GB/T 24042-2002 Environmental management life cycle assessment Life cycle impact assessment
Some standard content:
ICS 13. 020. 10
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T24042—2002/1S014042:2000 Environmental management
Life cycle assessment
Life cycle impact assessment
Environmental management---Life cycle assessment-Life cycle impact assessment(ISO 14042:2000,IDT)
Issued on April 16, 2002
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China
Implementation on October 1, 2002
GB/T 24042—2002
This standard is equivalent to the international standard IS014042:2000 "Environmental management life cycle assessment Life cycle impact assessment". This standard is one of the standards on life cycle assessment in the environmental management series. The standards for life cycle assessment previously released are:
GB/T24040-1999 "Principles and Framework for Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Management" (idt: ISO14040: 1997) GB/T24041-2000 "Determination of Purpose and Scope of Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Management and Inventory Analysis" (idt ISO14041: 1998)
GB/T24043--2002 "Life Cycle Interpretation of Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Management" (idt ISO14043: 2000) Appendix A of this standard is a normative appendix.
This standard is proposed and managed by the China Standards Research Center. Drafting units of this standard: China Standards Research Center: Ecological and Environmental Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, China National Petroleum Corporation, China Import and Export Product Quality Certification Center, China Environmental Management System Certification Body Accreditation Committee, China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment.
The main drafters of this standard are: Fan Yuhua, Yang Jianxin, Sun Qihong, Rao Yishan, Liu Ke, Li Yan, Xu Yougang, Huang Jin, 507
GB/T24042-2002
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is the third stage of life cycle assessment specified in GB/T24040. The purpose of I.CIA is to evaluate the results of product system\life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) in order to better understand the environmental significance of these results. In the LCIA stage, a model is established for the selected environmental issues (i.e., impact types), and type parameters are used to streamline and interpret the LCI results. Type parameters are used to reflect the cumulative total amount or resource consumption in each impact type, characterizing the "potential environmental impact" in GB/T24040. In addition, LCIA also prepares for the life cycle interpretation stage. As part of the entire life cycle assessment, LCA can be used to: Identify opportunities for improving product systems and help determine their priorities; Characterize or determine reference benchmarks for product systems and unit processes therein; Compare different product systems based on selected type parameters; Discover environmental issues that can provide decision makers with supplementary environmental data and information using other methods. Although LCIA is helpful for the above applications, it is also advisable to recognize that the product It is difficult to make a detailed evaluation of the system, and it may be necessary to resort to some other environmental assessment methods.
1) In this standard, the term "product system" also includes service systems. 2) The full expression of this term is "life cycle impact type parameter" 3) The "potential environmental impact" mentioned in GB/T24040 is a subset of the "environmental impact" in GB/T24001, which is calculated through functional units. "Potential environmental impact" is associated with the functional units of the product system and is a relative concept. 508
1 Scope
Environmental management life cycle assessment
Life cycle impact assessment
GB/T 24042—2002
This standard describes the basic framework, key characteristics and limitations of the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) stage in the life cycle assessment (LCA), provides guidance, and specifies the requirements for the implementation of LCIA and the relationship between LCIA and other LCA stages. 2 Normative references
The clauses in the following documents become clauses of this standard through reference in this standard. For any dated referenced document, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this standard; however, parties to an agreement based on this standard are encouraged to investigate whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For any undated referenced document, the latest version applies to this standard. GB/T24001—1996 Environmental Management System Specifications and User Guide (idtISO14001:1996 )GB/T24040—1999 Principles and framework for environmental management life cycle assessment (idtISO14040:1997)GB/T:24041---2000 Environmental management life cycle assessment (idtISO14041:1998)
Purpose and scope determination and inventory analysis (idtISO14041: GB/T24043—2002 Environmental management life cycle assessment life cycle interpretation (idtISO14043:2000)GB/T24Q50--2000 Environmental management terms and definitions (idtISO14050:1998) 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
The definitions in GB/T24001, GB/T24040.GB/T24041 and GB/T24050 and the following definitions apply to this standard. 3.1.1
Life cycle inventory analysis result (LCI result) The result of the life cycle inventory analysis, which provides the energy and material flows through the system boundary and serves as the starting point for the life cycle impact assessment.
Impact category
The category into which the LCI result can be classified and which represents the environmental issue of concern. 3.1.3
Life cycle impact category indicatorThe quantitative expression of the impact category.
Note: For brevity, this is referred to as “category indicator” in the following text. 3.1.4
category endpoint
The property or component of the natural environment, human health or resources involved in the specific environmental issue of concern. Note: Figure 2 provides a more detailed illustration of this term. 509
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Characterization factorThe factor derived from the characterization model used to convert the LCI result into the common units of the type parameter. NOTE: Common units enable the merging of results into type parameters. 3.1.6
Environmental mechanismenvironmental mechanismphysical, chemical or biological process system of a specific impact type that relates I.CI results to type parameters and type endpoints. 3.2
Terms and abbreviations
LCA: Life Cycle Assessment
LCI: Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
LCIA: Life Cycle Impact Assessment
4 LCIA Overview
4.1 LCIA Purpose
The purpose of LCIA is to examine individual product systems from an environmental perspective, using impact types and type parameters associated with LCI results, and to provide information for the Life Cycle Interpretation phase. 4.2 Key Characteristics of LCIA
The following are the key characteristics of LCIA:
- The LCIA phase, together with the other I.CA phases, examines the environmental and resource aspects of one or more product systems from a systemic perspective.
