Metallic coatings-Measurement of coating thickness-X-ray spectrometric methods
Some standard content:
IC.S 25. 220. 25
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T16921—2005/1S03497:2000'11/15921—1997
Metallic Covering
Measurement of Coating Thickness-X-ray Spectrometric Method
Melallir cuatiags-Mensurement of coating thickness-X-ray spectrometric methods
(15O3497:2000, IDT)
2005-10-12 Issued
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China Standardization Administration of China
2006-04-D1 Implementation
GB/T16921—2005/ISO3497:2000 Terms
.......
Terms and definitions
Calibration of instrument
Standards for measurement
Understanding the measurement
|Test report.
Radiograph (informative appendix) Typical measurement examples for common benefit measurements Reference document
(B/T16921-2035/1SO3497.200C This standard is equivalent to 1S0312/200 (Special Edition 2 for the world measurement of X-ray potential method core with quality limit) This standard reports/,,! The requirements for the materials of bacteria are as follows: 4 new standards are corresponding to S34: The following modifications are made: : The foreword of S: is cancelled. Before the new draft, please know that "white autumn content" is replaced by "established standard" and "international standard". This standard replaces (H/T16%711997 gold The main changes of this annotation compared with 161-7 are as follows:
Add the door in the cloth standard:
Add the definition of "body material report bed gold high country matrix", and define the normalized music (17 edition% of this edition?.4>The mathematical number is defined as r.1! Year becomes I): The corresponding constant relationship also changes accordingly: ,: 3,1.: The relationship between the energy color release sample micro length and energy is revised; in the principle. The content is re-arranged, and the ground is added! .3 is actually the method of shrimp 3,7 mathematics and the product of the support: 5.1.2 The standard of machine-readable tickets is complete , and 5. The formula of normal density of coating is widely referenced and corrected: the material effect of 516 sample coat is adjusted, and the furnace is modified until 1-5 is added in the instrument standard, 1.5-Summary of the computer simulation technology of no standard sample: Appendix A of this standard is an informative appendix.
This standard is proposed by China Machinery Industry Federation. This standard is the technical requirements of traditional Chinese medicine and non-metal coatings. The main units of this standard are: Machinery Industry Surface Coating Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center. Drafters of this standard: Jiang Xinhua, Guo Wei, Liu Jianguo, Zhong Lichang, Zhi Ling, This standard represents the previous reduction and publication status of the general standard: GR/T 1692115S7.
1 Scope
CB/T16921—2005/1S03497:2000 Metallic Haze Cover Thickness Measurement and
X-ray Spectroscopic Method
Warning: This standard does not cover the issue of personnel protection against X-ray radiation: For information on this important aspect, please refer to the current international and national standards and methods.
1.! This standard specifies the application of the method for the thickness of metallic cover. 1.2 The method described in this standard is a standard method for determining the thickness of metallic cover. If the strength of the material of the cover is known, the measurement result will also be a variable.
7.3 This method can be used to measure the thickness of two cover layers or two components at the same time. \, The actual measurement range of a given layer of material depends on the characteristics of the fluorescence energy of the disk being analyzed and the accuracy of the equipment used.
2 Terms and DefinitionsWww.bzxZ.net
The following are the technical training and definitions applicable to this standard. 2.1
X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) is a high intensity X-ray that is placed on the path of the X-ray beam and produces secondary radiation: it is a second generation X-ray device that measures the intensity of the material and the amount of light it emits. 2. 2
The intensity of the light is measured by the instrument. The width of the beam is measured by the number of turns of the X-ray pulse. 2.
