenon of the rolled piece bending upward or downward after leaving the roll is called warping. In severe cases, the rolled piece wraps around the roll and entanglement occurs. 2.3.3.2 Causes
①) The temperature of the upper and lower surfaces of the rolled piece is uneven, resulting in different deformation resistance and inconsistent elongation. ② The diameters of the upper and lower rolls are different, and the center of the working roll is not perpendicular to the rolled piece. Unreasonable pressure distribution and uneven process lubrication 2.3.3.3 Schematic diagram of quick sinking (Figure 17)
Figure 17 Warpage
YS/T 463--2003
2.3.4 Thickness Magic Ben Even
2.3.4.1 Definition and characteristics
Rolling property After rolling, the longitudinal section thickness is uneven, and one side is thin and the other side is thick, which is commonly known as a stem-shaped plate; the longitudinal section thickness is uneven, and the middle is thin, the two dry thick middle thick, and the two ribs are torn, which is called a rib plate. 2.3.4.2 Causes
Improper rollers, the roller seam is adjusted.
②Original plate shape defects.
2.3.4.3 Schematic diagram of defects (Figure 15)
Shaped plate
Figure 18 Machine plate and two-ribbed plate
2.4 Inclusions
2.4.1 Definition and characteristics
Metallic inclusions and non-metallic materials with obvious interface with the matrix and greatly different performance on the surface and inside of the plate, strip and foil are called inclusions. They are distributed along the processing direction in the form of particles and strips, with certain shapes and colors and obvious interfaces. Common ones are: metal inclusions and non-metallic inclusions.
2.4.2 Causes of production
D Unmelted metal particles in the casting chain form large crystals or metal screens, ② Metal inclusions caused by metal oxides and other metal compounds. ② Non-metallic inclusions caused by non-metallic compounds such as acid salts and covering agents. 2.4.3 Typical pictures (Figure 19)
Figure 19BNb30-1-0.5
Nh inclusions in hot-rolled plates
2.5 Indentations
2. 5. 1 Definition and characteristics
The surface of metal or non-metal indentations on plates and strips is called indentation. The indentation has a clear interface with the matrix, with a clear surface and continuous metallic luster, in the form of dots, blocks, and pits after separation; non-metal indentations have different shapes and colors, and are mostly sparse, without metallic luster, in the form of dots, sheets, and long strips distributed in the processing direction, and are not easy to peel off.
2.5.2 Causes
① The oxide scale and lubricant formed by the excessively high heating temperature adhere to the surface of the tooling and products. ② Fragments and adhesions of the tooling.
③ Cracked metal eyebrows, burrs and flash, furnace chips and oil stains in the heat treatment furnace; impurities in the emulsion, etc. ③ Foreign matter on the rolling track and guide plate.
2.5.3 Typical pictures (Figure 20-Figure 22)
Figure 20 H62
Indentation
2.6 Uneven composition
2. 6.1 Definition and characteristics
Figure 22 T2
Flash press
The phenomenon of large differences in chemical composition in different parts of plate, strip and foil is called composition inhomogeneity. Figure 21H62
Press
YS/T463—2003
Composition inhomogeneity can cause differences in color or deformation characteristics. Macroscopic inspection can show composition segregation points or segregation areas. There are differences in microstructure and performance, and even cracking zones.
2.6.2 Causes
Ingot composition segregation, incomplete milling of reverse segregation alloy. ② Dezincification caused by annealing.
2.6.3 Typical flakes (Figure 23)
YS/T 4632003
2.7 Blisters
2. 7. 1 Definition and characteristics
Figure 23QSn4-4-2.5
Focus points of Pb on hot-rolled plate
After rolling and annealing, strip or bubble-like bulges distributed in the processing direction appear on the surface of the plate, strip and box material: after cutting, it is a cavity. This bulge is called a bulge.
