This part of GB/Z 18620 provides recommendations on the detection methods of gear tooth surface roughness and gear tooth contact spots. The values ​​provided in this guidance technical document should not be used as a strict accuracy criterion, but as a commonly agreed guide for steel or iron gears. GB/Z 18620.4-2002 Cylindrical gear inspection implementation specification Part 4: Inspection of surface structure and gear tooth contact spots GB/Z18620.4-2002 standard download decompression password: www.bzxz.net

ICS21.200
National standardization guidance technical documents of the People's Republic of China GB/Z18620.4—2002
idt IS0/TR 10064-4:1998
Cylindrical gears
Inspection code for implementation
Part 4:
Inspection of surface structure and tooth contact spotsCylindrical gearsCode of inspection practicePart 4:Recommendations relative to surface textureandtoothcontactpatternchecking2002-01-10issued
People's Republic of China
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine
2002-08-01implemented
GB/Z18620.4—2002
ISOForeword
ISOIntroduction
Referenced standards
Symbols and definitions
Surface structure
Functional considerations
Data to be marked on the drawing
Measurement Instruments
8 Measurement of surface roughness of gear tooth surface
9 Inspection of contact spots of gear teeth:
Appendix A (Appendix of standard male)
Appendix B (Appendix of tips)
Using contact spots to control the fit accuracy of gear teeth in the tooth length direction Bibliography
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GB/Z18620.4-2002
This guidance technical document is equivalent to ISO/TR10064-4:1998 "Specification for the inspection of cylindrical gears Part 4: Inspection of surface structure and contact spots of gear teeth". The technical content is exactly the same as ISO/TR10064-4. In the process of revising GB/T10095-1988, it was unanimously agreed that the description and opinions on gear inspection methods should be raised to the modern technical level. Due to the increase in content and other considerations, it was decided to publish the relevant parts as separate volumes of guidance technical documents. Thus, together with Part 1 and Part 2 of GB/T10095, a system of standardization and guiding technical documents (listed in Chapter 2 and Appendix B) is formed.
GB/Z18620, under the general title "Specifications for the Implementation of Cylindrical Gear Inspection", includes the following parts: Part 1: Inspection of tooth surfaces on the same side of gear teeth; Part 2: Inspection of radial comprehensive deviation, radial runout, tooth thickness and backlash; Part 3: Gear wear, shaft center distance and axis parallelism; Part 4: Inspection of surface structure and gear tooth contact spots. This guiding technical document is for reference only. Suggestions and opinions on the guiding technical document may be reflected to the standardization administrative department of the State Council.
Appendix A of this guiding technical document is a standard appendix, and Appendix B is a suggestive appendix. This guiding technical document is proposed by the China Machinery Industry Federation. This guiding technical document is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Gear Standardization. This guiding technical document was drafted by Zhengzhou Machinery Research Institute. The main drafters of this guidance technical document are: Zhang Min'an, Zhang Yuanguo, Li Shizhong, Yang Xingyuan, Zhu Qi, Xu Hongji. GB/Z18620.4—2002
ISOForeword
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation composed of national standardization groups (ISO member groups). The work of formulating international standards is usually completed by ISO's technical committees. If each member group is interested in a standard project established by a technical committee, it has the right to participate in the work of the committee. International organizations (official or unofficial) that maintain contact with ISO can also participate in the relevant work. In terms of electrotechnical standardization, ISO maintains a close cooperative relationship with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The main task of the technical committee is to develop international standards, but in special circumstances, the technical committee may recommend the publication of one of the following types of technical reports (TR):
--Type 1: After repeated efforts, the support required for the publication of an international standard has not been obtained;--Type 2: The project is still in the technical development stage, or for various reasons, it is only possible to agree to become an international standard in the future rather than at present;
--Type 3: The type of information collected by the technical committee is different from the international standards that are normally published (for example, process conditions). Technical reports of types 1 and 2 should be reviewed within three years of publication to determine whether they can be transformed into international standards. Technical reports of type 3 do not necessarily have to be reviewed and are used until the information provided is no longer considered useful or valid. ISO/TR10064-4 is a technical report belonging to type 3. It was developed by ISO/TC60 Gear Technical Committee. ISO 10064 consists of the following parts under the general title "Specification for the inspection of cylindrical gears": Part 1: Inspection of tooth flanks on the same side of the gear teeth; Part 2: Inspection of combined radial deviation, radial runout, tooth thickness and backlash; Part 3: Recommendations for gear toothing, shaft centre distance and axis parallelism; Part 4: Recommendations for the inspection of surface structure and tooth contact patch. ISO Introduction
During the revision of ISO 1328:1975, it was decided to publish the description and values ​​of the inspection of surface structure and tooth contact patch as a third type of technical report, in separate volumes. A series of documents listed in Chapter 2 (Normative references) together with this technical report have been prepared to replace ISO 1328:1975.