The saturated thickness of the alural base is the intensity of the light produced. Note: The intensity of the light produced is the energy of the material, the quality of the material, and the time of the light. 2.4
A chemical # people. The icleaxity of the benefit layer obtained under a tea condition is the difference in strength between the sample and the uncoated material. The strength difference between the material and the coated material is small. (The strength of the coated material is larger than the base material: the ratio of the strength of the coated material to the base material: 1:1 is the mathematical relationship:
or +:
The coating benefit is the longitude of the sample
The thickness of the particle is greater than or equal to the storage pressure. Note: The degree of chemical reaction is related to the research and development, and the possibility and energy of stimulation are In the counting of the "effective" in the "GR/T16921-2006/156>3497:20002.5
Intermediatecontings The thickness of the intermediate layer and the base material must be less than the thickness of each sheet. The same material can be used as the same
nutrient layer. When you use the innovative model, you can consider it. 2. 6
Count rate conmiatc
The number of radio pulses recorded by the instrument per unit time (particularly, 3.2). 2.7
Matrix material hasismiaterial
Matrix metal Iusismlal
On its surface or pre-covered by the consumption 20:18, meaning 312.B
Matrix substrate
A material with a width of more than 150)2C8:1%1, definition 63: In the dyeing process: work and equivalent: to silver supply 3 principle
3.1 Operating mechanism
The principle of the unit area is positive (or dense, Shenzhen is a two-scale linear pressure machine with a secondary insertion of the radiation intensity state. There is a certain American system, in Any instrument recording system that wants to try, the first two sections of the relationship between the unit area quality of the stability of the cover scene calibration certificate is also accurate Xie determined, the case of the pressure material of the case stop! Knowing the same call text gives the actual density of the world, then the standard who can build the trust can be produced after the floating degree of my property. : The world of the earth, : The village of Jiang Ping, the decision and the calibration of the inability to form a few reverse readings of the effect of the other system and in the test root whether the light intensity of the carbon light intensity \ search for the original sequence of the effect of the two numbers, if not my Li Yi morning, 4 summer benefits between the existence of 1 and the matrix boundary mountain small network point absolute or - a stable layer is not correct, the elements to form, then these elements produce their own faster than the hunting point certificate, the appropriate period of the monitoring system can be selected to create one or a band, so that there is no whole measurement table through the problem layer can measure the surface of the general layer of the network rod a layer of this problem difference layer thickness and continuous formation.
3. 2 excitation
3.2.1*~General requirements
body line Xie for the method to get the thickness of the slippery layer to light base you hundred accurate color change sheep radiation of the body and the environment layer of the interaction, this phase\accurate use of the bird release the length and energy oxygen of the secondary description radiation, these three when it has constituted the benefit of the bed of the variable capital signs,
after the line business development soil comfortable change when the radiation can be called the main radiation, 3.2.2 review high-voltage X-ray production insect
connect the fixed image under the text when the war consultation outside the sufficient electricity should be able to strictly produce the giant! Xie effect to help the liver, the number of people validity test single requirements of the additional electricity jade is 25~ 5. However, in order to obtain low-vacuum oxygen-containing materials, it may be necessary to produce non-V. Due to the use of a small colorimeter installed between the X-ray tube and the sample, the amount of radiation is reduced. The main advantages of this excitation method are:
can accurately check and obtain a small single-sided radiation. The main requirements are easy to guarantee:
can obtain sufficiently stable emission through modern electronic methods. 3.2.3 Radioactive element production
Only a few types of radioactive elements are suitable for measurement in terms of energy. The energy ratio of the X-ray is high (100% frequency), and the advantages of the X-ray are that the instrument structure is tight, and the GD/T16921-2005/ISO3497:2000 is not required to be cooled. In addition, the vehicle body is different from the vehicle body, and the bottom of the vehicle is low. Compared with the Wenle method, the disadvantages of the cloud technology are: no more suitable.Do not help the side to measure the currency in a small area! The first phase
strong position brings the front protection question single
3.3 self-style
3. 3. 1-general requirements
micro cover layer to go and after Y treatment naturally according to the clock "born of the secondary radiation and often include the case two cover layer original lake and the required formation, the use of wavelength dispersion or energy benefit color micro and from the required formation of teeth 3.3.2 wavelength color pastoral
mouth, individual product boundary only Sichuan said the selection of two layers or pieces of wavelength will be marked, the original stone of the common product typical control certificate file time number to see the name of the country's rights formation organization within the original rights,
3.3.3 energy white
time request! Extension technology or effect before the display, the wavelength of the United States can be AX # = 1. 2 H9H 127
The unit of length is r
, and the unit is e
3.4 Detection
The method of detection is also used in the light receiving system. The type of detector is a gas-filled tube, a solid-state detector, and a photoelectric device. The reading counting network is composed of the most appropriate dispersion system according to the received photon format. The detection operator should select it according to the detection system. At 1.5k. Before 1k, the product is normal, and it can be measured normally, but it cannot be counted or pointed. It does not change the characteristic energy rate. The energy of the color receiving detection quantity is temporarily emitted by the predecessor. However, it is suggested to control the selection of the correct one. 3.5 Thickness measurement
3.5.1 Emission method
The core is limited to the new radiation point of the cover. Before sending it to the sequence, the thickness of the blood will be increased. Then the radiation intensity of the characteristic band of the cover material will be obtained by selecting the transmitter and receiving it. The value of the characteristic band of the cover material is low. The absorption method
1.5.2 Absorption method
Measure the characteristic radiation intensity of the point body. The intensity decreases with the increase of thickness. The absorption method according to Figure 1 is based on the characteristic band of the cover material: This method can obtain the characteristic band of the cover material by measuring the intensity of the characteristic band of the cover material. The intensity decreases with the increase of thickness. The production of low-intensity enterprises is actually eliminated when: the material is late to ensure that there is no cattle in the room. The absorption of the characteristics of the reverse false,
3.5.3 density method
When the cover layer is used to change the intensity of the skin color, the absorption method and the development method are combined. This method is based on the same method of the light ionization test, and the two methods of high-intensity and high-frequency transmission are used. The general counting model is selected without the cover layer. The special rate of teaching is adjusted to the special rate of teaching without the service layer. The efficiency of the material conversion is: flash All measurable thicknesses are measured with a count rate between 0 and 1: see 32.