The bubbles are mostly tea-shaped, with a smooth surface, elongated along the processing direction, and have a bright metallic color after cutting. Some are accompanied by oxides or other impurities. The bubbles are mostly distributed symmetrically, often appearing in thinner strips. 2.7.2 Causes
) There are defects such as pores, shrinkage cavities, and shrinkage in the ingot. When the color-damaged material is annealed, the furnace atmosphere is improperly controlled and the furnace temperature is too high. 2.7.3 Typical pictures (Figure 24-Figure 95)
Figure 25 HPb59 - 1
Longitudinal section of bubble
Figure 24 Hrb59— 1
2.8 Delamination
2.8.1 Definition and characteristics
The seam formed along the processing direction before rolling of the plate and strip box is called the separation limit. 1 ×
The contact between the layers is flat and the area is large. Some have hydrides or impurities. The strip appears in the thin strip or the wet strip is welded. 2.8.2 Causes
① There are pores, shrinkage holes, shrinkage impurities and other pits in the casting, which will not form cracks after being processed by sliding. ① When the hot rolling pass is the most suitable, the casting chain is not heated evenly, and the heat closed is too high or too low 8
2.8.3 Typical pictures (Figure 2 Figure 27)
Figure 26H68
2.9 Adhesion and tearing
2.9.1 Definition and characteristics
Figure 27T2
YS/T 463—2003
1/2 ×
After the strip is annealed, the adhesion between layers when unwinding is called bonding, and the point-shaped, shape-shaped or strip-shaped scars on the surface after unwinding are called tearing.
2.9.2 Causes
① Too much coiling, too much tension at the coiling point, or too much cooling of the annealed sheet, causing the layers to stick too tightly together. The intermediate annealing temperature is high, the time is long, and the layers are expanded and integrated. There are low-melting point substances or sticky dirt on the surface of the strip. 2.9.3 Typical pictures (Figure 28-Figure 29)
Figure 2812
Torn strip after bonding
2. 10 Folding and leakage
2.10.1 Definition and characteristics
Figure 29T2
Local tearing point of bonding
After rolling thin strips, the local folds or creases on the surface are called folds. Folds are generally distributed along the processing direction, in the shape of fish or swallows.
Thin strip rolling, forming pinhole-shaped, half-moon-shaped, triangular-shaped penetration defects in one direction, which is positive leakage. 2.10.2 Causes
① Ring material has cracks, impurities and other defects.
② The thickness of the rolled piece is uneven, with serious waves: XS/T463--2003
③ The shape is incorrect, the pressure is unevenly distributed, and the unwinding rate is large. ④ The rail parts are bitten, curling, tension and lubrication are improper. ?Foreign objects on the surface of rollers, wheels, guide plates, and rolling parts are pressed 2.10.3 Typical pictures (Figure 30 Figure 35)
Figure 30H68
Figure 32T2
2.11 Machine damage
Figure 31Pb59-1
Figure 33165
External force acts on the surface of plate, strip, or foil, or the displacement between the layers of plate, strip, or foil, causing surface scratches in the shape of strips, bundles, concave shapes, sharp grooves, or other shapes. Common ones include: abrasions, scratches, scratches, and normal scratches. 0
2. 11. 1. Scratches
2.11.1. Definition and characteristics
YS/T463--2003
The scars on the surface of the plate and strip material caused by relative movement or displacement after the contact between the objects are called scratches, commonly known as scratches. 2.11.1.2 Causes
? The rolling process is deformed or cracked, and the lubrication is poor. ? There are objects on the surface of the plate and strip material, the rollers, and the rolling track. ③ Dislocation between layers.
2.11.1.3 Typical plastic pictures (Figure 36)
36H65
2.11.2 Scratches
2.11.2.1 Definition and characteristics
The scars on the surface of the plate and strip material caused by relative sliding of the sharp objects and relative sliding are called scratches. 2.11.2.2 Causes
) Rolling support block, there are edges or hard objects on the contact parts such as the nipple and the plate. ② There are foreign objects in the lubricant or nipple. There are hard objects between the layers of the plate and strip. 2.11.2.3 Typical plastic pictures (Figure 37)
Figure 37 T21 Definition and characteristics
Figure 29T2
Local adhesion tearing point
After the thin strip is rolled, the surface forms a local fold or crease phenomenon, which is called pressure fold. The fold is generally distributed along the processing direction, in the shape of a fish or swallow.