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National Standardization Guidance Technical Document of the People's Republic of China Cylindrical gears-Code of inspection practice-Part 4:Reommendations relative to surfacetextureand tooth contact pattern checking1 Scope
GB/Z18620.4—2002
idtISO/TR10064-4:1998
This part of GB/Z18620 provides recommendations on the detection methods of gear tooth surface roughness and tooth contact pattern. The values ​​provided in this guidance technical document should not be used as a strict accuracy criterion, but as a commonly agreed guide for steel or iron gears.
2 Referenced standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this guidance technical document by reference in this guidance technical document. The versions shown are valid when this guidance technical document is published. All standards are subject to revision and parties using this guidance technical document should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. GB/T131-1993 Mechanical drawing surface roughness symbols, codes and their annotation methods (eqvISO1302:1992) GB/T1356-2001 Standard basic rack tooth profile for cylindrical gears for general machinery and heavy machinery (idtISO53:1998) GB/T3505-2000 Product geometry technical specification surface structure profile method surface structure terms, definitions and parameters (eqvISO4287:1997)
GB/T6062-1985
Profile method stylus surface roughness measuring instrument profile recorder and center line profile meter (neqISO1880:1979)
GB/T10095.1-2001
Precision of involute cylindrical gears Part 1: Definition and allowable value of tooth surface deviation on the same side of the gear teeth (idtI ISO1328-1:1997)
GB/T10095.22001
Precision of involute cylindrical gears Part 2: Definition and permissible values ​​of radial combined deviation and radial runout (idtISO1328-2:1997)
GB/T10610-1998 Product geometrical technical specification Surface structure Profile method Rules and methods for evaluating surface structure (eqvISO4288:1996)
ISO11562:1996 Product geometrical technical specification (GPS) Surface structure: Profile method Metrological characteristics of phase correction filters ISO13565-1:1996 Product geometrical technical specification (GPS) Surface structure: Profile method Surfaces with layered functional properties Part 1: Filtering and general measurement conditions
ISO13565-2:1996
6 Geometric Product Specification (GPS) Surface structure: Surfaces with layered functional properties using the profile method Part 2: Height characteristics of solid ratio curves using equivalent straight lines 3 Symbols and definitions
3.1 Symbols
Approved by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China on January 10, 2002 and implemented on August 1, 2002
GB/Z18620.4-2002
The deviation symbol used for the measurement of a single element is composed of lowercase letters (such as) plus the corresponding subscript; the symbol used to represent the "total" deviation of a combination of several single element deviations is composed of uppercase letters (such as F) plus the corresponding subscript. fwe
Mri,Mr?