In all cases, the best or most sensitive values are between 0.3 and 1.8: This is the range of the calibration number: To achieve the best measurement accuracy within this range, the calibration of the count rate should be performed with a calibration standard. To ensure the accuracy of the measurement, the instrument can use a standard cell to minimize the increase in thickness, so the calibration is performed with a calibration standard to determine the correct relationship between the calibration and the accuracy of the calibration. 3
GH/T 1G921-2005/1S) 3497,20C0+'s
blood armor wet
:X-ray emission density
with radiation efficiency I resistance method
intensity or count rate and coating thickness between the graphic function 1
linear model diagram:
X Huanshi
double from Europe and the West:
in: let the record to the body! 1 Material counting rate: Saturation and monitoring table) Material counting rate - internal chemical counting rate
Figure 2 Graphical representation of the relationship between unit mass and normalized counting rate 3.6 Absorption function of secondary radiation
When measuring a combination of a matrix material with a wide energy range, the ratio of the number of counts of the matrix and the sequence of the matrix material is typically 10:!. In this case, it is necessary to use a calibration standard with a similar or identical matrix material because the matrix material does not have the same energy band as the overlying matrix material. When the overlying matrix is infinitely thick The calculated dispersion ratio of the cover layer is 3:! When it has obvious energy micro-benefit conduction/matrix combination characteristics, it must be inverted out by a kind of "technical receiver", in order to drive the cat village of the first impact material, often refers to the base material of the depicted point, this absorption data is usually manually or automatically changed between the measurement surface and the controller. 3.7 Mathematical inverse product || tt || In the use of the family model, the mathematical inverse product of the radio spectrum can be used to calculate the temporary radiation intensity. When the energy of the characteristic super-radiation and the small energy period are divided, the characteristics of the model will be obtained by this method: this method is different from the secretion method 3.), 3. 8 Each layer measurement
The inner layer should be characterized by the X-ray emission of the eight complete outer layers, and the energy absorption of the layers above can be measured. The energy color system can be integrated into the inverse analysis. Only two or more characteristics of different materials can be calculated. 3.9 Alloy composition thickness measurement
The base metal and tin compounds can be measured at the same time. For example, the alloy body can be measured at the same time. For example, the gold content is the second largest component of the alloy. Therefore, it must be determined before the composition is determined. If the composition can be measured, it must be determined by the individual components: GU/T16921-2005/IS0 3497:2000: with enough bottom will be with human hostage period quantity war science, some of the residence try to design to this five expansion can do Taiwan gold, this society alloy shop in the field can provide the most small set of medical.
see the picture,
standard mouth device:
detector
receiver code:
wenxin line send cattle
micro sample:
people shoot X attached complete beam:
fast and will be close to the special type of light absolutely light, high pressure,
because 3x music war see the picture
GA/T1G921—2005/IN(>3497,2000 standard three recording
stock receiver:
than female frame.
