Aerial photographic specification for 1:5000、 1:10000、 1:25000、 1:50000、 1:100000 scale topographic maps
Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Aerial photographic specification for1 : 5 000, 1 : 10 000,
1 : 25 000,1 : 50 000,1 : 100 000scale topographic maps
1 Subject content and scope of application
GB/T 15661-1995
This standard specifies the technical requirements for aerial photography of 1*5000, 1:10000, 1:25000, 1:50000, 1:100000 topographic maps, the inspection methods for the quality of the results, and the storage requirements for aerial photography equipment and aerial photography results. This standard is applicable to the aerial photography work of measuring and making 1:5000, 1:10000, 1:25000, 1:50000, 1:100000 topographic maps and image maps,
2 Reference standards
GJB647 Determination method of deformation rate of aerial photography film GB6845 Determination method of film base thickness
GB9862 Determination method of sensitivity and average slope of black and white aerial photography film GB7519 Determination of thiosulfate residue in microfilm after development ZBN35003 Resolution plate
JB9045 Determination of resolution of photosensitive materials
3 Aerial photography plan and aerial photography design
3.1 Procedures and requirements for aerial photography plan
3.1.1 According to the needs of mapping, the aerial photography task shall be formulated, and the mapping unit and the aerial photography execution unit shall jointly discuss the relevant specific matters, formulate the aerial photography plan, and sign the aerial photography contract.
3.1.2 The main technical contents of the aerial photography contract shall include: aerial photography area and photography area (the scope of the photography area shall be indicated by latitude and longitude and map sheet number in an abbreviated diagram); a.
Mapping method, mapping scale and photography scale; type of aerial photography instrument, technical parameters and parameters of aerial photography auxiliary instruments; name and quantity of aerial photography data to be provided; d.
season and period for executing aerial photography tasks;
special technical requirements, etc.
3.2 Aerial Design
3.2.1 Selection of Design Maps
Reliable and recently published topographic maps should be selected as aerial design maps. The scale of design maps should generally be selected according to the mapping scale in accordance with the provisions of Table 1 of the State Technical Supervision Bureau T995~08-02 approved 270
1996-01-01
.
Mapping scale
1:5000
1:10000
1:25000
1:50000
1:100000
3.2.2 Selection of aerial photography scale
GB/T 15661—1995
Design drawing scale
1:25000 or 1:50000
1:100000 or 1:250000
The aerial photography scale should be selected within the range of Table 2 based on the terrain characteristics of different photography areas, on the premise of ensuring mapping accuracy, and in accordance with the principle of shortening mapping cycle, reducing costs and improving the comprehensive benefits of surveying and mapping. Table 2
Mapping scale
1:5 000
1:10 000
1:25 000
1:50 000
1:100 000
3.2.3 Division of aerial photography zones
The zone boundary should be consistent with the map outline;
Aerial photography scale
1 : 10 000~1 : 20 000
1 20 000~1 : 40 000
1 + 25 000-1 : 60 000
1 : 35 000~~1 : 80 000
1 : 60 000~1 : 100 000
The terrain height difference within the zone shall not be greater than one-fourth of the relative altitude (the altitude based on the average altitude plane of the zone). The zone shall be as large as possible under the premise that the terrain height difference meets the provisions of Article b and the linearity of the route can be ensured. The minimum range of the zone shall not be less than two map sheets except for the 1:5000 mapping, which shall not be less than one map sheet; d.
When the ground height difference changes suddenly, the terrain features are significantly different or there are special requirements, the map outline can be broken to divide the aerial photography zone. 3.2.4 Route direction and route laying method
The route flies in a straight line from east to west. Under certain conditions, it can also fly north-south according to the terrain direction or fly in any direction along the line, river, coast, border, etc.;
The conventional photography route should be laid parallel to the map outline. For 1:5000 and 1:10000 mapping, when Mimage/M is greater than 3.3 timesb.
, the route should be laid along the center line of the map sheet;c.
When aerial photography is performed in waters and sea areas, the route should be laid to avoid the main point of the image falling into the water as much as possible; it is necessary to ensure that all islands are fully covered and can form a stereo image pair;
d. Control routes can be laid in deserts, shaded areas in high mountains, and areas where mapping control operations are particularly difficult. Control routes are set according to the requirements of mapping control point design. 3.2.5 Selection of aerial photography season and time
a. The aerial photography season should choose the most favorable meteorological conditions in the shooting area; the adverse effects of surface vegetation and other covering materials (such as snow, floods, blowing sand, etc.) on photography and mapping should be avoided or reduced as much as possible to ensure that aerial photography can truly show the ground details;b. When choosing the time for aerial photography, it is necessary to ensure sufficient illumination and avoid excessive shadows. Generally, it is determined according to Table 3 based on the solar altitude angle and shadow multiple of the photographing area.