Thin strip rolling forms a pinhole-shaped, half-moon-shaped, or triangular-shaped penetrating defect distributed in the same direction, which is called positive leakage. 2.10.2 Causes
①The ring material has cracks, fire impurities and other defects.
②The thickness of the rolled piece is uneven, and there are serious waves: XS/T463--2003
③The shape is incorrect, the pressure is unevenly distributed, and the unwinding rate is large. ④The rail parts are bitten, and the curling, tension and lubrication are improper. ?Foreign objects on the surface of rollers, wheels, guide plates, and rolling parts are pressed 2.10.3 Typical pictures (Figure 30 Figure 35)
Figure 30H68
Figure 32T2
2.11 Machine damage
Figure 31Pb59-1
Figure 33165
External force acts on the surface of plate, strip, or foil, or the displacement between the layers of plate, strip, or foil, causing surface scratches in the shape of strips, bundles, concave shapes, sharp grooves, or other shapes. Common ones include: abrasions, scratches, scratches, and normal scratches. 0
2. 11. 1. Scratches
2.11.1. Definition and characteristics
YS/T463--2003
The scars on the surface of the plate and strip material caused by relative movement or displacement after the contact between the objects are called scratches, commonly known as scratches. 2.11.1.2 Causes
? The rolling process is deformed or cracked, and the lubrication is poor. ? There are objects on the surface of the plate and strip material, the rollers, and the rolling track. ③ Dislocation between layers.
2.11.1.3 Typical plastic pictures (Figure 36)
36H65
2.11.2 Scratches
2.11.2.1 Definition and characteristics
The scars on the surface of the plate and strip material caused by relative sliding of the sharp objects and relative sliding are called scratches. 2.11.2.2 Causes
) Rolling support block, there are edges or hard objects on the contact parts such as the nipple and the plate. ② There are foreign objects in the lubricant or nipple. There are hard objects between the layers of the plate and strip. 2.11.2.3 Typical plastic pictures (Figure 37)
Figure 37 T21 Definition and characteristics
Figure 29T2bZxz.net
Local adhesion tearing point
After the thin strip is rolled, the surface forms a local fold or crease phenomenon, which is called pressure fold. The fold is generally distributed along the processing direction, in the shape of a fish or swallow.
Thin strip rolling forms a pinhole-shaped, half-moon-shaped, or triangular-shaped penetrating defect distributed in the same direction, which is called positive leakage. 2.10.2 Causes
①The ring material has cracks, fire impurities and other defects.
②The thickness of the rolled piece is uneven, and there are serious waves: XS/T463--2003
③The shape is incorrect, the pressure is unevenly distributed, and the unwinding rate is large. ④The rail parts are bitten, and the curling, tension and lubrication are improper. ?Foreign objects on the surface of rollers, wheels, guide plates, and rolling parts are pressed 2.10.3 Typical pictures (Figure 30 Figure 35)
Figure 30H68
Figure 32T2
2.11 Machine damage
Figure 31Pb59-1
Figure 33165
External force acts on the surface of plate, strip, or foil, or the displacement between the layers of plate, strip, or foil, causing surface scratches in the shape of strips, bundles, concave shapes, sharp grooves, or other shapes. Common ones include: abrasions, scratches, scratches, and normal scratches. 0
2. 11. 1. Scratches
2.11.1. Definition and characteristics
YS/T463--2003
The scars on the surface of the plate and strip material caused by relative movement or displacement after the contact between the objects are called scratches, commonly known as scratches. 2.11.1.2 Causes
? The rolling process is deformed or cracked, and the lubrication is poor. ? There are objects on the surface of the plate and strip material, the rollers, and the rolling track. ③ Dislocation between layers.
2.11.1.3 Typical plastic pictures (Figure 36)
36H65
2.11.2 Scratches
2.11.2.1 Definition and characteristics
The scars on the surface of the plate and strip material caused by relative sliding of the sharp objects and relative sliding are called scratches. 2.11.2.2 Causes
) Rolling support block, there are edges or hard objects on the contact parts such as the nipple and the plate. ② There are foreign objects in the lubricant or nipple. There are hard objects between the layers of the plate and strip. 2.11.2.3 Typical plastic pictures (Figure 37)
Figure 37 T2
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