Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Basic rules for Hanyu Pinyin Orthography
Subject content and scope of application
GB/T 16159-1996
This standard specifies the rules for spelling modern Chinese using the "Hanyu Pinyin Scheme". The content includes the spelling of participles, the spelling of idioms, the spelling of foreign words, the spelling of personal names and place names, the tone marking method, the rules of line transition, etc. In order to meet special needs, some alternative methods for technical processing are also proposed.
This standard is applicable to culture, education, publishing, information processing and other departments as a unified standard for spelling modern Chinese using the "Hanyu Pinyin Scheme". 2 Terminology
Hanyu Pinyin Orthography
The spelling standard of Hanyu Pinyin and the criteria for its writing format. The "Hanyu Pinyin Scheme" determines the spelling rules of syllables. The Basic Rules of Chinese Phonetic Orthography further stipulate the basic points of word spelling standard on the basis of the Chinese Phonetic Scheme. 3 Principles of Formulation
3.1 Words are used as spelling units, and factors such as pronunciation and semantics are appropriately considered, while the length of word forms is considered appropriate. 3.2 The description is basically divided into sections according to grammatical word classes. 3.3 The rules are as detailed and concise as possible to facilitate mastery and application. Basic Rules of Chinese Phonetic Orthography
4.1 General Principles
4.1.1 Spelling Mandarin is basically written with words as writing units. rén(person)
pao(run)
furong(hibiscus)
péngyau(friend)
dizhén(earthquake)
zhongshi(pay attention)
qianming(signature)
niuzhuan(twist)
danshi(but))
dianshiji(television)
hao(good)
hé(and)| |tt||hen (very)
qiaokell (chocolate)
yuedu (reading)
nianging (young)
wanhui (party)
shiwei (demonstration)
chuanzhi (ship)
teichang (very)
tushuguan (library)
4.1.2 Disyllabic and trisyllabic structures that express an overall concept are written together. gangtié (steel)
haifeng (sea breeze)
dahui (conference)
approved by the State Bureau of Technical Supervision on January 22, 1996wenda (question and answer)
honggi (red flag)
quanguo (national)
implemented on July 1, 1996
zhongtian (farming)
dapo (break)
hushuo (nonsense)
qiuhditang (begonia)
duibuqi (sorry)
GB/T 16159--1996
kaihui (open a meeting)
zouli (walk)
danxido (timid)
diniaozhou (bird-loving week)
chidexiao (to bear with it)
4.1.3 Names of more than four syllables that express an overall concept should be written separately by word (or syllabary). If they cannot be divided by word (or syllabary), all of them should be written together.
wofenggangguan (seamless steel pipe)
huanjingbaohuguihua (environmental protection planning)jingtiguangonglafangdaqi (transistor power amplifier)Zhonghua Renmin Gonghéguo (People's Republic of China)Zhongguo ShehuiKéxuéyuan (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)yanjiushengyuan (Graduate School)
hongshizihui (Red Cross Society)
yuxingcaosu (houttuynia cordata)
gushengwuxuejia (paleontologist)4.1.4 Monosyllabic words are repeated and written in succession, and disyllabic words are repeated and written separately. rénrén(everyone)
kankan(look)
dada(big)
gege(each and every one)
yanjioyanjiu(research)
xuébdi xuebai(snow-white)
Overlapping and parallel arrangement is the AABB structure, with a short horizontal line in the middle. lailai-wangwang (come and go)
qingqing-chuchu (clear and distinct)
jiajia-huhu (every household)
niannian (year after year)
shuoshua (talk)
honghong de (red)
tiaotido (strips)
changshi changshi (try and try)tonghong tonghong (bright red)shuoshuo-xiaoxiao (talk and laugh)wanwan-ququ (winding and crooked)
qianqian-wanwan (thousands and millions)
4.1.5 To facilitate reading and understanding, a short horizontal line can be used in some situations. huan-bao (environmental protection—
—environmental protection)
ba-jiu tian(eight or nine days)