Terrain type
Hills
Large and medium-sized cities (photographic scale ≥1/20000)General towns (photographic scale ≥1/20000)Steep mountainous areas
3.2.6 Selection and verification of aerial cameras
GB/T 15661-—1995
Solar altitude angle (\) or shadow multiple (times)>20
Within 1 hour before and after local noon
3.2.6.1 The selection of aerial cameras is mainly determined based on comprehensive considerations such as mapping accuracy requirements, mapping instruments and equipment, mapping scale, mapping methods and existing aerial photography equipment, but the basic performance of the selected aerial cameras should not be lower than the requirements of Table 4. Table 4
Resolution of lens within effective use area
Radial distortion
Exposure time
Color aberration correction range (wavelength)
3.2.6.2 Calibration of aerial camera
230mmX230mm
85 mm~~310 mm
Not less than 25 line pairs per millimeter
Not more than 0.015mm when focal length is greater than 90mm, not more than 0.02 mm when focal length is less than or equal to 90 mm
1/100 s~1/1 000 s
400 nm~900 nm
Calibrate according to the stability of each aerial camera. Calibrate under the following conditions. When the time from the last calibration is more than 2 years;
When the shutter exposure times exceed 20,000 times:
After the aerial camera has been overhauled or the main parts have been replaced; after the aerial camera has been subjected to severe vibration
The calibration items and calibration accuracy requirements shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of Table 5. Table 5
Calibration principal distance
Frame mark coordinates
Frame mark distance
Radial distortion difference
Best symmetric principal point coordinates
Self-collimation principal point coordinates
Lens resolution
Shutter speed
The calibration method shall be carried out in accordance with the relevant provisions of Appendix A
GB/T 15661--1995
During calibration, the aerial camera objective lens shall be equipped with the filter commonly used in black and white photography. Each calibration data shall be accurately recorded in the aerial camera record book and the aerial photography appraisal table specified in Appendix D. 3.2.7 Selection and measurement of aerial film
3.2.7.1 The selection of aerial film should be determined based on factors such as the geographical location of the shooting area, shooting season, ground illumination, ground object contrast and spectral characteristics. The geometric properties of the selected film should not be lower than the requirements of Table 6. Table 6
Film resolution
Irregular deformation rate (after processing)
Film base thickness
3.2.7.2 The edge of the film should be flat, smooth, and free of burrs and cracks. 3.2.7.3 Before the start of each aerial photography mission, the film's photosensitivity should be measured. 3.2.7.4 The measurement items should include:
Film resolution, irregular deformation rate, film base thickness: Geometric performance requirements
No less than 85 line pairs per millimeter
No more than 0.03%
No less than 0.07mm
Film sensitivity, contrast coefficient, exposure latitude, fog density, maximum density, minimum density. 3.2.7.5 Measurement method
Film resolution shall be measured in accordance with the provisions of JB9045; irregular deformation rate shall be measured in accordance with the method specified in GJB647; film base thickness shall be measured in accordance with the method specified in GB6845; d.
The measurement of several photosensitive characteristics listed in Article 3.2.7.4 of this standard shall be carried out in accordance with the method specified in GB9862. 3.2.8 Aerial photography auxiliary instruments
If the mapping unit needs it, the necessary aerial photography auxiliary instruments can be used. Its performance shall meet the technical requirements put forward by the mapping unit. 3.2.8.2 The calibration items and calibration methods of the auxiliary instruments used shall be implemented in accordance with the use regulations provided by the manufacturer. 3.2.9 Test flight
Test flight or test shooting should be organized in one of the following situations: 3. 2. 9. 1
The aerial photography aircraft is newly modified;
The newly formed aerial photography crew;
The aerial photography crew organizes an inspection of the survey area to understand the survey area situation; The aerial photography instrument is reopened for use before formal operation every year, or after maintenance, new purchase, oil sealing, etc. d.
