Some standard content:
NY/T442--2001
Appendix A of this standard is a reminder appendix. Fore
This standard is proposed and managed by the Department of Planting Management of the Ministry of Agriculture. This standard is drafted by the Quality Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Fruit and Seedlings of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Institute of Fruit Trees of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The main drafters of this standard are Dou Liandeng, Zhang Hongjun, Nie Jiyun, Zhang Guifen, Li Mingqiang, Yang Zhenfeng and Liu Fengzhi. 67
1 Scope
Agricultural Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China
Technical code for producing pearsNY/T 442--2001
This standard specifies the pear production technology such as site selection and planning, planting, soil, fertilizer and water management, shaping and pruning, flower and fruit management, integrated prevention and control of diseases and pests and fruit harvesting.
This standard applies to pear production gardens.
2 Cited standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard. When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards will be revised. Parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. GB9847—1988 Apple seedlings
3 Orchard selection and planning
3.1 Orchard selection
3.1.1 Climate conditions
The main pear varieties cultivated in my country are white pear, autumn pear, sand pear and western pear. Their suitable climate conditions are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Suitable climatic conditions
Pear planting and cultivation
White pear (Pyrus bretschneideri)
Autumn pear (Pyrus ussuriensis)
Sand pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)
Western pear (Pyrus communis)
: 3.1.2 Soil conditions
Annual average temperature, ℃
8～14
January average temperature, ℃
—9～
-11～—4
Annual precipitation, mm
450~900
500~~750
500～1 900
450~950
The soil is fertile, and the organic matter content is above 1.0%. The soil layer is deep, and the active soil layer is above 50cm. The groundwater level is below 1m. The soil pH value is 6-8, and the salt content does not exceed 0.2%. 3.1.3 Topography
The slope is less than 15°. In mountainous areas and hills with a slope of 6° to 15°, it is better to slope from east to southwest, and build terraces. 3.2 Garden planning
For flat land, beach and gentle slopes below 6°, the planting rows are north-south; for slopes of 6° to 15°, the planting rows are extended along the contour lines. Equipped with necessary irrigation and drainage facilities and buildings. In wind-damaged areas, windbreaks should be built. 4 Variety and Rootstock Selection
The selection of varieties and rootstocks should be based on regionalization and improved varieties. According to the pear zoning and combined with local natural conditions, excellent varieties and rootstocks should be selected. Approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China on February 12, 200168
Implementation on May 1, 2001
Approved by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China on February 12, 200168
Implementation on May 1, 2001
The main planting areas are the Yellow River Basin, the southern part of Northeast China, and the Jiaodong Peninsula. The main fine varieties of white pears are Yali, Xuehuali, Suli, Jinfengli, Pingguoli, Zaosuli, Zaili, Jinhuali, Qiubaili, Xinshijili, Korla Xiangli, etc. The main fine varieties of western pears are Bali and Guanfeili, etc. The rootstocks are mainly Dulili and Qiuzili. 4.2 Sand Pear System
The main planting area is south of the Yangtze River. The main fine varieties are Huanghuali, Xueli, Wansanjili, Kikusuili, Fengshuili, Xingshuili, etc. The rootstocks are mainly sand pear and bean pear.
4.3 Qiuzi pear
The main planting areas are Northeast China, Yanshan, Northwest China, and the Yellow River Basin. The main fine varieties are Jingbaili and Nanguoli, etc. The rootstocks are mainly Dulili and Qiuzili.
5 Planting
5.1 Land preparation
Dig planting trenches with a depth of 0.8 to 1 m according to the row spacing, and fill the bottom of the trenches with crop straw about 30 cm thick. Mix the excavated topsoil with sufficient organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, and potassium fertilizer, and backfill the trenches. After filling to 20 cm below the ground, irrigate thoroughly to make the soil firm, and then cover with a layer of topsoil for protection.