ren-jiduihud(human-computer dialogue)
lu-hai-kongjun(army, navy, and air force)
4.2 Nouns
gong-guan(public relations)
public relations)
shiqi-ba sui(+seven or eight years old)
zhong-xiaoxué(primary and secondary schools)
bianzheng-wéiwuzhuyi(dialectical materialism)4.2.1 Nouns and pre-monosyllable added components (adverbial, total, non-, reverse, super, old, A, can, no, etc.) and post-monosyllable added components (son, son, head, sex, person, member, home, hand, culture, men, etc.) are written together. fbuzhang (vice minister)
feijinshu (non-metal)
chaoshengbo (ultrasound)
zhuozi (table)
zonggongchengshi (chief engineer)fandandaodaodan (anti-ballistic missile)feiyewurényuan (non-business personnel)mutou (wood)
Chengwuyuan (crew)
kexuexing (scientificity)
haizimen (children)
4.2.2 Nouns and the following directional words are written separately. shan shang (on the mountain)
men wai (outside the door)
hé li (in the river)
huoche shangmian (on the train) Yongding Hé shang (on the Yongding River) GB/T 16159-
—1996
yishujia (artist)
xiandaihua (modernization)
tuoiajishou (tractor driver)
shu xia (under the tree)
men waimian (outside the door)
he limian (inside the river)
xuéxiaopangbian (next to the school) Huang Hé yinan (south of the Yellow River)
However, words that have already become words should be written together. For example: "overseas" is not equal to "outside the sea". tianshang(sky)
kongzhong(in the air)
dixia(underground)
haiwai(overseas)
4.2.3Chinese names are written separately according to the surname and given name, and the first letter of the surname and given name is capitalized. Pen names, aliases, etc. are written according to the name. LrHua(李华)
Dongfang Shuo(东方姝)
Lu Xun(鲁迅)
Zhang San(张三)
Wang Jiangu(王建国)
Zhuge Kongming(朱葛孔明)
Mei Lanfang(梅兰芳)
Wang Mazi(王麻子)
Write the name and position, title, etc. separately; the position, title, etc. begin with lowercase. Wang buzhang(王部部)
LIxiansheng(李先生)
“老”, “小”, “大”, “阿”, etc. begin with capital letters. Xiao Liu(小刘)
Da L(大李)
Wu Lao(吴老)
Names that have become proper names should be written in series with the first letter capitalized. Kongzi(孔子)
XTsht(西施)
Tian zhuren(田主管)
Zhao tongzhi(赵同志)
Lao Qian(老钱)
A San(阿三)
Baogong(包公)
Mengchangiun(孟昌君)
4.2.4 Chinese place names should be spelled in accordance with the provisions of the Chinese Place Names Spelling Rules (Chinese Place Names) document (84) Zhongdizi No. 17 issued by the China Place Names Committee.
Proper names and common names in Chinese place names should be written separately, with the first letter of each part capitalized. Beijing Shi(北京市）
Yalu Jiang（鸭绿江）
Dongting Hu（洞庭湖）
Hébei Sheng（河北省）
Tai Shan(泰山)
TaiwanHaixia（台湾桥）
Additional components of proper nouns and common nouns, monosyllabic components are written together with the relevant parts. Xiliao Hé(西廖河）)
ChaoyangmenneiNanxiaojie（朝阳门内南小街）Jingshan Houjie（景山后街）
Names of natural villages and towns and other place names that do not need to be distinguished between proper nouns and common nouns, all syllables are written together. Wangcun(王村)
Zhoukoudian(周口店)
Jiuxiangiao(酒仙桥)
Santanyinyue(三潭映月)
4.2.5 Non-Chinese names and place names shall be written in the original Romanized (Latin) alphabet in accordance with the principle of "name follows the owner"; names and place names in non-Romanized alphabetic scripts shall be spelled in the Romanized transcription of the script. For the sake of ease of reading, Chinese characters or Chinese pinyin may be annotated after the original text. In certain occasions, Chinese pinyin may be used first or only. 285
Uianhu
GB/T 16159—1996
Akutagawa Ryunosuke(荠川龙之介)NgapoiNgawangJigme(阿沛·阿汪晋美)Marx(玛格丽)
Newton(新顿)
Urumgi(鸟鲁木齐)
Lhasa(拉萨)
Paris(巴黎)
Tokyo(东京)
Sinicized transliterated nouns, spelled according to the transliteration of Chinese characters. Feizhou (Africa)
Déguo (Germany)
4.3 Verbs
4.3.1 Verbs are written together with “着”, “了” and “过”.kanzhe (watch)
kanle (read)
kanguo (read)
The “了” at the end of the sentence is written separately.
Huochedao le. (The train has arrived.)