people time flame beam:
time and protection light request ,
Figure 4 X-ray tube with solid sample holder 3
Plastic sample holder:
Collimator and collimator:
Special X-ray beam:
Special fluorescent X-ray beam absorber
Construction data,
uwarmarn
GB/T16921—2005/1N13497:200D Figure 5 Collimator as primary X-ray source 4.1 Primary X-ray end tracking
This is only a single X-ray radiator or an appropriate radioactive element. Both can be used to radiate carbon rays: 4.2 Collimator
Use a single hole or multiple holes with precise size. The selected holes can be of any shape in theory. The size and shape of this hole determine the size of the X-ray beam emitted by the surface of the cover layer. The instrument is in the shape of a grass box, square or long. 1.3 The detector receives the carbon barrel of the tested product and converts it into an output signal for evaluation. The evaluation system selects a sensing layer to be used for multiple surface benefits, and the intermediate room is used for the certification of the material quality. GB/T16921—2005/ISO 3497:20004.4 Evaluation system needs to be based on the long-term character processing to obtain the beat segment: the unit of the creation of the determined formula can be accumulated to see the quality of the film or cover the benefit will be released: the market will be the real fire record of the family: the relevant equipment point energy color energy efficiency, the emperor has a model of processing, the output can be converted into a high-quality test quality or cumulative, and the number of times can be calculated to change the statistical time. The three central positions of the micro-light × radiometric modification are to include a primary source, each sample, a cold planner and an evaluation system, a radiometric plan, a phase, a layer of the body's initial person, a receiver level, a rush, a science base, a safety standard, a trap, a 5-image quality result, a case, a number, a plan, a 5-image quality result, a 5-image quality result, a case, a 5-image quality result ... "In terms of time, the generation of ray quanta is completely random, which means that within a certain interval, the total number of ray quanta can be set, so there is a statistical error. This is because all time differences are caused by the fact that a meter with a 1-second or 2-second count period is not as efficient as a meter with a long count period. This is the case when the count rate is too high. The error is related to the temperature of the sensor, such as the temperature of the sensor, which is not correct. The error of the whole meter must be reduced to a certain level, but the counting efficiency must be sufficient. When using a high-performance color rescue system, it is possible to read only a considerable part of the mass excitation cycle in advance and pass the counting capacity of the system. According to the control, the special micro-device can reduce the time to a certain level:
5.1.2. The standard deviation of the error is very close to the half square root of the calculation rate and the time. Print: I am small,
--standard deviation!
--number rate
m--time (such as the number of measurement time). m
% of the calculation efficiency is different: 1-
5.1.3 The standard deviation of the original measurement is different from the calculation efficiency. The relationship between the square function of the day and the number rate is very close to the half square root of the calculation rate and the time. Most of the commercial films and time lines are calculated by micro-techniques or the difference between them: ||t t||When the method of measuring the micro-rate is passed through the instrument, the standard deviation of the micro-rate is a source of effective scientific rules. 5.2 The correct standard decision
Month thickness standard decision to calibrate the measurement is feasible. The uncertainty of the standard is small (one industry will remember that the situation will be high) for the layer, about the specification, the hole feeling that produces the scattered wind, etc., to ensure that the uncertainty of 5% is very difficult to reason about. The calibration is only one month faster than the standard. The efficiency of the product is within the scope of use of S,||t t||The school's standard block can be produced on the table, and the measurement of the thickness should be based on the different experimental sections of the instrument. The median area of the leather should be accurate, and the net use and composition must be guaranteed in advance. The three can measure the gradual change between the international and other academic standards and take into account the wear and tear between the parts. The measurement thickness range of the country's measurement is not determined. In the mountain shown in Figure 2, the state of the large line is close to the state of the drug. Beyond this range, the test quality of the vehicle will decrease continuously when the test is completed. In the case of the same type of situation, the distance between the test material and the test object can be increased. 6.4 Size of the test surface
In order to obtain satisfactory test results in a short period of time! See 5.1, select a standard GB/T16R212005/ISO 3497.2000
that is commensurate with the shape and size of the test specimen to obtain a diameter as large as possible. In the event of other violations, the test surface and the area of the test piece are greater than the area of the standard beam in the standard ear. The area of the beam of the test piece is not necessarily the same as the diameter of the stop. However, in some cases, the surface to be tested may be smaller than the surface of the test object (see 5.1). This situation requires that the test surface must be larger than the test surface. The measured surface quality must be boiled. If the counting rate exceeds the performance of the detector, some commercial instruments will automatically limit the opening rate. This is not allowed! Commercial)
5.5 layer specification