3.2.9.2 The test flight and test shooting results data shall be analyzed and processed to confirm that the working status is normal before it can be used for formal aerial photography. 4 Flight quality and photography quality requirements
4.1 Flight quality
4.1.1 Image overlap
4.1.1.1 The heading overlap should generally be 60%~65%; the individual maximum should not be greater than 75%, and the minimum should not be less than 56%. When the heading overlap of an individual image pair is less than 56%, but greater than 53%, and the heading overlap of its adjacent image pair is not less than 58%, it can be considered qualified if it can ensure that the mapping orientation point and the surveying and mapping work margin are not less than 1.5cm from the edge of the image. When laying the route along the center line of the map sheet and achieving one image covering one map, the heading overlap can be increased to 80%90%. 4.1.1.2 The lateral overlap of images of adjacent routes should generally be 30%~~35%, and the individual minimum should not be less than 13%. When laying the route along the center line of the map sheet, it must be ensured that the outline line is at least more than 1.5cm away from the edge of the image. 4.1.2 The tilt angle of the image is generally not more than 2°, and the maximum is not more than 3°4.1.3 The rotation angle of the image is generally not more than 6°, and the maximum is not more than 8° (and it shall not be 3 consecutive images)273
4.1.4 The curvature of the route shall not exceed 3%.
4.1.5 Altitude maintenance
GB/T15661—1995
4.1.5.1 The altitude difference between adjacent images on the same route shall not exceed 30m; the difference between the maximum altitude and the minimum altitude shall not exceed 50m. 4.1.5.2 The difference between the actual altitude and the designed altitude within the photography area shall not exceed 5% of the designed altitude. 4.1.6 Coverage guarantee of survey area, subarea and outline4.1.6.1 Coverage guarantee of survey area boundary: the heading coverage exceeds the survey area boundary line by no less than baselines. The lateral coverage beyond the boundary line of the survey area shall generally be no less than 50% of the image frame, and at least no less than 30% of the image frame; when the route is laid according to the center line of the map frame, the lateral coverage beyond the boundary line of the survey area (map outline) shall be at least no less than 12% of the image frame. 4.1.6.2 Guarantee of coverage of sub-area boundary lines: If the directions of the routes between sub-areas are the same, the lateral flights are normally connected, and the headings each exceed the boundary line of the sub-area by one baseline. When the heading directions between sub-areas are different, the headings each exceed the boundary line of the sub-area by one baseline, and the lateral coverage beyond the boundary line of the sub-area shall generally be no less than 30% of the image frame, and at least no less than 15% of the image frame. When the route is laid according to the center line of the mapped map frame, the lateral coverage shall be at least no less than 12% of the image frame. 4.1.6.3 The boundary lines of the survey area and sub-area are generally map outlines, and the requirements for map outline coverage are the same as 4.1.6.1 and 4.1.6.2. 4.1.7 Flight quality when the route is laid out according to the center line of the map 4.1.7.1 The actual flight track shall not deviate from the center line of the map by more than 1/5 of the length of the map outline (1/5 of the north-south length of the map outline for east-west flight). When the actual flight track deviates beyond the above provisions, but its lateral coverage can still ensure that the map outline line is more than 1.5 cm away from the edge of the film, it can be considered qualified. 4.1.7.2 When one film is required to cover one map, the selection of the center film must ensure that the map outline line is generally not less than 2.5 cm from the edge of the film, and at least not less than 1.5 cm. The principal points of the transition films at both ends of the route should fall outside the map outline or the boundary line of the survey area, and the transition film and the center film should be able to form a normal overlapping stereo image pair.
4.1.7.3 Increase the overlap of heading photography (referring to 80%~~90%), and the determination of the tilt angle and rotation angle of the image shall be based on the central image and transition image of the stereo image pair after the film is extracted, and the requirements are the same as those in Articles 4.1.2 and 4.1.3. 4.1.8 Control route
4.1.8.1 The photography scale of the control route shall be about 25% larger than that of the mapping route; the heading overlap shall not be less than 80%, and it shall be ensured that the alternate numbered images can form a normal overlapping stereo image pair. 4.1.8.2 For the control route located at the periphery of the survey area, it shall be ensured that the main point of the image falls outside the boundary line of the survey area, and the two ends shall exceed the boundary line of the survey area by four baselines.
For the control route located inside the survey area, it shall be ensured that the main point of the image falls within the range of half of the baseline of the mapping route on both sides of the outline line it crosses. 4. 1.8.31
At the intersections and connections between control routes, it is necessary to ensure that there are no less than four baselines overlapping each other. 4. 1.8.4
4.1.9 Replenishment of loopholes
4.1.9.1 Relative loopholes and absolute loopholes that appear in aerial photography must be supplemented in time. 4.1.9.2 The supplementary photography of loopholes should be carried out according to the original design requirements. 4.1.9.3 For relative loopholes that do not affect the connection of the internal encrypted model, only supplementary photography is performed at the loophole. The length of the supplementary photography route should exceed the length of the loophole by one baseline.