3.2 Terms and definitions
3.2.1 General terms
Amplitude of tooth surface waviness
Large length of contact spot
Small length of contact spot
Large height of contact spot
Small height of contact spot
Sampling length of roughness profile
Evaluation length (if not specified, ln=5×lr, see Table C2 in GB/T3505-2000 and GB/T10610--19 98 in 4.4)
Entity length
Entity (roughness core profile) Arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile at the segmented points
Roughness core profile depth
Subtracted peak height
Subtracted valley depth
Maximum height of the roughness profile (see GB/T3505) Y-axis value
Cut-off wavelength (cut-off short wavelength of waviness) Cut-off short wavelength of roughness
3.2.1.1 Surface processing texture
Direction of the main processing marks on the surface (see Figure 1a). Note: The surface processing texture is usually determined by the processing method used. 3.2.1.2 Roughness
Microscopic roughness of the roughness profile (see 3.2.2.1). It is a component of the surface structure (microscopic geometric shape characteristics) formed during the processing process, excluding waviness and shape deviation. 3.2.1.3 Waviness
The unevenness of the waviness profile (see 3.2.2.2). It is a component of the surface shape characteristics, on which the roughness is superimposed (see Figure 1a, b, c). Usually, the waviness pitch of the machined gear tooth surface is significantly greater than the roughness pitch. Machined texture (direction of the main weave)
Waviness pitch
Roughness
a) Surface characteristics and terminology
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Roughness pitch
GB/Z18620.4-2002
Waviness pitch
Roughness pitch
b) Magnified view of the involute tooth rim surface structure of a gear tooth A distance equal to the working tooth height.
Waviness
Roughness
Working tooth height
c) Magnified view of the surface structure of the gear tooth along the tooth length profile Figure 1 (end)
3.2.2 Terms related to the assessment of surface profile 3.2.2.1 Roughness profile
The passband of the roughness profile is defined by the profile filters λc and λs (see ISO 11562:1996 Chapter 3), see Figure 1. NOTE
1 The roughness profile is the basis for the assessment of the roughness profile parameters. 2 The relationship between λc and λs is given in 3.2 of ISO 11562:1996. 3.2.2.2 Waviness profile
The waviness profile is the periodic part of the long-wave component left after the profile filter λc is applied. 3.2.2.3 Centerline of roughness profile
The centerline of the roughness profile is the long-wave profile component compressed by the profile filter input c (see 3.2.1 of ISO11562:1996). Note: The centerline of the roughness profile is the reference line for measuring the ordinate Z(x) of the roughness profile, see Figure 2. 3.2.2.4 The ordinate value
The height of the assessed profile at any position α. ​​3.2.2.5 The sampling length lr of the roughness
GB/Z18620.4—2002
The length in the axial direction used to identify the unevenness characteristics of the assessed profile. The sampling length Ir of the roughness is numerically equal to the characteristic wavelength of the profile filter input c (see GB/T3505). z(x)
3.2.2.6 Evaluation length ln
Sampling length
1,-12-13-115
Evaluation length
Figure 2 Measurement length
The length in the axial direction of the profile being measured. The evaluation length may include one or more sampling lengths (see 4.4 in GB/T3505-2000).
3.2.2.7 Cut-off wavelength of profile filter The wavelength of the sinusoidal wave profile at which 50% of the amplitude is passed by the profile filter (see ISO11562). 3.2.2.8 Cut-off ratio
The ratio of the long-wave cut-off wavelength to the short-wave cut-off wavelength of a given pass band (see ISO11562). 3.2.3 Terms related to surface roughness parameters 3.2.3.1 Maximum height Rz of the roughness profile The sum of the maximum profile peak height Zp and the maximum profile valley depth Zu within the sampling length (see 4.1.3 and Figure 8 of GB/T3505-2000).
Note: This parameter is usually measured as the average value of the maximum heights of five connected sampling lengths. The evaluation length includes five sampling lengths (see Figure 3). V
Evaluation length
Travel length
Figure 3 Maximum height of the roughness profile
3.2.3.2 Arithmetic mean deviation Ra of the roughness profile The arithmetic mean value of the absolute value of the ordinate absolute value Z(α) within the sampling length (see 4.2.1 of GB/T3505-2000). Ra
Where: tr-
-Ra sampling length:
Z(r), Z;-vertical coordinate value.