LCIA categorizes the LCI results and assigns them to the appropriate impact types. For each impact type, a type parameter is selected and the type parameter result (hereinafter referred to as parameter result) is calculated. The collection of parameter results (hereinafter referred to as 1.CIA Summary) provides information on environmental issues related to the input and output of the product system. --I.CIA is different from other techniques such as environmental performance assessment, environmental impact assessment and risk assessment. It is a relative method based on functional units. LCIA can use information from other techniques mentioned above. Chapter 8 will explain the limitations of LCIA.
4.3LCIA Elements
4.3.1 The basic framework of the LCIA phases includes some mandatory elements for converting LCI results into parameter results. There are also some optional elements for normalizing, grouping or weighting parameter results, including data quality analysis techniques. The LCIA phase is only one part of the entire LCA study and should be coordinated with other LCA phases, which are discussed in Appendix A. The LCIA elements are shown in Figure 1.
The main reasons for dividing the ICIA phases into different elements are as follows: 1. Each element has different characteristics and can be clearly defined; 1. It is convenient to consider each element separately during the determination of the purpose and scope of the LCA study; 1. It is convenient to evaluate the quality of the LCIA method, assumptions and other decisions of each element separately; 2. It can make the LCIA procedures, assumptions and other operations in each element transparent for critical review and reporting; 3. It can make the choice of values and their subjectivity (hereinafter referred to as value selection) in each element transparent for critical review and reporting.
4.3.2 LCIA Essential Elements
Life-time Impact Assessment
Essential Elements
Choose impact type, type parameter and characterization model to classify LCI results (classification)
Type parameter result calculation (characterization)
Type parameter results (LCIA summary)
Optional Elements
Grouping according to the relative values of the benchmark calculated type parameter results (normalization)
Data quality analysis
Figure 1 LCIA stage elements
GB/T 24042—2002
a) Selection of impact type, type parameter and characterization model: Determine the impact type, the corresponding type parameter and characterization model, the type endpoint and the relevant LCI results that the LCA study will involve. For example, the impact type of climate change uses infrared radiation intensity as the type parameter to reflect the emission of greenhouse gases (LCI results), see Table 1. b) Classification: Classify the LCI results into impact types. c) Characterization: Calculate the type parameter results. The parameter results for each impact type together form the LCIA profile of the product system. Chapter 5 provides a more detailed description of Figure 1 and the above mandatory LCIA elements and proposes entity requirements. 4.3.3 Optional LCIA Elements
Depending on the purpose and scope of the LCA study, the following optional LCIA elements and information may be used. a) Normalization: Calculate the size of the type parameter results based on the baseline information. Grouping: Categorize the impact types and rank them if necessary. b)
Weighting: Transform the parameter results belonging to each impact type using numerical factors based on value selection and combine them if necessary.
Data Quality Analysis: Better understand the reliability of the set of parameter results (i.e., the LCIA profile). d)
5 Mandatory Elements
5.1 General
During the LCIA stage, the set of parameter results for each impact type is obtained through the mandatory elements. 5.2 Concept of type parameters
Figure 2 illustrates the concept of type parameters based on environmental mechanisms. Each impact type has its own unique environmental mechanism. The impact type of acidification is used as an example in Figure 2.
The characterization model reflects the environmental mechanism by expressing the relationship between LCI results, type parameters and type endpoints (in some cases). The characterization model is used to derive characterization factors. For each impact type, it is necessary to identify the type endpoint;
Define type parameters for a given type endpoint; - Identify appropriate LCI results that can be attributed to a certain impact type (taking into account the selected type parameters and the identified type endpoint); - Determine the characterization model and characterization factors. 511
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This process helps to collect, classify and establish the parameter results and characterization model, and also helps to highlight the scientific and technical validity, assumptions, value choices and accuracy of the characterization model. Example
Life cycle inventory results
Attribution of LCI results
to impact types
Type parameters
Type points
Impact types
Characterization model
Environmental relevance
SO2, HCl, etc.
(kg/functional unit)
Acidic emissions (such as NO, SO, etc. classified to acidification
type)
Ion release (H+ ions)
Forests, vegetation, etc.
Figure 2 Type parameter concepts
Table 1 provides examples of the terms used in this standard, where environmental mechanisms are the sum of environmental processes related to climate change. Table 1 Terminology examples
Impact type
1. CI result
Characterization model
Type parameter
Characterization factor
Parameter result
Type endpoint
Environmental relevance
Note: ISO/TR14047 [1] provides more examples. Climate change
Greenhouse gas emissions
IPCC’s model
Infrared radiation intensity (W/m\)
Potential of various greenhouse gases (kg CO2 equivalent/kg gas) CO2 equivalent (kg)
Coral reefs, forests, crops
Degree of correlation between type parameter and type endpoint: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5.3.15.3 provides guidance and requirements for the selection of impact types, type parameters and characterization models and environmental relevance criteria. For most I.CA studies, existing impact types, type parameters and characterization models are usually selected. In LCA studies, any selection of impact types, type parameters and characterization models should indicate references to relevant information. The requirements and recommendations in 5.3 apply to the referenced information. However, in some cases, existing impact types, type parameters and characterization models cannot meet the needs of the purpose and scope of the LCA study, and new ones must be defined. Impact type, type parameters and characterization model, and the requirements and recommendations of this clause still apply.