4.1.9.4 In the survey area where the control route is laid, the two ends of the supplementary photography route must exceed one baseline outside the control route. 4.1.9.5 For control routes that are not used for mapping, if there are local relative loopholes or other defects (such as cloud shadows, debonding, etc.), supplementary photography is not required if it does not affect the connection of the internal encrypted model and point selection of the entire route. 4.1.10 At the end of each flight, the aerial photography flight report form should be carefully filled in and submitted to the photography processing process with the film taken for storage. 4.2 Photography Quality
4.2.1 The image quality of the aerial photography film after processing should meet the following requirements: the fog density (D.) is not greater than 0.2 and not greater than 0.3 when the photography scale is less than 1:50000; a.
b. The minimum density (Dmin) is not less than D. + 0.2; the maximum density (Dmax) is 1.2 to 1.6; for a very small number of particularly bright objects, the maximum density may exceed 1.6 but shall not exceed c.
2.0; and in areas where the brightness of objects is particularly low (such as grasslands and forests), the maximum density may be less than 1.2 but shall not be less than 1.0271
GB/T15661--1995
d. The contrast (△D) is 0.6~1.4, and its optimal value is 1.01:50000, 1:100000 photography is 0.7~1.5. 4.2.2 The maximum exposure time limit should not only ensure the normal photosensitivity of the aerial film, but also ensure that the maximum displacement of the image point caused by the aircraft ground speed at the moment of dawn shall not exceed 0.04mm. 4.2.3 The image point displacement error caused by the failure of the aerial film to be strictly flattened at the moment of exposure on the image plane should meet the following requirements: When the coordinates and parallax of the standard configuration points and several check points are measured by a precision stereo coordinate measuring instrument and solved according to the model relative orientation program, the residual up and down parallax on the check point should not be greater than 0.02mm, and the maximum of individual points should not be greater than 0.03mm. 4.2.4 When directly observing the film with the eye, the image should be clear, rich in layers, moderate in contrast, and soft in color; it should be able to identify the image of small objects that are suitable for the photographic scale; it should be able to establish a clear three-dimensional model. 4.2.5 The film should not have defects such as clouds, cloud shadows, scratches, static spots, folds, degumming, etc. Except for the preparation of image planes, image maps and digital photogrammetry, although there are a few defects, but it does not affect the connection and mapping of the three-dimensional model, it is considered to be able to be used for surveying and drawing lines. 4.2.6 The film must be fully fixed and washed. The residual thiosulfate content of the film after washing must be less than 2μg/cm. 4.2.7 The frame mark image and other recorded images must be clear and complete, and the recording data of various auxiliary instruments and meters should meet the specific requirements put forward by the mapping unit.
5 Quality inspection of results
5.1 The aerial photography execution unit shall inspect the flight quality and photography quality according to this standard. 5.2 Inspection items and methodsbzxZ.net
5.2.1 Image overlap
After overlapping two adjacent images at the ground object point no more than 2 cm away from the center, place the end of the overlap vernier ruler at the edge of the second image, and read the scale value of the edge of the first image on the overlap vernier ruler. This value is the overlap. If the aerial photography area is a mountainous area, overlap the ground objects no more than 1 cm away from the line connecting the main points of the adjacent images, and then transfer the straight line image of the edge of one image to the adjacent film. The minimum scale value of the curve to the edge of the image is the minimum weight. 5.2.2 Image tilt angle
Generally, it should be checked based on the degree of deviation of the image of the circular level bubble on the corner of the image from the center; for images without level bubble records, several obvious ground object points can be selected on the old map as control points and checked using photogrammetry methods. 5.2.3 Image declination angle
First, mark the positions of the two principal points on two adjacent images, then overlap the two images according to the terrain near the principal points, and mark the two principal points on the adjacent images respectively. Then use a protractor to measure the two angles between the line connecting the two principal points on the two images and the line connecting the frame marks along the route direction. The larger angle is the declination angle.
