Some standard content:
1 Scope
Machinery Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China
Radiographic Flaw Detection Method
Approval Department: State Machinery Industry Bureau
Approval Date: 1999-06-28
Implementation Date: 2000-01-01
This standard specifies the basic operating methods to be followed in radiographic inspection. This standard applies to X-ray and gamma-ray flaw detection of metal materials. 2 Referenced Standards
JB/T 9217—1999
Replaces ZBJ04004--1987
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard. When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards will be revised, and parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest version of the following standards. GB4792---1984 Basic Standard for Radiation Health Protection JB/T7902--1999 Linear Image Quality Meter
JB/T9215---1999 Methods for Controlling Radiographic Image Quality 3 Protection
3.1 X-rays and radiation have adverse effects on human health, and direct radiation exposure and the influence of scattered radiation should be avoided as much as possible. 3.2 Dose supervision should be carried out on radiographic flaw detectors in accordance with Chapter 2 of GB47921984. 3.3 Radiographic flaw detectors should be equipped with dosimeters or other dose testing equipment to measure the radiation exposure in the working environment and the cumulative dose received by individuals. During the radiographic flaw detection operation, the radiation exposure in the workplace and near the radiation source container should be measured every time to understand the location of the radiation source and avoid accidental exposure. 3.4 Safety lines should be set up when conducting radiographic inspections at the flaw detection site. There should be obvious signs on the safety lines, and red lights should be set up at night. Warning signs should be set up on the passages where non-NDT personnel can easily reach the safety line, indicating that radiography is in progress and non-NDT personnel are not allowed to enter the safety line, and the radiation exposure on the safety line should be clearly stated. 3.5 According to the provisions of Chapter 3 of GB4792-1984, the maximum dose equivalent allowed to non-NDT personnel per year is 5 millisieverts (mSv) [i.e. 0.5 rem (rem)]. Based on this, the time that non-NDT personnel work or stay near the safety line can be calculated. For example: the radiation exposure on the safety line is 0.65C/kg per hour, then the cumulative time that non-NDT personnel stay here shall not exceed 20 hours per year. 4 Qualifications of NDT personnel
Personnel engaged in radiographic flaw detection must hold a qualification certificate issued by the relevant national competent authorities and suitable for their work. 5 Radiographic equivalent coefficient
The radiographic equivalent coefficient of a material (see Table 1) means that the thickness of the material is multiplied by this coefficient to obtain the absorption effect of how much thickness of steel it is equivalent to. Radiographic equivalent factors can be used to determine the maximum thickness of metal materials that can actually be inspected by various radiation sources, and to determine the exposure parameters of a certain other metal from the known exposure parameters of the metal. 1012
Aluminum alloy
Iron/Steel
Inconel alloy
Monel
Transillumination method
Approximate values of radiographic equivalent factors for some metals Table 1
220 kV
JB/T 9217—1999
4~-25 MV
(Iridium)
(Cobalt)
The radiation source, the workpiece to be inspected, and the dark box containing the X-ray film and intensifying screen can usually be arranged as shown in Figures 1 to 7 during transillumination. Figure 1 is the most commonly used method.
S-ray source (effective focal spot size is d)B-X-ray film
f-distance from focal spot to workpiece
t-thickness of workpiece
b-distance from film to workpiece surface
Figure 1 The first arrangement (single wall penetration, flat workpiece) The second arrangement is that the ray source is placed at a non-central position on the side of the concave surface, and the film is placed on the side of the convex surface. This arrangement is better than 1013
JB/T9217-1999
The fourth arrangement (see Figure 4).
The third arrangement is that the ray source is placed at the center, and the entire circumference of the workpiece can be irradiated at one time. This arrangement is better than the second (see Figure 2), fourth (see Figure 4) or fifth (see Figure 5) arrangements. The fourth arrangement is that the ray source is placed on the side of the convex surface, and the film is placed on the side of the concave surface. The fifth arrangement is that both the ray source and the film are placed outside the workpiece. In this arrangement, the ray source is close to the upper wall of the workpiece, so the defects in the upper wall cannot be inspected.