Type parameters can be selected at any stage in the environmental mechanism between the I.CI result and the type endpoint (see Figure 2). 5.3.2 The selection of impact type, type parameters and characterization model should meet the following requirements: a) The selection of impact type, type parameters and characterization model is consistent with the purpose and scope of the study; b)
Indicate the source of the impact type, type parameters and characterization model; 512
Justify the selection of impact type, type parameters and characterization model; c
Give the impact type and type parameters accurate descriptive names; GB/T 24042 -2002
The impact types selected should fully reflect the environmental issues involved in the product system while taking into account the purpose and scope of the study; e)
Describe the characterization model and the environmental mechanism that links the I.CI results to the type parameters and provides the characterization factors; f)
Describe the applicability of the characterization model used to derive the type parameters to the purpose and scope of the study. 5.3.3 In addition, the following recommendations also apply to the selection of impact types, type parameters and characterization models: a) Impact types, type parameters and characterization models should be internationally acceptable, based on international agreements or recognized by qualified international organizations;
Impact types should be identified through type The parameter reflects the total emissions or resource consumption of the product system at the type endpoint; value selection and assumptions should be minimized when selecting impact types, type parameters and characterization models; unless required by the purpose and scope of the study, repeated calculations of impact types, type parameters and characterization models should be avoided, for example, when both human health and carcinogenicity are involved in the study; e)
The characterization model for each impact type should be scientifically and technically valid and based on clearly identifiable environmental mechanisms or reproducible empirical observations;
The degree of scientific and technical validity of the characterization model and characterization factors should be identified; f
g) Type parameters should be environmentally relevant. 5.3.4 Spatial and temporal differences in the characterization model that links IL.CI results to type parameters should be considered according to different environmental mechanisms and the purpose and scope of the study. The transfer and final destination of materials should be included in the characterization model. Data other than streams and flows (such as land use) in the LCI results should be identified and their relationship with the corresponding type parameters determined.
5.3.5 The environmental relevance of the type parameters or characterization models should be described according to the following criteria: Type parameters reflect the ability of the LCI results to affect the type endpoints (at least qualitatively); a)
b) Add environmental data or information about the type endpoints to the characterization model, including the status of the type endpoints;
Assessment of the relative magnitude of changes in each type endpoint; Spatial factors, such as area and range;
---Temporal factors, such as time span, residence time, persistence and immediacy; -Reversibility of environmental mechanisms;
-Uncertainty in the relationship between the characterization model and changes in the type endpoints. 5.4 Classification
This clause provides guidance on the classification of LCI results into impact categories (classifications). Classifying LCI results into impact categories can more clearly show the environmental issues associated with the results. Unless the study objective and scope specify otherwise, the assignment of LCI results to impact types should take into account the following: - Classification when LCI results relate to only one impact type - Identification when LCI results relate to more than one impact type, including: - Distinction between parallel mechanisms, e.g. SO2 to human health and acidification - Allocation between series mechanisms, e.g. NO2 to ground-level ozone formation and acidification If LCI results are not available or the data quality is insufficient to meet the objective and scope of the LCIA study, data collection should be repeated or the results and scope should be adjusted.
5.5 Characterization
This clause provides guidance and requirements for the calculation (characterization) of parameter results. The calculation involves converting the LCI results to a common unit and combining the converted results within one impact type. This conversion uses characterization factors and the result of the characterization is a quantitative indicator. The calculation method of the parameter results, including the value choices and assumptions used, should be determined and documented. 513
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The suitability of parameter results for a specific purpose and scope depends on the accuracy, validity and nature of the characterization model and characterization factors. Due to different impact types, the value selection and number and type of simplifying assumptions used in the characterization model type parameters are also different. There is often a trade-off between the simplicity and accuracy of the characterization model. Differences in the quality of type parameters in various impact types may affect the accuracy of the entire [CA study. The reasons for these differences include, - the complexity of the environmental mechanism between the system boundary and the type endpoint; time and space characteristics, such as the persistence of a substance in the environment; ~ dose-response characteristics.
The calculation of parameter results includes the following two steps: a) select and use characterization factors to convert the classified IL.CI results into the same unit, and b) merge the converted LCI results to form parameter results. ! An example of a type parameter is infrared radiation intensity. In this example, the I.CI results for each greenhouse gas are converted to CO2 equivalents using the global warming potential of the greenhouse gas as the characterization factor. The results for the various gases are then combined to obtain the parameter results expressed as a total of CO2 equivalents. More information about the environmental situation can give the parameter results more meaning and improve their usability, and can also be considered when performing data quality analysis.