5.2.4 Route curvature
In flat areas, check according to the image index map, and in undulating areas, check according to each route separately. Use a ruler to measure the length of the straight line between the principal points at both ends of the route and the distance between the principal point that deviates the most from the straight line and the straight line, and calculate according to Formula G10 in Appendix G. 5.2.5 Altitude maintenance
a. Near the overlapping midline of the existing map and its corresponding adjacent images of the stereo pair, measure the lengths between the corresponding ground object points, obtain the scale difference between the adjacent images, and then calculate the altitude difference of the adjacent images; b. Inlay the images according to the route and partition, and measure the lengths between the corresponding ground object points on the old map and the images. According to the highest and lowest points on the ground, the maximum and minimum scales of each image are obtained, and then the median is taken to obtain the actual photographic scale relative to the average reference plane. According to the scale, calculate the difference between the maximum and minimum altitudes of the same route and the difference between the actual altitude and the designed altitude of the partition respectively according to the route and partition. 5.2.6 Coverage of survey area, partition and map outline
Inlay the images according to the overlap, and compare the boundaries of the map, partition and shooting area marked on the collected topographic map and the commercial features nearby to determine the coverage of the photographed images. 5.2.7 Lay the route according to the center line of the map
Overlap the images of the route, compare the center line of the map marked on the route design, and then transfer the main point of each image to the corresponding position on the map, and measure the deviation of the actual route relative to the center line. 5.2.8 Move the control route
position, and check the scale of the photos taken on the control route according to the method specified in 5.2.5 of this standard; a.
b. Check the overlap of the photos of the control route according to the method specified in 5.2.1 of this standard; c. After overlapping the photos of the control route, check the coverage of the control route according to the method specified in 5.2.6 of this standard. 5.2.9 Holes
Check the absolute holes according to the method specified in 5.2.6 of this standard; a.
Check the relative holes according to the method specified in 5.2.1 of this standard. 5.2.10 Image Quality
Usually, 3 to 4 negatives are sampled on each route, and the density of the negatives is directly measured with a densitometer to obtain a series of fog, minimum and maximum density values, and then the average is taken to obtain D., Dmin, Dmax, and AD. The measurement aperture of the densitometer is 1.0 mm, and care should be taken not to select individual or special reflective points for measurement.
5.2.11 Image point displacement
Calculate according to the G7 formula in Appendix G based on the aerial photography scale and the "aircraft ground speed and exposure time" in the original record of the flight operation.
5.2.12 Flattening error
Check according to the method specified in Appendix B.
5.2.13 Visually check the frame marks and other recorded images of the film and the apparent quality. 5.2.14 Check the film washing condition according to the method specified in GB7519. 6 Results collation and acceptance
6.1 Collation
6.1.1 Preparation of photo index map
6.1.1.1 The index map should be able to reflect all useful photo data in the shooting area. The index map can be divided according to the range of the partition or encrypted area network. When making index maps, there should be a certain overlap between adjacent index maps in the same photographic area. 6.1.1.2 On the index map, ensure that the film number of each route can be identified. 6.1.1.3 The format of the index map is generally 25cm×30cm. 6.1.1.4 The names of major landforms such as larger towns and rivers should be noted on the index map; the map sheet number, photographic area code, aerial photography year and month, photographic scale, producer, inspector, etc. should be indicated outside the map. In the photographic area with controlled routes, the location, number and start and end film numbers of the control routes should be indicated in the corresponding positions when making the photographic index map. 6.1.2 Numbering and annotation of negatives
6.1.2.1 The film number should include the photographic area code and the film number, written in reverse font on the emulsion surface, with the font end Positive, clear and easy to read. The font size is 4mm×6mm.
The direction of the film number is consistent with the direction of the route. When flying in the east-west direction, the film number is written at the northwest corner corresponding to the actual situation; when flying in the north-south direction, it is written at the northeast corner corresponding to the actual situation. The film number should be as close to the edge of the film as possible, but it must not cover the frame mark. 6.1.2.2 Both ends of each roll of film should be marked with the same content, including: aerial photography date, aircraft number, shooting area code, partition number, film roll number, map frame number, aerial photography instrument type and number, focal length, frame mark length, cassette number, start and end film numbers, total number of films, etc. If equipped with auxiliary instruments, the recorded images and data should also be numbered and annotated accordingly. 6.2 Acceptance
6.2.1 Procedure
6.2.1.1 The aerial photography execution unit shall carefully check all the aerial photography results and materials item by item in accordance with the provisions of this specification and the photography area contract, and fill in the inspection record book in detail.
6.2.1.2 The aerial photography execution unit shall sort out all the results and materials in accordance with the aerial photography data transfer book and the photography area contract, and then hand them over to the survey and mapping unit representative for acceptance.
GB/T15661-1995
6.2.1.3 After the survey and mapping unit representative has accepted all the results and materials in accordance with the provisions of this specification and the photography area contract, both parties shall sign the handover book and go through the handover procedures.