The sixth arrangement is that the ray source and the film are placed outside the workpiece. This arrangement can inspect the upper wall of the workpiece. In some cases, rays in different directions can be used (for example, not perpendicular to the center of the film). The seventh arrangement is to use two films with the same or different speeds. Figure 2 Second arrangement (single wall penetration, curved workpiece) Figure 4 Fourth arrangement (single wall penetration, curved workpiece) 2
Figure 6 Sixth arrangement (double wall penetration, double wall inspection) 1014
Figure 3 Third arrangement (single wall penetration, curved workpiece) Q
Figure 5 Fifth arrangement (double wall penetration, single wall inspection) Figure 7 Seventh arrangement (single wall penetration, inspection of flat or curved workpieces of different thickness or material)
7 Surface requirements for workpieces
JB/T 9217—1999
Irregularities on the workpiece surface caused by casting, welding or other reasons should be removed, and defects on the surface should also be removed and repaired if necessary. The evaluation of the radiograph should not be affected by surface defects and irregularities. 8 Positioning marks and marks on the film
Permanent or semi-permanent marks should be used on the workpiece surface as the basis for repositioning each radiograph. Detailed positioning drawings should be used when printing marks are not suitable. Each film should have a number and an image of a positioning mark indicating the inspection range of the workpiece. The positioning mark should generally be placed on the workpiece surface facing the radiation source. If the weld excess height is removed by processing, the positioning mark should be placed at the edge of the weld. 9 Image Quality Meter
The technical specifications of the image quality meter should comply with the provisions of JB/T7902. 10 Radiographic quality grade and film blackness The quality grade of radiography is divided into grade A (ordinary grade) and grade B (high sensitivity grade). When grade A or grade B is used for workpieces of different thicknesses, the minimum image quality meter line diameter value that must be displayed on the radiographic film is proposed by JB/T9215. The blackness of grade A radiographic film should be equal to or greater than 1.5, and the blackness of grade B radiographic film should be equal to or greater than 2.0. The upper limit of the film blackness should be in the straight line part of the radiographic film sensitivity curve. The background gray fog of the film should be less than or equal to 0.3. This blackness is included in the blackness value required for grade A and grade B above. 11 Films and Intensifying Screens
11.1 Classification and Selection of Films
Table 2 lists the types of industrial X-ray films. The choice of film is related to factors such as the quality level of radiography and exposure time. Generally, if the exposure time needs to be shortened, a film with a larger number in Table 2 should be used; if the image quality of radiography needs to be improved, a film with a smaller number should be used. When grade A is selected, films with numbers 1 to 3 should be used, and when grade B is selected, films with numbers 1 to 2 should be used. Table 2 Types of Industrial Radiographic Films
Film Models
Extremely High*
Extremely High*
Note: The * refers to the exposure with the addition of a fluorescent intensifying screen. For example, when the No. 4 film is directly exposed or exposed with a lead box screen, its speed, contrast and granularity are all medium. The ** refers to the granularity here, which is related to the characteristics of the fluorescent intensifying screen used. 11.2 Intensifying screen
Metal intensifying screens should usually be used, and their selection can be based on Table 3. Metal fluorescent intensifying screens or no intensifying screens may also be used. Film and intensifying screens should be kept as close together as possible during radiography to improve the image quality of radiography. 1015
JB/T 9217--1999
X-ray voltage or source
400kV*
Co60**
1~2 MV
2~6 MV
612 MV
Above 12MV
Table 3 Selection of intensifying screens
0.02~0.25mm lead front and rear screens
0.05~0.25mm lead front and rear screens
0.1~0.5mm lead, steel and alloy steel or copper front screens and|0.4~0.7mm steel and alloy steel or copper front and rear screens
0.1~1.0mm lead front and rear screens
1.0~1.5mm copper or steel and alloy steel front and rear screens Rear screens
Front screen 1.0～1.5mm, rear screen equal to or less than 1.5mm copper, steel and alloy steel or molybdenum front screen 1.0~1.5mm or tungsten, without rear screen
Note: The * means that the front screen is not required for X-rays below 100kV. The ** means that when the penetration thickness is in the range of 40-60mm, the intensifying screen specified in Class B must be used.