6 Optional Elements
6.1 General
This chapter describes three optional LCIA elements: normalization, grouping and weighting. They can use information from outside the LCIA framework. This information should be justified and documented in the report. Normalization uses baseline and/or benchmark information, and grouping and weighting use value selection. 6.2 Normalization
The purpose of normalizing parameter results is to better understand the relative magnitude of each parameter result in the product system under study. Calculating the magnitude of parameter results against benchmark information (normalization) is an optional element, for example it helps: - check for inconsistencies;
provide and communicate information about the relative importance of parameter results; - prepare for other steps such as grouping, weighting, life cycle interpretation, etc. In this process, parameter results are transformed by dividing by a selected benchmark value. Benchmark values are for example: total emissions or total resource consumption within a specific scope (e.g. global, regional or local); total emissions or total resource consumption per capita (or similar mean) within a specific scope; baseline scenario, such as a specific alternative production system. The choice of benchmark system should take into account the consistency of environmental mechanisms and benchmark values in time and space. Normalization of parameter results will change the results of the LCIA mandatory elements, and it may be necessary to use several benchmark systems to reflect the impact on the results. Sensitivity analysis may provide additional information on the choice of benchmark. The set of normalized parameter results reflects the normalized LCIA profile.
6.3 Grouping
Grouping is the division of impact types into one or more groups of impact types predefined during the purpose and scope determination phase, which may include classification and/or ranking. Weighting is an optional element and includes the following two steps: - Classify impact types according to their nature, such as emissions or resource consumption, whether they are global, regional or local. · Ranking the impact types according to a predetermined level of criteria, such as high, medium or low. Ranking is based on value selection.
The application of the grouping method should be consistent with the purpose and scope of the study and have full transparency. Because different individuals, organizations and groups may have different preferences, they may come up with different ranking results for the same parameter results or normalized parameter results.
6.4 Weighting
GB/T24042-2002
Weighting is the process of transforming parameter results of different impact types using numerical factors obtained based on value selection, which may include the merging of weighted parameter results. Weighting is an optional element and includes two possible steps: 1. Transforming the parameter results or normalized results with the selected weighting factors; 2. Possibly combining the transformed parameter results or normalized results in each impact type. Weighting is based on value choices rather than on natural science. The application of weighting methods should be consistent with the purpose and scope of the study and have full transparency. Since different individuals, organizations and groups may have different preferences, they may obtain different weighting results for the same parameter results or normalized parameter results. In an LCA study, several different weighting factors and weighting methods may be used, and sensitivity analysis should be performed to evaluate the impact of different value choices and weighting methods on LCIA results.
The weighting methods used and the specific practices should be documented to provide transparency. The data obtained before weighting and the parameter results or normalized results should be provided together with the weighted results to ensure that decision makers and other users are aware of the trade-offs and other information made; users can grasp the full situation and relevant details of these results. 7 Data Quality Analysis
In order to better understand the importance, uncertainty and sensitivity of LCIA results, more methods and information may be needed to determine whether there are important differences;
- Remove negligible LCI results;
Guide the iterative process of LCIA.
The need and choice of methods depend on the accuracy and detail required to achieve the purpose and scope of the study. The specific methods and their functions are described as follows:
Importance analysis (such as Pareto analysis) is a statistical procedure used to identify the data with the most important impact on the parameter results. The identified data will be prioritized for research to ensure that the correct decision is made. Uncertainty analysis as defined in GB/T24041. It describes the statistical variability of the data set and aims to determine whether there are significant differences between parameter results from the same type of impact. - Sensitivity analysis as defined in GB/T24041. It evaluates changes (such as in.
LCIA is an iterative process, the results of the data quality analysis may also guide the LCI stage, for example, to modify the cut-off criteria or collect data that were previously omitted. See Appendix A. 8 Limitations of LCIA
LCIA only addresses those environmental issues identified in the purpose and scope, so LCIA is not a complete evaluation of all environmental issues of the product system studied.
LCIA has some inherent limitations:
Generally speaking, LCIA is a technical and scientific procedure. However, value choices must be made in the selection of impact types, type parameters and characterization models, as well as in normalization, grouping, weighting and other procedures. ICIA generally does not include information on time, space, thresholds and dose-response, and combines emissions or activities over time and/or space, thereby weakening the environmental relevance of parameter results. 1. The accuracy of type parameters for different impact types may differ due to the following differences: differences between the characterization models and the corresponding environmental mechanisms, such as differences in spatial and temporal scales; differences in the application of simplifying assumptions;
GB/F24042--2002
- differences in existing scientific knowledge.
"·LCIA results do not predict impacts such as type endpoints, thresholds exceeded, safety limits or risks. -LCIA does not always reflect significant differences in the results of relevant parameters of impact types and alternative product systems. The reasons may be: the characterization model used for characterization, sensitivity analysis and uncertainty analysis in the LCIA stage is not fully established; limitations from the L.CI stage, such as the set system boundaries do not include all possible unit processes of the product system or do not include all inputs and outputs of each unit process due to trade-offs and data gaps; -Limitations from the LCI stage, such as LCI data quality problems caused by uncertainties or differences in allocation and merging procedures;
Limitations caused by the lack of suitability and representativeness of the collected inventory data for each impact type. 9 Comparative conclusions published to the outside world
This chapter applies At the stage of LCIA supporting comparative assertions published to the outside world, Article 5.1.2.4 and Chapter 7 of GB/T24040-1999 and Chapter 7 of GB/T24041--2000 discuss this, and further requirements are proposed here. LCIA supporting comparative assertions should use a sufficiently broad set of type parameters. Type parameters should be compared one by one. Because more information may be needed to overcome the limitations pointed out in Chapter 8, LCIA should not be used as the sole basis for determining comparative assertions of overall environmental superiority or equivalence.