The foreign material in the layer, such as foreign matter or the alloy layer of the base material and the superior layer, will have an impact on the unit return. If there is a possible thickness obstacle, I can measure it at the same time (43. In addition, the measurement of the film is also affected by the space and the size of the sub-institute: the same material can be used to make each part and there are some differences in the standard of chemical properties. The presence of different materials and materials leads to different results: and there are these defects The theoretical thickness of the layer is preferably measured at the single value. If the actual density of the layer is known, the measurement can be carried out by simply taking the value of T (see 5.5). 5.6 More importantly, if the thickness correction ring of the layer material is not used, a small error will occur in the thickness measurement. If the density of the layer material is known, the value can be obtained (see 31). If the unit area of the inertia is single, the value of the inertia can be obtained by the accumulation rate. If the correction ring is used, the static charge rate of the ceramic material is: d = d, x Be
wherein,
linear thickness, unit is meter (m):
load-bearing thickness factor, unit is:
density of the calibration standard block is gram per cubic meter (g) a-. The density of the test sample layer material, unit is gram per cubic meter g/measurement or the unit of the test layer mass, unit is gram half cubic meter mgcm5.? Matrix composition
If the emission method is adopted, the difference in the basic composition can be ignored: the X-ray radiation during the emission does not enter the two layers and the energy can be accompanied (if only the emission is generated, measures need to be taken to eliminate it) The flame of the material is not continuously excited by the radiation or the cover material. If you use the absorption method or the required density ratio method, the body composition of the calibration standard block should be consistent with the matrix or separation of the test column. Same:
5% substrate thickness
month × when measuring the leaf, the double-sided cover is thick enough to prevent interference from the back material, the monthly radiation version method or the through-rate method, the old body conductivity is equal to or greater than the material and thickness. If the standard is small, the continental to the company's original standard floor is correct according to the belt (5.9 surface cleanliness
the outer material on the plate is not completely measured and does not support, ensure that the upper layer, clothing treatment or oil is not completely measured. 5.10 intermediate cover layer
in the case of low and medium quality reception performance is not satisfactory, the absorption method is not used. In this case, the belt installation method is recommended, b.11 sample curvature
must be carefully carried out on the mountain surface, the selection of appropriate collimator or beam limiter hole will minimize the influence of the belt seat, the test environment? Matrix composition
If the emission method is used, the difference in the basic composition can be ignored: the X-ray radiation does not penetrate into the two layers and the energy can be accompanied by the radiation (if only the radiation is promoted, measures need to be taken to eliminate it) The material is required to be irradiated or not to continue to excite the two covering materials. If the absorption method or the calibration standard block is used, the composition of the reference standard block should be the same as that of the matrix or test column:
5% Matrix thickness
× When measuring the leaf by the emission method, the double-sided cover should be thick enough to prevent interference from the reverse village material. When the emission method or the through-rate method is used, the conductivity and thickness of the material are equal to or greater than the material. If this standard is used, the original standard of the continental United States is based on the standard (5.9 Surface cleanliness
Foreign objects on the surface of the plate are not guaranteed to be tested, and the top layer, coating or oil treatment must be removed to ensure that the test is not sticky. 5.10 Intermediate cover
In the case of low to medium quality reception performance, the absorption method is not used. In this case, the beam installation method is recommended. b.11 The specimen curvature
must be carefully selected on the surface. The selection of a suitable collimator or beam limiter will minimize the influence of the beam seat and the test environment? Matrix composition
If the emission method is used, the difference in the basic composition can be ignored: the X-ray radiation does not penetrate into the two layers and the energy can be accompanied by the radiation (if only the radiation is promoted, measures need to be taken to eliminate it) The material is required to be irradiated or not to continue to excite the two covering materials. If the absorption method or the calibration standard block is used, the composition of the reference standard block should be the same as that of the matrix or test column:
5% Matrix thickness
× When measuring the leaf by the emission method, the double-sided cover should be thick enough to prevent interference from the reverse village material. When the emission method or the through-rate method is used, the conductivity and thickness of the material are equal to or greater than the material. If this standard is used, the original standard of the continental United States is based on the standard (5.9 Surface cleanliness
Foreign objects on the surface of the plate are not guaranteed to be tested, and the top layer, coating or oil treatment must be removed to ensure that the test is not sticky. 5.10 Intermediate cover
In the case of low to medium quality reception performance, the absorption method is not used. In this case, the beam installation method is recommended. b.11 The specimen curvature
must be carefully selected on the surface. The selection of a suitable collimator or beam limiter will minimize the influence of the beam seat and the test environment
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