12 Geometric Unsharpness
The distance f between the X-ray source and the nearest workpiece surface can be calculated based on 12.1
Figure 8, where the effective focus size d can be determined according to Appendix A (Standard Appendix). The value of f can be directly obtained by using the nomogram in Appendix B (Standard Appendix).
12.2 Geometric Unsharpness u is calculated according to formula (1). ug
Wu Zhong: d
（1）
Effective focus size calculated according to Appendix A (mm); fThe distance from the focus to the workpiece surface (mm); t
Thickness of the penetration workpiece (mm).
13 Choice of radiation energy
The choice of radiation energy depends on the thickness of the workpiece to be irradiated and the type of material, and sometimes also on the conditions of the radiation equipment. Generally, as the radiation energy decreases, the contrast of the radiographic image increases. Therefore, the lowest radiation energy should be used as much as possible if the exposure time permits. Figure 9 shows the maximum X-ray tube voltage allowed for irradiation of materials of different thicknesses, and Table 4 shows the applicable irradiation thickness range for high-energy X-rays and Y-rays. 1016
5678910
203040506080100
Thickness 1 (mm)
Minimum f/d value determined by thickness t
Radiation source
Lead and its alloys
Copper and its alloys
Steel (alloy and non-alloy)
Iron, nickel and its alloys
Aluminum and its alloys
304050
Thickness 1 (mm)
Figure 9 Maximum X-ray tube voltage allowed for irradiation of materials of different thicknesses 4 Material thickness range applicable to different radiation sources A
Steel and alloy steel, iron, nickel and its alloys
20~～100(10~100) *
40~200
1~～2 MV X X-rays
Greater than ２MV X-rays
X-ray source
1~.2MVX-rays
Greater than 2MVX-rays
50~200
Above 50
Steel and alloy steel, iron, nickel and its alloys
40~90(10~90) *
60~150
60～150
Above 60
Note: The value in brackets is the allowed range under special circumstances. Increase the thickness range of transillumination
Copper and its alloys
20~170
Copper and its alloys
50~135
JB/T 9217--1999
Lead and its alloys
Lead and its alloys
15～35
40~100
When the thickness of the transillumination workpiece changes greatly, special radiographic technology is required to make the blackness change of the area to be inspected on the radiographic film within the effective blackness range. For this purpose, the following five technologies are available for selection. 14.1 Use a higher kV number than the voltage specified in Figure 9, and add a filter plate of appropriate thickness to the X-ray tube window: for 200kVX-rays, use a 0.5mm lead plate; for 400kVX-rays, use a 1.0mm lead plate. 14.2 Two films of the same speed are loaded in the same dark box. After exposure, the image blackness of the thinnest part of the workpiece on each film reaches the minimum value specified in Chapter 10. The images of the two films are overlapped to observe the thicker part. 14.3 Two films of different speeds are loaded in the same dark box. The exposure used should be such that the thickest part of the workpiece obtains the specified blackness on the faster film, and the thinnest part of the workpiece obtains the appropriate blackness on the slower film. When observing the middle thickness part, it can be observed separately or by overlapping the two films.