The weighting method described in Article 6.4 shall not be used for comparative assertions published to the outside world. The type parameters used to support comparative assertions published to the outside world should be internationally acceptable. These type parameters should at least be correct from a scientific and technological perspective, that is, based on clearly identifiable environmental mechanisms or reproducible empirical observations. Observation; there is environmental relevance, that is, there is a sufficiently obvious connection with the type endpoint, including (but not limited to) spatial and temporal characteristics. Note: For more information on environmental mechanisms and environmental relevance, see Chapter 5. For studies intended to support comparative assertions, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses should be conducted on the results of the studies. 10 Reporting and critical review
10.1 General
This chapter specifies the requirements for writing reports and conducting critical reviews on LCIA results. These requirements are in addition to the requirements in GB/T 24040 and GB/T 24041. 10.2 LCIA report
10.2.1 For the third-party report specified in Chapter 6 of GB/T 24040, the following should be included: the IL.CIA procedures, calculations and results of the study; a)
In terms of the specified LCA study purpose and scope , what are the limitations of the LCIA results; b)
c) the relationship between the LCIA results and the above purpose and scope, see Appendix A; d) the relationship between I.CIA and I.CI results, see Appendix A; the types of impacts considered, including the reasons for their selection, and indicating their sources; e)
a statement or reference to all characterization models, characterization factors and methods used, as well as all assumptions and limitations; f)
a statement or reference to the values used for the types of impacts, characterization models, characterization factors, normalization, grouping, weighting and other aspects of LCIA; g)
a statement or reference to the selection, the reasons for their selection and their impact on the results, conclusions and recommendations; a statement that the L.CIA results are only a relative concept and do not predict effects on type endpoints, exceedances of thresholds, safety limits or risks; h)
, etc.
10.2.2 When preparing a third-party report as specified in Chapter 6 of GB/T 24040 as part of an L.CA study, the following 4) (il3/T 21040-1999 defines a comparative assertion as an environmental statement that a product is superior to or equivalent to a competitive product with the same function.
Content:
Describe and justify any new impact types, type parameters or characterization models used in I.CIA; b)
For all Statement and justification for the grouping of impact types; c)
Other procedures for transforming parameter results and justification for selecting benchmark values and weighting factors; GB/T24042—2002
d) Any analysis of parameter results, such as sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, use of environmental data, and the inherent meaning of these results;
Data and parameter results obtained before normalization, grouping or weighting should be provided simultaneously with the results obtained after classification, grouping or weighting. e)
In addition, for comparative conclusions published to the outside world, the report should also include the following: a)
Evaluation of the integrity of LCIA;
Statement whether the type parameters selected are internationally accepted and justification for their use; Justification for the scientific and technical validity and environmental relevance of the type parameters used in the study; Results of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis; Evaluation of the significance of the differences found; If grouping is included in the LCA, it should also include: 1)
Grouping procedure and results;
-Statement that the conclusions and recommendations made through grouping are based on value choices; -Justification for the criteria used for normalization and grouping (these inferences can be personal, organizational or national value choices);
-Statement that GB/T 24042 does not specify any specific method or support specific value choices to group impact types"; -Statement that "the client of the study is responsible for the value choices and judgments in the grouping procedure" (the client of the study can be a government, community, organization, etc.).
10.2. 4 When preparing other reports using LCIA results, consideration should be given to incorporating the relevant aspects listed above. NOTE 1 Graphical representations of LCIA results in reports may be helpful in illustrating issues, but consideration should be given to the implicit effect of comparison and conclusion. NOTE 2 Due to the inherent complexity of the LCIA stage, documentation in accordance with this clause and ISO 24040 may also be considered when preparing internal reports or reports submitted to second parties.
10.3 Critical review
The type of critical review should be defined in the study objectives. This review should comply with the requirements of 7.3 of GB/T24040-1999. When LCA studies are used to provide comparative conclusions for publication, a critical review should be conducted in accordance with 7.3.3 of GB/T24040-1999.
LCIA reviewers should have other relevant skills and knowledge, and their capabilities in disciplines related to important impact types should also be considered. Review capabilities should include capabilities in classification, characterization, normalization, grouping and weighting to support life cycle interpretation in LCA studies.Limitations of the CI stage, such as the set system boundary does not include all possible unit processes of the product system or does not include all inputs and outputs of each unit process due to trade-offs and data gaps; - Limitations from the LCI stage, such as LCI data quality issues caused by uncertainties or differences in allocation and merging procedures;
Limitations caused by the lack of suitability and representativeness of the collected inventory data for each impact type. 9 Comparative assertions published to the outside world
This chapter applies to the LCIA stage that supports comparative assertions published to the outside world. 5.1.2.4 and Chapter 7 of GB/T24040-1999. Chapter 7 of GB/T24041--2000 discusses this. Further requirements are proposed here. LCIA that supports comparative assertions should use a sufficiently broad set of type parameters. Type parameters should be compared one by one. Because more information may be needed to overcome the limitations pointed out in Chapter 8, LCIA should not be used as the sole basis for comparative assertions of overall environmental superiority or equivalence.