Note: The arithmetic mean deviation Ra is determined by the evaluation length composed of five connected sampling lengths (see Figure 4 and GB/T10610). 3.2.4 Tooth waviness
Waviness is the periodic waviness of the tooth surface. The special shape of waviness has the following characteristics: the surface processing texture is close to parallel to the contact line (of the same-phase meshing gears); the number of ripples projected on the pitch circle (in the rotating plane) is an integer, see Figure 5; YTKAONIKAca-
(1)
GB/Z18620.4—2002
They are the possible causes of noise. z(x)
Figure 4 Arithmetic mean deviation of roughness profile Ra Projection on pitch cylinder
Peak line of waviness
(machined texture is close to parallel to contact line) Contact trace
Between two wave peaks
Rolling development angle
Rotation plane section
Figure 5 Waviness of helical gear
4 Surface structure
Experimental research and service experience show that there is a certain relationship between the surface structure grade and the gear load-bearing capacity. GB/T3480 describes the effect of surface roughness on gear tooth pitting and bending strength, and ISO/TR13989 discusses the effect of roughness on bonding. Like roughness, waviness and other characteristics of surface structure will also affect the surface fatigue resistance of the material. Therefore, when high standards of performance and reliability are required, the unfiltered profile should be carefully recorded to reflect the gear tooth surface structure. This technical guidance document does not recommend the level of surface roughness, waviness, shape or type of surface texture suitable for a particular application, nor does it identify the causes of such surface unevenness. Note: It should be emphasized that before specifying the characteristic limit values ​​of the gear tooth surface structure, gear designers and gear engineers should be familiar with the relevant national standards and other literature in this regard, see the referenced standards in Chapter 2. 5 Functional considerations
The functional characteristics of gear teeth affected by surface structure can be divided into several categories: 5
Transmission accuracy (noise and vibration);
GB/Z18620.4-2002
Surface load-bearing capacity (such as pitting, scuffing and wear); bending strength (condition of the root transition surface). 5.1 Transmission accuracy
Surface structure includes two main characteristics: roughness and waviness. Surface waviness or tooth surface waviness can cause transmission errors. This effect depends on the direction of the corrugation texture relative to the instantaneous contact line and contact trace. If the corrugation texture is parallel to the instantaneous contact line or contact area (perpendicular to the contact trace), a high-pitched piercing sound (weird harmonic components higher than the meshing frequency) will appear when the gears mesh. In a few cases, surface roughness can make a difference in the characteristics of gear noise (smooth tooth surface compared to rough), but generally it has no effect on the noise of the gear meshing frequency and its harmonic components. 5.2 Load-carrying capacity
Surface structure can affect gear tooth durability in two general ways: tooth flank degradation and tooth fracture. 5.2.1 Tooth flank degradationbZxz.net
Degradation of tooth flanks includes wear, scuffing or galling and pitting. Surface roughness and waviness on the tooth profile are related. Surface structure, temperature and lubricant determine the thickness of the elastic hydrodynamic (EHD) film that affects tooth flank durability. 5.2.2 Bending strength
Tooth fracture can be the result of fatigue (high cyclic stress), and surface structure is a factor that affects the stress in the transition zone of the tooth root. 5.3 Influence of measurement method
The instrument, positioning, orientation and analysis (filters, etc.) of the measurement method must be selected so that it reflects the functional area and contact path of the gear tooth.
6 Data to be marked on the drawing
When specified by the user or when necessary for design and operating requirements, appropriate values ​​of surface roughness in the finished state should be marked on the drawing. See Figures 6a and b.
a=Ra or Rz
egc(f)
Tooth surface except tooth root transition zone
b=Processing method, surface treatment, etc.