14.4 Fill the thinner part of the workpiece with flexible compensating clay or liquid to reduce the image blackness difference. 14.5 Reduce the minimum allowable blackness of Class A to 1.0 and the minimum allowable blackness of Class B to 1.5. Note: The use of the methods described in 14.4 and 14.5 will reduce the sensitivity of flaw detection. 15 Shielding of scattered rays
The scattered rays reaching the film will seriously affect the image quality of radiography, especially when using 150-400 kV X-rays. The scattered rays may be generated from the inside and outside of the workpiece being irradiated. In order to minimize the influence of scattered rays, the irradiation area of the rays should be limited so that the rays are only irradiated in the inspection area. Usually, a conical lead cover or lead light shield can be installed on the X-ray tube window. In order to avoid the influence of scattered rays generated from other workpieces or objects behind and on the sides of the film on the film, a thickened rear intensifying screen can be used, or a lead plate can be added after the film and intensifying screen are assembled. This lead plate can be installed in the dark box or attached to the back of the dark box, and its thickness is about 1-4 mm.
If the edge of the workpiece is in the irradiation area, the scattered rays can usually be shielded by the method shown in Figure 10 or other appropriate methods. When 150-400 kV X-rays and X-rays are used and a collimator that limits the beam of radiation cannot be used (for example, in panoramic exposure), exposure should be carried out in an exposure room as wide as possible so that the scattered rays are attenuated due to distance. If possible, the workpiece to be irradiated should be kept as far away from the ground as possible, and a lead plate should be placed on the ground below the workpiece. In order to check the influence of scattered rays on the film, a B-shaped lead type can be placed on the back of the dark box containing the film. If a B-shaped image with a low blackness appears on the film after exposure, it means that the film has been affected by scattered rays and measures to shield scattered rays must be strengthened. Lead plate
Figure 10 Methods for reducing the influence of scattered rays
16 Exposure
The exposure conditions should be selected so that the blackness of the X-ray film reaches the blackness value specified in Chapter 10 (except for the provisions of 14.5). The maximum available blackness depends on the film characteristics and the film observation conditions. 17 Chemical treatment and drying of film
The chemical treatment (washing) of the film can be done by automatic washing or manual washing. Automatic film washing is usually carried out in a multi-roller automatic film processor. The automatic film processor can complete the film development, fixing, washing and drying operations in about 8 to 12 minutes, and can automatically replenish the liquid. The quality of the washed negative film is uniform and the production efficiency is high. Manual film washing should usually be carried out in a slot diffuser, and the development and fixing operations should be carried out at a specified temperature (usually around 20°C) and time. The film after fixing should be fully washed with water and treated with detergent to prevent the formation of water marks, and then dried naturally or dried in a drying oven. For the manual film washing method, please refer to Appendix C (Suggested Appendix). 18 Control of developer performance
JB/T9217—1999
The degree of film development should be maintained constant. The developer performance can be maintained constant by regularly adding replenisher. Appendix D gives the formula and operating requirements of an X-ray film developer and its replenisher. Generally speaking, without adding replenisher, the developing ability of developer will gradually decline after a period of time, which is usually remedied by appropriately extending the developing time. For this reason, a comparative test piece should be used to test the developing ability at this time. The comparative test piece is a piece of film cut from the film after the step-shaped test block is translucently exposed, and is developed in a newly prepared developer under standard temperature and time conditions to obtain a film with different step blackness. When it is necessary to test the performance of the developer, a test piece can be cut from the above-mentioned pre-exposed and properly preserved film, and developed according to the extended developing time. If the blackness and contrast of the test piece are significantly reduced compared with the above-mentioned comparative test piece, the developer should be replaced.
19 Observation of X-ray Film
X-ray film should be observed in a place with low background lighting, the brightness and lighting range of the viewing lamp should be adjustable, and the viewing conditions of the film should comply with the provisions of Table 5.