The weighting method described in 6.4 shall not be used for comparative claims published to the public. Type parameters used to support comparative claims published to the public should be internationally acceptable and at least scientifically correct, i.e. based on clearly identifiable environmental mechanisms or reproducible empirical observations; and environmentally relevant, i.e. sufficiently clear links to type endpoints, including (but not limited to) spatial and temporal characteristics. NOTE: For more information on environmental mechanisms and environmental relevance, see Chapter 5. For studies intended to support comparative claims, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses should be performed on the results. 10 Reporting and critical review
10.1 General
This chapter specifies requirements for reporting and critical review of LCIA results. These requirements are in addition to those in GB/T 24040 and GB/T 24041. 10.2 LCIA report
10.2.1 For the third-party report specified in Chapter 6 of GB/T 24040, the following contents should be included: IL.CIA procedures, calculations and results of the study; a)
What are the limitations of the LCIA results in terms of the specified LCA study objectives and scope; b)
c) The relationship between the LCIA results and the above objectives and scope, see Appendix A; d) The relationship between I.CIA and I.CI results, see Appendix A; The types of impacts considered, including the reasons for selecting them, and indicate their sources;e)
a statement or reference to all characterization models, characterization factors and methods used, as well as all assumptions and limitations;f)
a description or reference to the values used for impact types, characterization models, characterization factors, normalization, grouping, weighting and other aspects of LCIAg)
a statement or reference to the selection, the reasons for their selection and their impact on the results, conclusions and recommendations;h)
a statement that the L.CIA results are only relative concepts and do not predict effects on type endpoints, exceedances of thresholds, safety limits or risks, etc.
10.2.2 When preparing a third-party report as specified in Chapter 6 of GB/T 24040 as part of an L.CA study, the following 4) (il3/T 21040-1999 defines a comparative assertion as an environmental statement that a product is superior to or equivalent to a competitive product with the same function.
Content:
Describe and justify any new impact types, type parameters or characterization models used in I.CIA; b)
For all Statement and justification for the grouping of impact types; c)
Other procedures for transforming parameter results and justification for selecting benchmark values and weighting factors; GB/T24042—2002
d) Any analysis of parameter results, such as sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, use of environmental data, and the inherent meaning of these results;
Data and parameter results obtained before normalization, grouping or weighting should be provided simultaneously with the results obtained after classification, grouping or weighting. e)
In addition, for comparative conclusions published to the outside world, the report should also include the following: a)
Evaluation of the integrity of LCIA;
Statement whether the type parameters selected are internationally accepted and justification for their use; Justification for the scientific and technical validity and environmental relevance of the type parameters used in the study; Results of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis; Evaluation of the significance of the differences found; If grouping is included in the LCA, it should also include: 1)
Grouping procedure and results;
-Statement that the conclusions and recommendations made through grouping are based on value choices; -Justification for the criteria used for normalization and grouping (these inferences can be personal, organizational or national value choices);
-Statement that GB/T 24042 does not specify any specific method or support specific value choices to group impact types"; -Statement that "the client of the study is responsible for the value choices and judgments in the grouping procedure" (the client of the study can be a government, community, organization, etc.).
10.2. 4 When preparing other reports using LCIA results, consideration should be given to incorporating the relevant aspects listed above. NOTE 1 Graphical representations of LCIA results in reports may be helpful in illustrating issues, but consideration should be given to the implicit effect of comparison and conclusion. NOTE 2 Due to the inherent complexity of the LCIA stage, documentation in accordance with this clause and ISO 24040 may also be considered when preparing internal reports or reports submitted to second parties.
10.3 Critical review
The type of critical review should be defined in the study objectives. This review should comply with the requirements of 7.3 of GB/T24040-1999. When LCA studies are used to provide comparative conclusions for publication, a critical review should be conducted in accordance with 7.3.3 of GB/T24040-1999.
LCIA reviewers should have other relevant skills and knowledge, and their capabilities in disciplines related to important impact types should also be considered. Review capabilities should include capabilities in classification, characterization, normalization, grouping and weighting to support life cycle interpretation in LCA studies.Limitations of the CI stage, such as the set system boundary does not include all possible unit processes of the product system or does not include all inputs and outputs of each unit process due to trade-offs and data gaps; - Limitations from the LCI stage, such as LCI data quality issues caused by uncertainties or differences in allocation and merging procedures;
Limitations caused by the lack of suitability and representativeness of the collected inventory data for each impact type. 9 Comparative assertions published to the outside world
This chapter applies to the LCIA stage that supports comparative assertions published to the outside world. 5.1.2.4 and Chapter 7 of GB/T24040-1999. Chapter 7 of GB/T24041--2000 discusses this. Further requirements are proposed here. LCIA that supports comparative assertions should use a sufficiently broad set of type parameters. Type parameters should be compared one by one. Because more information may be needed to overcome the limitations pointed out in Chapter 8, LCIA should not be used as the sole basis for comparative assertions of overall environmental superiority or equivalence.