6.2.1.4 The representatives of both parties shall negotiate to deal with the problems found in the inspection and acceptance work, and jointly evaluate the quality of the results and materials. 6.2.2 The materials to be handed over shall mainly include: aerial photography negatives, printed photographs, photograph index negatives and photographs (the number of copies shall be provided in accordance with the contract): a. aerial photography instrument calibration records and data; data and information recorded by auxiliary instruments; results quality inspection records, aerial photography appraisal forms; d. various registration forms and handover lists; f. other relevant materials. 6.2.3 Acceptance report After the representative of the surveying and mapping unit completes the acceptance, he shall write an acceptance report as soon as possible. The main contents of the report shall include: the basis of aerial photography - aerial photography contract or technical specifications, relevant data of aerial photography instrument, number and area of completed aerial photography images, basic evaluation of the quality of the results data, existing problems and treatment opinions, etc.
6.3 Packaging of aerial photography results
6.3.1 Aerial photography negatives should be cleaned and sorted before being packed into tubes. One or two rolls should be packed into each tube. The film should not be rolled too tightly, and the center diameter of the film roll should not be less than 2cm. Two copies of the registration card should be filled out for each roll of negatives, one of which should be placed inside the tube and the other should be attached to the outside of the tube. The card should indicate the tube number, sheet number, start and end numbers of the negatives, etc.
6.3.2 The printed photos should be sorted and packed into boxes according to the area or the sheet range included in each photo index map. Fill out two copies of the photo registration card, one of which should be placed inside the box and the other should be attached to the outside of the box. The card content includes: shooting area code, area number, sheet number, route number, start and end film numbers of each route, number of films and total number of films. 7. Storage of aerial photography equipment and results
7.1 Aerial photography equipment
7.1.1 Aerial photography equipment should be stored in a special warehouse. The room should be clean and dry, with the temperature maintained between 10 and 20°C all year round and the relative humidity not exceeding 65%. There should be no acidic chemicals or volatile substances in the room. 7.1.2 Aerial photography equipment should be transported and stored in a special box. When not in use for a long period of time, it should be oil-sealed and stored in accordance with regulations. 7.1.3 The shutter speed should be set to the lowest gear and the shutter spring should be relaxed. The operating time interval should be set to the minimum position and the internal spring should be relaxed. 7.1.4 Regular inspections must be carried out and any problems found should be dealt with in a timely manner and recorded in the instrument's logbook. 7.2 Photosensitive materials
7.2.1 Various photosensitive materials (including aerial film, photo paper, copy film, etc.) should be stored in a dedicated warehouse. The warehouse should be clean, dry and ventilated. The temperature should be maintained between 5 and 20℃ all year round, and the relative humidity should be 60% ± 5%. There should be no acidic chemicals and volatile substances, and the materials should not be corroded by harmful gases such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, and radioactive substances. Before use, the photosensitive materials should be placed at room temperature for about 8 hours for thermal equilibrium.
7.2.2 They should be kept as intact as possible and stored in the inner box of the tube. After unpacking, the simple film and boxed photo paper should be placed vertically on a shelf more than 30cm above the ground, 1m away from the heat source, and avoid direct sunlight. 7.2.3 The storage period of aerial film that has been exposed to be processed should not exceed 15 days, including the transportation period. 7.2.4 Fireworks should be strictly prohibited inside and outside the warehouse, and good fire-fighting facilities must be available. 7.3 Aerial photography film
7.3.1 Measures must be taken to prevent the film from yellowing, mold, image fading and disappearance, film film surface damage, tearing and uneven deformation of the film base.
GB/T15661—1995
7.3.2 In addition to meeting the relevant conditions in Article 7.2 of this standard, special attention should be paid to protecting the film surface when using the film, and sweat stains and oil stains are strictly prohibited from contaminating the film.
7.3.3 Film that is not in use temporarily should be cleaned, packaged and sealed in a special film tube for storage. 7.3.4 Film should be stored upright in a whole roll tube and should not be arbitrarily cut or cut into single pieces for storage. 7.3.5 Films of different film bases should be stored in separate warehouses. 278
A1 Internal orientation elements and distortion
GB/T15661---1995
Appendix A
Determination method of some parameters of aerial photography equipment (reference)
A1.1 Indoor static optical angle measurement method is used for measurement. A1.2 Measurement environment
Temperature is 20±2℃, relative humidity is less than 70%, and dust and shockproof facilities are provided. A1.3 Measurement equipment
An optical angle measurement device with a platform capable of placing the aerial photography equipment, the angle measurement error of the angle measurement instrument is not greater than 1.5\; an angle measurement telescope, the magnification is not less than 10 times; a collimator with an autocollimator eyepiece, the focal length is not less than 550mm; c.