Table 5 Film viewing conditions
Film background lighting
Maximum allowable brightness
30 cd/m
Film blackness
20 Records, reports and acceptance marks
20.1 Records
Brightness of the viewing light
(cd/m2)
Film background lighting
Maximum allowable brightness
30 cd/m2
10cd/m2
Film blackness
Brightness of the viewing light
(cd/m)
10,000
10,000
30,000
A written record of each completed radiographic operation must be kept. Such records shall include at least the part inspection number (which shall also appear on the film), the part thickness, material and part of the workpiece, the date of the inspection and the complete radiographic technical parameters, and shall be detailed enough to facilitate the repetition of the same radiographic inspection. The records shall also include the defects found and the conclusions made by the inspector on various parts, as well as the signature of the inspector.
20.2 Inspection Report
When a written inspection report is required, it shall include the identification mark of the part of the workpiece that was inspected, the part inspection number, the defects found and the conclusions made, and other items deemed necessary by the contracting parties. 20.3 Acceptance Mark
Where radiography is used as an inspection for the acceptance of parts, all parts that pass the inspection shall be marked permanently or semi-permanently. If possible, a specific stamp shall be affixed to enable the next process or the final inspector to identify that the radiographic inspection has passed.
All radiographic films that have been inspected shall be filed and stored for future reference. The storage period of the films shall be determined according to the nature of the product or by negotiation between the contracting parties.
JB/T 9217—1999
Appendix A
(Appendix to the standard)
Calculation of focal spot size
If the optical size of the focal spot is similar to any of the following ideal focal spot sizes, the focal spot size can be calculated using the following formula when calculating the distance f from the focal spot to the workpiece:
d=a is applicable to square focal spots;
d=atb,
is applicable to rectangular focal spots and circular focal spots; d is applicable to circular focal spots.
(a) Square focus
(c) Circular focus
(b) Rectangular focus
(d) Elliptical focus
Figure A1 Ideal focus diagram
Appendix B
(Appendix of the standard)
Directly determine the distance from focus to workpiece Nomograph JB/T9217—1999
Based on the material thickness t and the effective focus size d calculated in Appendix A, the minimum distance f from focus to workpiece can be determined (for example: d=3mm, t=37mm, f=500mm when using Grade B).
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JB/T 9217--1999
C1 Preparation
Appendix C
(Instructive Appendix)
Manual Film Processing and Drying Operation
Put the film on the developing clip and stir the solution before starting the development. C2 Start the Development
Start the timer and immerse the film in the developer solution. Leave a certain distance between the developing clips so that the films will not stick to each other during the development process. Keep moving the developing clips up and down for about 15 seconds. C3 Development
At room temperature of 20℃, the normal development time is about 5 to 8 minutes. Prolonging the development time usually results in an increase in the film blackness and a slight increase in contrast. When choosing the development time, the recommendations of the film manufacturer should be followed. When the temperature is slightly higher or lower, the developing time must be adjusted, and the adjustment amount should also be based on the data recommended by the film manufacturer. C4 Agitation
During the development process, the film should be moved vertically up and down from time to time to ensure uniform development of the film. C5 Stop or rinse
After the development is completed, immerse the film in 3% acetic acid stop solution for about 30 seconds to neutralize the developer activity left in the film emulsion. If stop solution cannot be used, the film can be vigorously shaken in clean water and rinsed for 2 to 3 minutes. C6 Fixing
To ensure uniform and rapid fixing, the film should be moved up and down for about 10 seconds when it is just immersed in the fixing solution and at the end of the first minute, and then allowed to immerse in the fixing solution until the fixing is completed (the time should be at least twice the time required for the film to become transparent). However, in a fresher fixing solution, the fixing time should not exceed 15 minutes. Frequently moving the film can shorten the fixing time. It is necessary to avoid contact between films in the fixer.
C7 Neutralization of Fixer
Between the fixer and rinse steps, it may be helpful to use "Hypo" purifier or fixer neutralizer, which can reduce the time and water required for a full rinse.