The weighting method described in 6.4 shall not be used for comparative claims published to the public. Type parameters used to support comparative claims published to the public should be internationally acceptable and at least scientifically correct, i.e. based on clearly identifiable environmental mechanisms or reproducible empirical observations; and environmentally relevant, i.e. sufficiently clear links to type endpoints, including (but not limited to) spatial and temporal characteristics. NOTE: For more information on environmental mechanisms and environmental relevance, see Chapter 5. For studies intended to support comparative claims, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses should be performed on the results. 10 Reporting and critical review
10.1 General
This chapter specifies requirements for reporting and critical review of LCIA results. These requirements are in addition to those in GB/T 24040 and GB/T 24041. 10.2 LCIA report
10.2.1 For the third-party report specified in Chapter 6 of GB/T 24040, the following contents should be included: IL.CIA procedures, calculations and results of the study; a)
What are the limitations of the LCIA results in terms of the specified LCA study objectives and scope; b)
c) The relationship between the LCIA results and the above objectives and scope, see Appendix A; d) The relationship between I.CIA and I.CI results, see Appendix A; The types of impacts considered, including the reasons for selecting them, and indicate their sources;e)
a statement or reference to all characterization models, characterization factors and methods used, as well as all assumptions and limitations;f)
a description or reference to the values used for impact types, characterization models, characterization factors, normalization, grouping, weighting and other aspects of LCIAg)
a statement or reference to the selection, the reasons for their selection and their impact on the results, conclusions and recommendations;h)
a statement that the L.CIA results are only relative concepts and do not predict effects on type endpoints, exceedances of thresholds, safety limits or risks, etc.
10.2.2 When preparing a third-party report as specified in Chapter 6 of GB/T 24040 as part of an L.CA study, the following 4) (il3/T 21040-1999 defines a comparative assertion as an environmental statement that a product is superior to or equivalent to a competitive product with the same function.
Content:
Describe and justify any new impact types, type parameters or characterization models used in I.CIA; b)
For all Statement and justification for the grouping of impact types; c)
Other procedures for transforming parameter results and justification for selecting benchmark values and weighting factors; GB/T24042—2002
d) Any analysis of parameter results, such as sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, use of environmental data, and the inherent meaning of these results;
Data and parameter results obtained before normalization, grouping or weighting should be provided simultaneously with the results obtained after classification, grouping or weighting. e)
In addition, for comparative conclusions published to the outside world, the report should also include the following: a)
Evaluation of the integrity of LCIA;
Statement whether the type parameters selected are internationally accepted and justification for their use; Justification for the scientific and technical validity and environmental relevance of the type parameters used in the study; Results of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis; Evaluation of the significance of the differences found; If grouping is included in the LCA, it should also include: 1)
Grouping procedure and results;
-Statement that the conclusions and recommendations made through grouping are based on value choices; -Justification for the criteria used for normalization and grouping (these inferences can be personal, organizational or national value choices);
-Statement that GB/T 24042 does not specify any specific method or support specific value choices to group impact types"; -Statement that "the client of the study is responsible for the value choices and judgments in the grouping procedure" (the client of the study can be a government, community, organization, etc.).
10.2. 4 When preparing other reports using LCIA results, consideration should be given to incorporating the relevant aspects listed above. NOTE 1 Graphical representations of LCIA results in reports may be helpful in illustrating issues, but consideration should be given to the implicit effect of comparison and conclusion. NOTE 2 Due to the inherent complexity of the LCIA stage, documentation in accordance with this clause and ISO 24040 may also be considered when preparing internal reports or reports submitted to second parties.
10.3 Critical review
The type of critical review should be defined in the study objectives. This review should comply with the requirements of 7.3 of GB/T24040-1999. When LCA studies are used to provide comparative conclusions for publication, a critical review should be conducted in accordance with 7.3.3 of GB/T24040-1999.
LCIA reviewers should have other relevant skills and knowledge, and their capabilities in disciplines related to important impact types should also be considered. Review capabilities should include capabilities in classification, characterization, normalization, grouping and weighting to support life cycle interpretation in LCA studies.The relationship between CI results is shown in Appendix A; the types of impacts considered, including the reasons for their selection and their sources; e)
a statement or reference to all characterization models, characterization factors and methods used, as well as all assumptions and limitations; f)
the values used for impact types, characterization models, characterization factors, normalization, grouping, weighting and other aspects of LCIA g)
a statement or source of the selection, the reasons for their selection and their impact on the results, conclusions and recommendations; a statement that the L.CIA results are only relative concepts and do not predict effects on type endpoints, exceedances of thresholds, safety limits or risks h)
, etc. bzxZ.net
10.2.2 When preparing a third-party report as specified in Chapter 6 of GB/T 24040 as part of an L.CA study, the following 4) (il3/T 21040-1999 defines a comparative assertion as an environmental statement that a product is superior to or equivalent to a competitive product with the same function.