Glass grid plate (as shown in Figure A1), the size corresponds to the size of the frame mark plane, the surface parallelism is less than 5\, the line spacing is 10mm, and the actual measurement error of the spacing is less than 1.5 μm. Figure Al
A1.4 Measurement method
A1.4.1 Before measurement, place the aerial camera and measurement equipment in the room for temperature balance for no less than 24 hours. A1.4.2 As shown in Figure A2, adjust and adjust each test equipment after placing it. 15661--1995
1-Angle measuring plate; 2 Rotating bracket 3-Angle measuring telescope; 4-Aerial camera; 5-Sighting axis (optical axis); 6-Collimator; 7-Autocollimator eyepiece; 8-Placement platform; 9-Rotation axis 8
A1.4.3 Make the image of the crosshairs of the telescope coincide with the image of the crosshairs of the collimator through adjustment, and adjust the degree plate reading to 10000\00".
A1.4.4 Install the grid plate on the frame mark plane of the aerial camera so that the center of the grid coincides with the FC point (the grid line and each frame mark strictly coincide). A1.4.5 Place the aerial camera objective lens on the platform facing the telescope, put on the filter, open the shutter light bar to the maximum, use the telescope to observe and adjust the aerial camera so that the corresponding lack of square Make sure the line connecting the frame marks in the direction is horizontal, and move the aerial camera forward and backward so that the front node of the objective lens is on the rotation axis.
A1.4.6 Use the collimator eyepiece to observe, and adjust the collimator crosshairs to align with the center of the grid line and completely coincide with its reflected image.
A1.4.7 Repeat the above adjustments, and after confirmation, tighten the aerial camera. Aim the telescope at the image of point FC and note the horizontal angle (). Then, with point FC as the midpoint, aim at each grid point to the right and left in turn, and read the corresponding horizontal angles α and β (see Figure A3). After measuring in the α direction, rotate the aerial camera 90° around the optical axis, repeat the above adjustments, and make observations and readings in the yy direction to read the corresponding horizontal angles αy and βyi.
FCPPA S
A1.5 internal orientation elements and distortion differences are calculated according to the following formula set: 280
GB/T 15661—1995
Oxi = (ctgβx: — ctgαx:)/29y: = (ctgPy: -- ctgay)/2
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fk(tgaxi - tgpx.)
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fu(tgay: tgpy,)
2tg\ayi
.tg'αx
Axi = Rri — a. - fi·tg(αxi - Ox平)A = Rl: → 。 fk + tg(x +)
Ayri = Ryri y。 fu · tg(ay - S,)Ay = Ryti + y。 - fu tg(βy, + y)In the formula: αxi, β(i=1,2,…,n, the same below)The horizontal angle when the telescope is aimed at the image of each grid intersection right and left with FC as the midpoint in the r direction, (°) () (\); ayiβy
The horizontal angle when the telescope is aimed at the image of each grid intersection right and left with FC as the midpoint in the y direction, (\) (\) \); The angle between the image principal point and the FC point in the direction, radians; The angle between the image principal point and the FC point in the y direction, arc; The most likely value obtained after each 0x adjustment, radians; The most likely value obtained after each adjustment, radians; 282 As shown in Figure A2, place the test equipment and adjust it. 15661--1995
1-Angle measuring plate; 2 Rotating bracket 3-Angle measuring telescope; 4-Aerial camera; 5-Sighting axis (optical axis); 6-Collimator; 7-Autocollimator eyepiece; 8-Placement platform; 9-Rotation axis 8
A1.4.3 Make the image of the crosshairs of the telescope coincide with the image of the crosshairs of the collimator through adjustment, and adjust the degree plate reading to 10000\00".
A1.4.4 Install the grid plate on the frame mark plane of the aerial camera so that the center of the grid coincides with the FC point (the grid line and each frame mark strictly coincide). A1.4.5 Place the aerial camera objective lens on the platform facing the telescope, put on the filter, open the shutter light bar to the maximum, use the telescope to observe and adjust the aerial camera so that the corresponding lack of square Make sure the line connecting the frame marks in the direction is horizontal, and move the aerial camera forward and backward so that the front node of the objective lens is on the rotation axis.
A1.4.6 Use the collimator eyepiece to observe, and adjust the collimator crosshairs to align with the center of the grid line and completely coincide with its reflected image.