C8 Rinsing
The efficiency of rinsing depends on the rinse water, water temperature, water flow rate and the type of film being rinsed. Generally, when the temperature is below 16°C, the rinse process is very slow, and when the temperature is above 30°C, it should be noted that the film should not be immersed in the water for too long. When the film is rinsed in the tank, avoid adding new film taken from the fixer. If the tank volume is limited and there are many films to be rinsed at one time, some of the washed films should be moved to the direction of the water inlet at any time. The method of using small water volume graded rinsing can achieve the best rinsing effect in the same rinsing time. It is best to divide the washing tank into two parts (two water tanks can be used), put the film taken out of the fixing solution in the outlet part, and after partial washing, move the film to the inlet part to complete the washing in fresh water. 1022
Detergent
JB/T9217—1999
Immersing the film in detergent for about 30 seconds can make the water flow evenly from the surface of the film, so as to shorten the drying time and avoid water marks on the film. A 0.1% concentration of dishwashing detergent (for example: White Cat detergent) can be used as a detergent, or detergents with other ingredients can be used.
C10 Drying
The drying of film is related to the following factors:
(1) Film type;
(2) Treatment method (latex hardness after washing, detergent application); (3) Air used for drying (temperature, humidity, flow rate). Drying conditions may range from still air at ambient temperature to blower-circulated air up to 60°C. Appendix D
(Indicative Appendix)
Developer using replenisher
D1 Formula
Para-aminophenol sulfate (Metol)
Sodium sulfite, anhydrous
Hydroquinone (Chinone)
Sodium carbonate, anhydrous
Potassium bromide
Sodium hydroxide
Add water to
Note: Chemicals should be added to water in order and stirred to dissolve. D2
Developing temperature and time
Temperature (°C)
Time (min)
800 ml
1000mL
Replenisher
1000ml
Applicable to rectangular focus and circular focus; d is applicable to circular focus.
(a) Square focus
(c) Circular focus
(b) Rectangular focus
(d) Elliptical focus
Figure A1 Ideal focus diagram
Appendix B
(Standard Appendix)
Direct determination of the distance from the focus to the workpiece Nomograph JB/T9217—1999
According to the material thickness t and the effective focus size d calculated in Appendix A, the minimum distance from the focus to the workpiece f can be determined (for example: d=3mm, t=37mm, f=500mm when using Class B).
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JB/T 9217--1999
C1 Preparation
Appendix C
(Instructive Appendix)
Manual Film Processing and Drying Operation
Put the film on the developing clip and stir the solution before starting the development. C2 Start the Development
Start the timer and immerse the film in the developer solution. Leave a certain distance between the developing clips so that the films will not stick to each other during the development process. Keep moving the developing clips up and down for about 15 seconds. C3 Development
At room temperature of 20℃, the normal development time is about 5 to 8 minutes. Prolonging the development time usually results in an increase in the film blackness and a slight increase in contrast. When choosing the development time, the recommendations of the film manufacturer should be followed. When the temperature is slightly higher or lower, the developing time must be adjusted, and the adjustment amount should also be based on the data recommended by the film manufacturer. C4 Agitation
During the development process, the film should be moved vertically up and down from time to time to ensure uniform development of the film. C5 Stop or rinse
After the development is completed, immerse the film in 3% acetic acid stop solution for about 30 seconds to neutralize the developer activity left in the film emulsion. If stop solution cannot be used, the film can be vigorously shaken in clean water and rinsed for 2 to 3 minutes. C6 Fixing
To ensure uniform and rapid fixing, the film should be moved up and down for about 10 seconds when it is just immersed in the fixing solution and at the end of the first minute, and then allowed to immerse in the fixing solution until the fixing is completed (the time should be at least twice the time required for the film to become transparent). However, in a fresher fixing solution, the fixing time should not exceed 15 minutes. Frequently moving the film can shorten the fixing time. It is necessary to avoid contact between films in the fixer.
C7 Neutralization of Fixer
Between the fixer and rinse steps, it may be helpful to use "Hypo" purifier or fixer neutralizer, which can reduce the time and water required for a full rinse.