C=Sampling length
d=Processing texture direction
e=Processing allowance
f=Other values ​​of roughness (in brackets)a) Symbol of surface structure
Tooth surface including tooth root transition zone
b) Symbol of roughness and surface processing texture direction Figure 6
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Measuring instrument
GB/Z18620.4—2002
Stylus measuring instruments are usually used to measure roughness. The following types of instruments can be used for measurement. Different measurement methods have different characteristics in terms of the influence of measurement uncertainty (see Figure 7). a) An instrument with a guide or a pair of guides that slide over the surface to be measured (the instrument has a straight reference plane); b) A guide that slides on a reference plane with the nominal surface shape; c) A reference line generator with an adjustable or programmable combination with the guide, for example, the reference line can be realized by a coordinate measuring machine;
d) Evaluation of form, waviness and roughness using a sensor without a guide and a straight reference with a large measuring range.
Gear grinding (indexing grinding method)
Gear grinding (external meshing teeth)
Direction of travel
Instrument with a guide head
Gear grinding continuous grinding method
Gear shaving (normal shaving)
Instrument type
Guide head mounted on the side
Guide head mounted on the front
Instrument with reference guide rail
4Measurement of R, Ra, RkPreferred direction of travelGear grinding (cross grinding pattern)
Gear shaving (cut-in shaving)
Tooth (internal meshing beryl)
<Measurement travel direction for determining additional information (such as the height of the small feed lines) Figure 7 Instrument characteristics and measurement travel direction related to the manufacturing method 7
GB/Z18620.4-2002
According to the national standard, the tip radius of the stylus should be 2um or 5um or 10um, and the cone angle of the stylus can be 60° or 90. In addition, for detailed information on instrument characteristics, see GB/T6062. The tip radius and stylus angle should be indicated in the surface measurement report. When measuring roughness or waviness, a non-guided sensor and a limited cutoff filter are required, which compresses the long-wave component or short-wave component of the surface profile. The measuring instrument is only suitable for certain specific cutoff wavelengths. Table 1 gives the reference values ​​of the appropriate cutoff wavelengths. Careful selection of the appropriate stylus tip radius, sampling length and cut-off filter, see GB/T6062, GB/T10610 and ISO11562, is necessary, otherwise systematic errors will occur in the measurement. Depending on the influence of waviness, machined texture direction and measuring instrument, a different cut-off value may have to be selected. Table 1 Filter and cut-off wavelength
Module/mm
Standard working tooth height/mm
8 Measurement of surface roughness of gear tooth surfaces
Standard cut-off wavelength/mm
Cut-off wave number within the working tooth height
This chapter discusses the preferred values ​​of the parameters, the cut-off wavelength and the evaluation length, as well as the measurement method of the surface structure of the involute cylindrical gear tooth and the tooth root transition zone.
When measuring the surface roughness, the stylus trajectory should be perpendicular to the direction of the surface machined texture, see the directions shown in Figures 7 and 8. The measurement should also be perpendicular to the surface, so that the stylus should follow the changes in the curvature of the tooth surface as closely as possible. When measuring the surface roughness of the transition zone of the gear tooth root, the entire direction should be orthogonal to the spiral line. Therefore, some special methods need to be used. Figure 8 shows a suitable measurement method. The head of the sensor has a guide head with a radius of r (smaller than the radius R of the root transition curve) in front of the stylus. It is installed on a rotatable shaft. When the shaft rotates through an angle of about 100°, the tip of the stylus draws an arc close to the root transition zone. Roughness measurement can only be performed when the root transition zone is large enough and the device is carefully positioned. Note: The guide head acts directly on the surface, and the radius r>50°c should be made to avoid measurement uncertainty caused by the guide head. 8
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According to national standards, the tip radius of the stylus should be 2um or 5um or 10um, and the cone angle of the stylus can be 60° or 90°. In addition, for detailed information on instrument characteristics, see GB/T6062. The tip radius and stylus angle should be noted in the surface measurement report. When measuring roughness or waviness, a non-guided sensor and a filter with a defined cutoff are required, which compresses the long-wave component or short-wave component of the surface profile. The measuring instrument is only suitable for certain specific cutoff wavelengths. Table 1 gives reference values ​​for appropriate cutoff wavelengths. It is necessary to carefully select the appropriate stylus tip radius, sampling length and cutoff filter, see GB/T6062, GB/T10610 and ISO11562, otherwise systematic errors will occur in the measurement. Depending on the consideration of the influence of waviness, processing texture direction and measuring instrument, a different cutoff value may be selected. Table 1 Filtering and cut-off wavelength
Module/mm
Standard working tooth height/mm
8 Measurement of surface roughness of gear tooth surface
Standard cut-off wavelength/mm
Cut-off wave number within the working tooth height
This chapter discusses the preferred values ​​of the parameters, the cut-off wavelength and the evaluation length, as well as the measurement method of the surface structure of the transition zone between the tooth and the tooth root of the involute cylindrical gear.