4.3.2 Verbs and objects are written separately.
kan xin (read the letter)
kaiwanxiao (joke)
When other components are inserted in the middle of a verb-object compound word, they are written separately, jile yi ge gong (to bow)
Seypidin
Darwin
Einstein
Hohhot
London
Washington
Nanmei
Dongnanya
jinxingzhe (to proceed)
jinxingte (to proceed)
jinxingguo (to proceed)
chiyu (to eat fish)
jiaoliujingyan (to exchange experiences)
liguo san ci fa (haircut three times) 4.3.3 Verbs (or adjectives) and complements, both of which are monosyllabic, are written together; in other cases, they are written separately. gaahudi (to ruin)
shutou (to be cooked thoroughly)wwW.bzxz.Net
huawei (to become [steam])
zou jinlai (to walk in)
jianshe cheng (to build [a park]) 4.4 Adjectives
dasr (to kill)
jiancheng (to build [a building])
dangzuo (to treat [as a joke])
zhenglyhao (to sort out)
gdixié wéi (rewritten as [script]) 4.4.1 Monosyllabic adjectives and overlapping pre-added or post-added elements are written together mengmengliang (mengmengliang)
liangtangtang (bright and bright)
4.4.2 Adjectives and the following "些", "几", "点儿", "一点儿" are written separately. da xie (big)
kuaidianr (fast)
4.5 Pronouns
4.5.1 "们" indicating plural and the preceding pronoun are written together. women (us)
da yixie (big some)
kuai yidianr (fast)
tamen (they)
4.5.2 Demonstrative pronouns "这", "那", interrogative pronoun "哪" and nouns or quantifiers are written separately. zhe rén(this person)
zhe zhi chuan(this boat）
na cihuiyi(that meeting）
na zhang baozhi(which newspaper）
GB/T 16159--1996
“This”, “that”, “which” and “some”, “what”, “like”, “like”, “in”, “by the way”, “when”, “one” are written together. zhexié (these)
nayang (like that)
nali (there)
zhebian (here)
zhége (this)
zheme (so)
zheban (like this)
naii (where)
zhehuir (at this moment)
zhemeyang (so it is)
4.5.3 “各”, “每”, “某”, “本”, “该”, “我”, “你”, etc. and the noun or quantifier following them are written separately as ge guo (each country)
gérén (each person)
mei nian (each year)
mourén (someone)
ben shi (this city)
gai kan (this magazine)
wo xiao (my school)
4.6 Numerals and quantifiers
4.6.1Whole numbers between eleven and ninety-nine should be written in a row. shiyi(+---)
sanshisan(thirty-three)
ge ge(each)
gé xuéké(each subject)
mei ci(each time)
mou gongchang(a factory)
ben bumén(this department)
gai gongst(this company)
nidanwei(your company)
shiwu(fifteen)
jiushijiu(ninety-nine)
4.6.2“Hundred”,“thousand”,“million” and“one hundred million” should be written in a row with the preceding single digit; “million” and“one hundred million” should be written separately with the preceding number above ten digits. jiuyilingqiwanerqiansanbaiwushilixin (nine hundred and seventy-two thousand three hundred and fifty-six)liushisan yi qiqian erbai liushiba wan siqian ling jiushiwo (six hundred and seventy-two million six hundred and eighty-four thousand and ninety-five)
4.6.3 Add a short dash between the “第” (first) and the numeral that follows it. di-yl(第—)
di-ershiba(twenty-eighth)
4.6.4 Write the numeral and quantifier separately.
liang ge rén(two people)
liangjianbanwozi(two and a half rooms) Write the “多” (more than one hundred), “来” (come), “几” (a few), and the numeral and quantifier separately. yibdi duo ge(more than one hundred)
jr jiarén(several families)
“几十” (tens) and “几十” (tens) together.
shijt ge rén(+几人)
4.7 Function words
Function words are written separately from other words.