C8 Rinsing
The efficiency of rinsing depends on the rinse water, water temperature, water flow rate and the type of film being rinsed. Generally, when the temperature is below 16°C, the rinse process is very slow, and when the temperature is above 30°C, it should be noted that the film should not be immersed in the water for too long. When the film is rinsed in the tank, avoid adding new film taken from the fixer. If the tank volume is limited and there are many films to be rinsed at one time, some of the washed films should be moved to the direction of the water inlet at any time. The method of using small water volume graded rinsing can achieve the best rinsing effect in the same rinsing time. It is best to divide the washing tank into two parts (two water tanks can be used), place the film taken out of the fixing solution in the outlet part, and after partial washing, move the film to the inlet part to complete the washing in fresh water. 1022
Detergent
JB/T9217—1999
Immersing the film in detergent for about 30 seconds can make the water flow evenly from the surface of the film, thereby shortening the drying time and avoiding water marks on the film. A 0.1% concentration of dishwashing detergent (for example: White Cat detergent) in water solution can be used as a detergent, or detergents with other ingredients can be used.
C10 Drying
The drying of film is related to the following factors:
(1) Film type;
(2) Treatment method (hardness of latex after washing, application of detergent); (3) Air used for drying (temperature, humidity, flow rate). Drying conditions may range from still air at ambient temperature to blower-circulated air up to 60°C. Appendix D
(Indicative Appendix)
Developer using replenisher
D1 Formula
Para-aminophenol sulfate (Metol)
Sodium sulfite, anhydrous
Hydroquinone (Chinone)
Sodium carbonate, anhydrous
Potassium bromideWww.bzxZ.net
Sodium hydroxide
Add water to
Note: Chemicals should be added to water in order and stirred to dissolve. D2
Developing temperature and time
Temperature (°C)
Time (min)
800 ml
1000mL
Replenisher
1000ml
Applicable to rectangular focus and circular focus; d is applicable to circular focus.
(a) Square focus
(c) Circular focus
(b) Rectangular focus
(d) Elliptical focus
Figure A1 Ideal focus diagram
Appendix B
(Standard Appendix)
Direct determination of the distance from the focus to the workpiece Nomograph JB/T9217—1999
According to the material thickness t and the effective focus size d calculated in Appendix A, the minimum distance from the focus to the workpiece f can be determined (for example: d=3mm, t=37mm, f=500mm when using Class B).
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JB/T 9217--1999
C1 Preparation
Appendix C
(Instructive Appendix)
Manual Film Processing and Drying Operation
Put the film on the developing clip and stir the solution before starting the development. C2 Start the Development
Start the timer and immerse the film in the developer solution. Leave a certain distance between the developing clips so that the films will not stick to each other during the development process. Keep moving the developing clips up and down for about 15 seconds. C3 Development
At room temperature of 20℃, the normal development time is about 5 to 8 minutes. Prolonging the development time usually results in an increase in the film blackness and a slight increase in contrast. When choosing the development time, the recommendations of the film manufacturer should be followed. When the temperature is slightly higher or lower, the developing time must be adjusted, and the adjustment amount should also be based on the data recommended by the film manufacturer. C4 Agitation
During the development process, the film should be moved vertically up and down from time to time to ensure uniform development of the film. C5 Stop or rinse
After the development is completed, immerse the film in 3% acetic acid stop solution for about 30 seconds to neutralize the developer activity left in the film emulsion. If stop solution cannot be used, the film can be vigorously shaken in clean water and rinsed for 2 to 3 minutes. C6 Fixing
To ensure uniform and rapid fixing, the film should be moved up and down for about 10 seconds when it is just immersed in the fixing solution and at the end of the first minute, and then allowed to immerse in the fixing solution until the fixing is completed (the time should be at least twice the time required for the film to become transparent). However, in a fresher fixing solution, the fixing time should not exceed 15 minutes. Frequently moving the film can shorten the fixing time. It is necessary to avoid contact between films in the fixer.