Content:
Describe and justify any new impact types, type parameters or characterization models used in I.CIA; b)
For all Statement and justification for the grouping of impact types; c)
Other procedures for transforming parameter results and justification for selecting benchmark values and weighting factors; GB/T24042—2002
d) Any analysis of parameter results, such as sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, use of environmental data, and the inherent meaning of these results;
Data and parameter results obtained before normalization, grouping or weighting should be provided simultaneously with the results obtained after classification, grouping or weighting. e)
In addition, for comparative conclusions published to the outside world, the report should also include the following: a)
Evaluation of the integrity of LCIA;
Statement whether the type parameters selected are internationally accepted and justification for their use; Justification for the scientific and technical validity and environmental relevance of the type parameters used in the study; Results of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis; Evaluation of the significance of the differences found; If grouping is included in the LCA, it should also include: 1)
Grouping procedure and results;
-Statement that the conclusions and recommendations made through grouping are based on value choices; -Justification for the criteria used for normalization and grouping (these inferences can be personal, organizational or national value choices);
-Statement that GB/T 24042 does not specify any specific method or support specific value choices to group impact types"; -Statement that "the client of the study is responsible for the value choices and judgments in the grouping procedure" (the client of the study can be a government, community, organization, etc.).
10.2. 4 When preparing other reports using LCIA results, consideration should be given to incorporating the relevant aspects listed above. NOTE 1 Graphical representations of LCIA results in reports may be helpful in illustrating issues, but consideration should be given to the implicit effect of comparison and conclusion. NOTE 2 Due to the inherent complexity of the LCIA stage, documentation in accordance with this clause and ISO 24040 may also be considered when preparing internal reports or reports submitted to second parties.
10.3 Critical review
The type of critical review should be defined in the study objectives. This review should comply with the requirements of 7.3 of GB/T24040-1999. When LCA studies are used to provide comparative conclusions for publication, a critical review should be conducted in accordance with 7.3.3 of GB/T24040-1999.
LCIA reviewers should have other relevant skills and knowledge, and their capabilities in disciplines related to important impact types should also be considered. Review capabilities should include capabilities in classification, characterization, normalization, grouping and weighting to support life cycle interpretation in LCA studies.The relationship between CI results is shown in Appendix A; the types of impacts considered, including the reasons for their selection and their sources; e)
a statement or reference to all characterization models, characterization factors and methods used, as well as all assumptions and limitations; f)
the values used for impact types, characterization models, characterization factors, normalization, grouping, weighting and other aspects of LCIA g)
a statement or source of the selection, the reasons for their selection and their impact on the results, conclusions and recommendations; a statement that the L.CIA results are only relative concepts and do not predict effects on type endpoints, exceedances of thresholds, safety limits or risks h)
, etc.
10.2.2 When preparing a third-party report as specified in Chapter 6 of GB/T 24040 as part of an L.CA study, the following 4) (il3/T 21040-1999 defines a comparative assertion as an environmental statement that a product is superior to or equivalent to a competitive product with the same function.
Content:
Describe and justify any new impact types, type parameters or characterization models used in I.CIA; b)
For all Statement and justification for the grouping of impact types; c)
Other procedures for transforming parameter results and justification for selecting benchmark values and weighting factors; GB/T24042—2002
d) Any analysis of parameter results, such as sensitivity and uncertainty analysis, use of environmental data, and the inherent meaning of these results;
Data and parameter results obtained before normalization, grouping or weighting should be provided simultaneously with the results obtained after classification, grouping or weighting. e)
In addition, for comparative conclusions published to the outside world, the report should also include the following: a)
Evaluation of the integrity of LCIA;
Statement whether the type parameters selected are internationally accepted and justification for their use; Justification for the scientific and technical validity and environmental relevance of the type parameters used in the study; Results of uncertainty and sensitivity analysis; Evaluation of the significance of the differences found; If grouping is included in the LCA, it should also include: 1)
Grouping procedure and results;
-Statement that the conclusions and recommendations made through grouping are based on value choices; -Justification for the criteria used for normalization and grouping (these inferences can be personal, organizational or national value choices);
-Statement that GB/T 24042 does not specify any specific method or support specific value choices to group impact types"; -Statement that "the client of the study is responsible for the value choices and judgments in the grouping procedure" (the client of the study can be a government, community, organization, etc.).
10.2. 4 When preparing other reports using LCIA results, consideration should be given to incorporating the relevant aspects listed above. NOTE 1 Graphical representations of LCIA results in reports may be helpful in illustrating issues, but consideration should be given to the implicit effect of comparison and conclusion. NOTE 2 Due to the inherent complexity of the LCIA stage, documentation in accordance with this clause and ISO 24040 may also be considered when preparing internal reports or reports submitted to second parties.
10.3 Critical review
The type of critical review should be defined in the study objectives. This review should comply with the requirements of 7.3 of GB/T24040-1999. When LCA studies are used to provide comparative conclusions for publication, a critical review should be conducted in accordance with 7.3.3 of GB/T24040-1999.
LCIA reviewers should have other relevant skills and knowledge, and their capabilities in disciplines related to important impact types should also be considered. Review capabilities should include capabilities in classification, characterization, normalization, grouping and weighting to support life cycle interpretation in LCA studies.
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