4.7.1 Adverbs
henhao (very good)
geng mei (more beautiful)
bu lai (not coming)
ying bu yinggai (should or should not)
f 陌ichang kuai (very fast)
4.7.2 Prepositions
zaiqianmian (in front)
di-shisan (the thirteenth)
di-sanbdi wushiliu (the three hundred and fifty-sixth)yi da wan fan (big bowl of rice)
wushisan rénci (fifty-three people)shilai wan rén (more than one hundred thousand people)
jttian gongfu (a few days of work)
jishigen gangguan (a few + steel pipes)doulai (all come)
zui da (biggest)
ganggang zou (just walked)
shfen gandong (very moved)
xiang dongbian qu (go east)287
weirénmin fuwu (serve the people)shengyu1940nian (born in 1940)4.7.3 conjunctions
gongrén hé nongmin (workers and farmers)guangronger jianju (glorious and arduous)GB/T 16159-
—1996
cong zuotian qr (since yesterday)
guanyu zhege wenti (about this issue)budankuaiérgiéhao (not only fast but also good)Nrlai haishibulai? (Are you coming or not?)4.7.4 Structural particles “的”, “地”, “得”, “之”dadiden'ér (Daughter of the Earth)
Zhe shi wo de shu. (This is my book.)Women guozhe xingfu de shenghuo. (We live a happy life.)Shangdian li baimanle chT de，chuan de，yong de. (The store is full of food, clothing and daily necessities.)maiqingcailuobode (Selling vegetables and radishes)Ta zai dajie shang manman de zou. (He walks slowly on the street.)Tαnbaide gaosuniba. (I'll tell you frankly.)Ta yi bu yige jiaoyinr de gongzuozhe. (He works step by step. ）dasao de ganjing (clean up)hong de hén (very red)
shaonian zht jia (youth home)zuifada de guojiazhtyt (the most developed country-)xie de bu hao (poorly written)
léngdefadou (shiver with cold)
Note: "的", "地", "得\ can be written as \d", "di" and "de" respectively according to the needs in technical processing. 4.7.5 Modal particles
NYzhidaoma? Do you know? )
Zénme hai bu lai α?（Why haven’t you come yet?）Kuaiquba!(Go quickly)
Ta shibuhuilaide.（He won’t come.）4.7.6 Word selection
A!Zhenmei!(Ah! It’s really beautiful)
Ng，ni shuo shénme?（Well, what did you say?）Hm，zouzhe qiao ba！ (Hmph, let’s wait and see!) 4.7.7 Onomatopoeia
pal(啪!)
jiji-zhazha（叽叽）
Da gongj wo—wo—ti.（大公鸡crows,）\Du\qidi xiang le.(\嘟
4.8 Idioms
“A” whistle sounded.
huahua（哗哗）
“honglong”yi sheng (a "booming" sound) 4.8.1 Four-character idioms can be divided into two disyllabic words, with a short horizontal line in the middle. céngchu-buqiong (emerging in endless succession) dizeng-fenming (clear distinction between love and hate) || tt|| yangyang-daguan (a grand view of the world) || tt|| guangming-leiluo (open and aboveboard) fengping-langjing (calm and peaceful) shuldao-quchéng (water flows to form a nest) ping fen-qiase (平分秋色)
diansan-daosi (倒三倒四)
4.8.2 Four-character idioms and idioms that cannot be read in two sections should all be written in a row. 288
buyieha (不亦乐乎)
dimonéngzhu (爱莫能助)
hulihutu (糊里糊涂)
diao'erlangdang (呆儿朗当)
4.9Capitalization
GB/T 16159-1996
zong'éryanzht(in a word)
yiyidaishul(a strip of water between two people)
heibuliugia(black and autumn)
4.9.1 Capitalize the first letter of a sentence and the first letter of a line in a poem. (Examples omitted)4.9.2 Capitalize the first letter of a proper noun. B?ijing(Beijing)
Changchéng(Great Wall)
Qingming(Qingming)
For proper nouns consisting of several words, capitalize the first letter of each word. Guoji Shudian(International Bookstore)
Guangming Ribaa(Guangming Daily)
Heping Binguan(Peace Hotel)
4.9.3When a proper noun and a common noun are written together, the first letter should be capitalized. Zhongguorén（中国的人）
Guangdonghua（粤语）
When a proper noun and a common noun are written together, the first letter should be lowercase. guanggan (Guanggan)
chuanxiong (Chuanxiong)
4.10 Line transition
Mingshi (Mingshi)
zhongshanfu (Zhongshanfu)
zangqingguo (zangqingguo)
4.10.1 Line transitions should be separated by syllables. A short horizontal line should be added to the unfinished part. *guang-
ming (brightness)
cannot be changed to \gu-angming".
4.11 Tone marking
4.11.1 Tones should be marked in their original form without changing them.yr jia(frame)
yT wan(a bowl)
ba ge(eight)
buqu(not going)
yr tian(一天)
qiwan(七万）
qishang-baxia（七上八下）
bu dui(不错）
However, it can be written according to the tone change when teaching pronunciation. yi tou(一头）
qibén（七本）
buzhiyu（不至）
Note: In addition to the symbol tone marking method stipulated in the "Chinese Phonetic Alphabet Scheme", in technical processing, numbers or letters can also be used as the turn-by-turn tone marking method as needed.
Additional Notes:
This standard was proposed by the State Education Commission and the State Language and Writing Commission. This standard was drafted by the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet Orthography Committee. The main drafters of this standard are Yin Binyong, Li Leyi, and Jin Huishu. 289
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