A1.4.7 Repeat the above adjustments, and after confirmation, tighten the aerial camera. Aim the telescope at the image of point FC and note the horizontal angle (). Then, with point FC as the midpoint, aim at each grid point to the right and left in turn, and read the corresponding horizontal angles α and β (see Figure A3). After measuring in the α direction, rotate the aerial camera 90° around the optical axis, repeat the above adjustments, and make observations and readings in the yy direction to read the corresponding horizontal angles αy and βyi.
FCPPA S
A1.5 internal orientation elements and distortion differences are calculated according to the following formula set: 280
GB/T 15661—1995
Oxi = (ctgβx: — ctgαx:)/29y: = (ctgPy: -- ctgay)/2
tgayi+
fk = (fix + fxy)/2||tt ||ufi·tg?
ya - f· tgyy
fk(tgaxi - tgpx.)
2tg\αxi
fu(tgay: tgpy,)
2tg\ayi
.tg'αx
Axi = Rri — a. - fi·tg(αxi - Ox平)A = Rl: → 。 fk + tg(x +)
Ayri = Ryri y。 fu · tg(ay - S,)Ay = Ryti + y。 - fu tg(βy, + y)In the formula: αxi, β(i=1,2,…,n, the same below)The horizontal angle when the telescope is aimed at the image of each grid intersection right and left with FC as the midpoint in the r direction, (°) () (\); ayiβy
The horizontal angle when the telescope is aimed at the image of each grid intersection right and left with FC as the midpoint in the y direction, (\) (\) \); The angle between the image principal point and the FC point in the direction, radians; The angle between the image principal point and the FC point in the y direction, arc; The most likely value obtained after each 0x adjustment, radians; The most likely value obtained after each adjustment, radians; 282 As shown in Figure A2, place the test equipment and adjust it. 15661--1995
1-Angle measuring plate; 2 Rotating bracket 3-Angle measuring telescope; 4-Aerial camera; 5-Sighting axis (optical axis); 6-Collimator; 7-Autocollimator eyepiece; 8-Placement platform; 9-Rotation axis 8
A1.4.3 Make the image of the crosshairs of the telescope coincide with the image of the crosshairs of the collimator through adjustment, and adjust the degree plate reading to 10000\00".
A1.4.4 Install the grid plate on the frame mark plane of the aerial camera so that the center of the grid coincides with the FC point (the grid line and each frame mark strictly coincide). A1.4.5 Place the aerial camera objective lens on the platform facing the telescope, put on the filter, open the shutter light bar to the maximum, use the telescope to observe and adjust the aerial camera so that the corresponding lack of square Make sure the line connecting the frame marks in the direction is horizontal, and move the aerial camera forward and backward so that the front node of the objective lens is on the rotation axis.
A1.4.6 Use the collimator eyepiece to observe, and adjust the collimator crosshairs to align with the center of the grid line and completely coincide with its reflected image.
A1.4.7 Repeat the above adjustments, and after confirmation, tighten the aerial camera. Aim the telescope at the image of point FC and note the horizontal angle (). Then, with point FC as the midpoint, aim at each grid point to the right and left in turn, and read the corresponding horizontal angles α and β (see Figure A3). After measuring in the α direction, rotate the aerial camera 90° around the optical axis, repeat the above adjustments, and make observations and readings in the yy direction to read the corresponding horizontal angles αy and βyi.
FCPPA S
A1.5 internal orientation elements and distortion differences are calculated according to the following formula set: 280
GB/T 15661—1995
Oxi = (ctgβx: — ctgαx:)/29y: = (ctgPy: -- ctgay)/2
tgayi+
fk = (fix + fxy)/2||tt ||ufi·tg?
ya - f· tgyy
fk(tgaxi - tgpx.)
2tg\αxi
fu(tgay: tgpy,)
2tg\ayi
.tg'αx
Axi = Rri — a. - fi·tg(αxi - Ox平)A = Rl: → 。 fk + tg(x +)
Ayri = Ryri y。 fu · tg(ay - S,)Ay = Ryti + y。 - fu tg(βy, + y)In the formula: αxi, β(i=1,2,…,n, the same below)The horizontal angle when the telescope is aimed at the image of each grid intersection right and left with FC as the midpoint in the r direction, (°) () (\); ayiβy
The horizontal angle when the telescope is aimed at the image of each grid intersection right and left with FC as the midpoint in the y direction, (\) (\) \); The angle between the image principal point and the FC point in the direction, radians; The angle between the image principal point and the FC point in the y direction, arc; The most likely value obtained after each 0x adjustment, radians; The most likely value obtained after each adjustment, radians; 28
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