C7 Neutralization of Fixer
Between the fixer and rinse steps, it may be helpful to use "Hypo" purifier or fixer neutralizer, which can reduce the time and water required for a full rinse.
C8 Rinsing
The efficiency of rinsing depends on the rinse water, water temperature, water flow rate and the type of film being rinsed. Generally, when the temperature is below 16°C, the rinse process is very slow, and when the temperature is above 30°C, it should be noted that the film should not be immersed in the water for too long. When the film is rinsed in the tank, avoid adding new film taken from the fixer. If the tank volume is limited and there are many films to be rinsed at one time, some of the washed films should be moved to the direction of the water inlet at any time. The method of using small water volume graded rinsing can achieve the best rinsing effect in the same rinsing time. It is best to divide the washing tank into two parts (two water tanks can be used), place the film taken out of the fixing solution in the outlet part, and after partial washing, move the film to the inlet part to complete the washing in fresh water. 1022
Detergent
JB/T9217—1999
Immersing the film in detergent for about 30 seconds can make the water flow evenly from the surface of the film, thereby shortening the drying time and avoiding water marks on the film. A 0.1% concentration of dishwashing detergent (for example: White Cat detergent) in water solution can be used as a detergent, or detergents with other ingredients can be used.
C10 Drying
The drying of film is related to the following factors:
(1) Film type;
(2) Treatment method (hardness of latex after washing, application of detergent); (3) Air used for drying (temperature, humidity, flow rate). Drying conditions may range from still air at ambient temperature to blower-circulated air up to 60°C. Appendix D
(Indicative Appendix)
Developer using replenisher
D1 Formula
Para-aminophenol sulfate (Metol)
Sodium sulfite, anhydrous
Hydroquinone (Chinone)
Sodium carbonate, anhydrous
Potassium bromide
Sodium hydroxide
Add water to
Note: Chemicals should be added to water in order and stirred to dissolve. D2
Developing temperature and time
Temperature (°C)
Time (min)
800 ml
1000mL
Replenisher
1000mlAn aqueous solution of dishwashing detergent (e.g., White Cat detergent) with a concentration of about 1% is used as a detergent, or a detergent with other ingredients is used.
C10 Drying
The drying of the film is related to the following factors:
(1) Film type;
(2) Treatment method (latex hardness after washing, application of detergent); (3) Drying air (temperature, humidity, flow rate). Drying conditions can range from still air at ambient temperature to blower circulating air up to 60°C. Appendix D
(Appendix of Suggestions)
Developer using replenisher
D1 Formula
Para-aminophenol sulfate (Metol)
Anhydrous sodium sulfite
Hydroquinone (Chinone)
Anhydrous sodium carbonate
Potassium bromide
Sodium hydroxide
Add water to
Note: The drugs should be added to the water in order and stirred to dissolve. D2
Developing temperature and time
Temperature (℃)
Time (min)
800 ml
1000mL
Replenisher
1000mlAn aqueous solution of dishwashing detergent (e.g., White Cat detergent) with a concentration of about 1% is used as a detergent, or a detergent with other ingredients is used.
C10 Drying
The drying of the film is related to the following factors:
(1) Film type;
(2) Treatment method (latex hardness after washing, application of detergent); (3) Drying air (temperature, humidity, flow rate). Drying conditions can range from still air at ambient temperature to blower circulating air up to 60°C. Appendix D
(Appendix of Suggestions)
Developer using replenisher
D1 Formula
Para-aminophenol sulfate (Metol)
Anhydrous sodium sulfite
Hydroquinone (Chinone)
Anhydrous sodium carbonate
Potassium bromide
Sodium hydroxide
Add water to
Note: The drugs should be added to the water in order and stirred to dissolve. D2
Developing temperature and time
Temperature (℃)
Time (min)
800 ml
1000mL
Replenisher
1000ml
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