When measuring the surface roughness, the trajectory of the stylus should be perpendicular to the direction of the surface processing texture, see the direction shown in Figures 7 and 8. The measurement should also be perpendicular to the surface, so that the stylus should follow the changes in the curvature of the tooth surface as closely as possible. When measuring the surface roughness of the transition zone of the gear tooth root, the entire direction should be orthogonal to the spiral line. Therefore, some special methods need to be used. Figure 8 shows a suitable measurement method. The head of the sensor has a guide head with a radius of r (smaller than the radius R of the root transition curve) in front of the stylus. It is installed on a rotatable shaft. When the shaft rotates through an angle of about 100°, the tip of the stylus draws an arc close to the root transition zone. Roughness measurement can only be performed when the root transition zone is large enough and the device is carefully positioned. Note: The guide head acts directly on the surface, and the radius r>50°c should be made to avoid measurement uncertainty caused by the guide head. 8
TYKAONIKAca-4-2002
According to national standards, the tip radius of the stylus should be 2um or 5um or 10um, and the cone angle of the stylus can be 60° or 90°. In addition, for detailed information on instrument characteristics, see GB/T6062. The tip radius and stylus angle should be noted in the surface measurement report. When measuring roughness or waviness, a non-guided sensor and a filter with a defined cutoff are required, which compresses the long-wave component or short-wave component of the surface profile. The measuring instrument is only suitable for certain specific cutoff wavelengths. Table 1 gives reference values ​​for appropriate cutoff wavelengths. It is necessary to carefully select the appropriate stylus tip radius, sampling length and cutoff filter, see GB/T6062, GB/T10610 and ISO11562, otherwise systematic errors will occur in the measurement. Depending on the consideration of the influence of waviness, processing texture direction and measuring instrument, a different cutoff value may be selected. Table 1 Filtering and cut-off wavelength
Module/mm
Standard working tooth height/mm
8 Measurement of surface roughness of gear tooth surface
Standard cut-off wavelength/mm
Cut-off wave number within the working tooth height
This chapter discusses the preferred values ​​of the parameters, the cut-off wavelength and the evaluation length, as well as the measurement method of the surface structure of the transition zone between the tooth and the tooth root of the involute cylindrical gear.
When measuring the surface roughness, the trajectory of the stylus should be perpendicular to the direction of the surface processing texture, see the direction shown in Figures 7 and 8. The measurement should also be perpendicular to the surface, so that the stylus should follow the changes in the curvature of the tooth surface as closely as possible. When measuring the surface roughness of the transition zone of the gear tooth root, the entire direction should be orthogonal to the spiral line. Therefore, some special methods need to be used. Figure 8 shows a suitable measurement method. The head of the sensor has a guide head with a radius of r (smaller than the radius R of the root transition curve) in front of the stylus. It is installed on a rotatable shaft. When the shaft rotates through an angle of about 100°, the tip of the stylus draws an arc close to the root transition zone. Roughness measurement can only be performed when the root transition zone is large enough and the device is carefully positioned. Note: The guide head acts directly on the surface, and the radius r>50°c should be made to avoid measurement uncertainty caused by the guide head. 8
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