5.2 Planting method and density
Rectangular planting is used for flat land, beach land and gently sloping land with a slope of less than 6°; contour planting is used for slopes of 6° to 15°. The planting density is determined according to the characteristics of soil, fertilizer, rootstock and variety (see Table 2). Table 2 Planting density
Density, plant/hm2
500~833
1 000~1 428
1905~3333
5.3 Pollination tree configuration
Row spacing, m
3.0～3.5
Plant spacing, m
3.0～4.0
Applicable examples
Dense planting on tall rootstocks
Dense planting on semi-dwarf rootstocks or semi-dwarf rootstocksDwarf rootstocks and very dwarf rootstocks
When the economic value of the fruits of the main cultivated varieties and pollination varieties is similar, equal row configuration can be adopted, otherwise differential row configuration is implemented (the planting ratio of the main cultivated varieties to the pollination varieties is 4～5:1). Plant 2～4 varieties in the same orchard. 5.4 Selection and treatment of seedlings
Select one-year-old strong seedlings, and the indicators are shown in Table 3. Verify the variety, remove unqualified seedlings, prune the root system, soak the roots with water, and then plant them in grades. Table 3 Standards for one-year-old strong pear seedlings
Number of lateral roots
Length of lateral roots
Distribution of lateral roots
Height of stem
Thickness of stem
More than 5
More than 20 cm
Uniform, stretched, not curled
More than 100 cm
More than 0.8 cm
Note: The meaning of each item can be found in GB9847.
Stem inclination
Root bark and stem bark
Number of full buds in shaping zone
Degree of healing of stock-scion junction
Stock treatment and healing degree
Below 15°
No shrinkage, wrinkles and damage
More than 8
Good healing
Stock cut off, cut ends healed in a ring shape (or completely) 69
5.5 Planting time
NY/T 442--2001
Areas with warm and humid winter are suitable for autumn planting. In cold, arid and windy areas, spring planting is mostly adopted. 5.6 Planting technology
Dig planting holes with a depth and width of 30cm in the planting ditch according to the plant spacing. Place the seedlings in the center of the hole, with the stock in the leeward direction, stretch the roots, straighten the seedlings, and arrange them in rows. Fill the soil while lifting the seedlings and tamp them down until the grafting point (the interface between the base stock and the intermediate stock for the dwarfing intermediate stock seedlings) is slightly above the ground (deep cutting can be done appropriately in areas with less rainfall). Make a tree tray with a diameter of 1m around the seedlings, irrigate thoroughly with water, and cover with mulch to protect the cutting. After planting, set the trunk according to the shaping requirements, and take appropriate measures to protect the cut of the trunk. 6 Soil, fertilizer and water management
6.1: Soil management
6.1.1 Deep plowing and soil improvement
After the young trees are planted, start from the outer edge of the planting hole and deep plow outward by 0.6-1.0m every autumn in combination with the application of basal fertilizer in autumn. Mix organic fertilizer when backfilling the soil, put the topsoil on the bottom layer, and the subsoil on the upper layer, and then irrigate it fully to make the roots and soil close. 6.1.2 Planting green manure and inter-row weeding
It is recommended to inter-crop green manure crops such as clover, hairy vetch, flat-leafed astragalus, etc. between the rows, and turn them into organic fertilizer for the pear orchard through methods such as turning, covering and other methods. The inter-row weeding system is recommended for pear orchards with irrigation conditions. 6.1.3 Inter-row weeding and mulching
Inter-row weeding and mulching are often carried out in the clear cultivation area to keep the soil loose and free of weeds, and the inter-row weeding depth is 5 to 10 cm. Straw mulching is recommended in the tree tray to help retain moisture, keep warm, inhibit weed growth, and increase the content of soil organic matter. 6.2 Fertilization
Determine the amount of fertilizer to be applied according to the soil fertility, apply more organic fertilizer, and implement the formula of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. 6.2.1 Apply basal fertilizer in autumn
After the autumn harvest, it is combined with deep turning and soil improvement. Organic fertilizer is mainly used. 25-50 kg of organic fertilizer is applied to young trees. For fruiting trees, more than 1 kg of organic fertilizer is applied for every 1 kg of apples produced. A small amount of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer required for the whole year are also applied. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer (mainly nitrogen fertilizer in organic fertilizer) applied during this period should reach about 50% of the annual amount. 6.2.2 Reasonable topdressing
About 10 days before budding, apply 20% of the annual nitrogen fertilizer, and after the flowers fall, apply 20% of the annual nitrogen fertilizer and 60% of the annual potassium fertilizer. During the fruit expansion period, apply 40% of the annual potassium fertilizer and 10% of the annual nitrogen fertilizer. At other times, use foliar topdressing to supplement the nutritional needs according to the specific situation.
6.3 Water management
6.3.1 Irrigation
The irrigation period should be determined according to the soil conditions, usually including four periods: budding water, post-flowering water, fruit-inducing water and pre-winter water. Loosen the soil in time after irrigation. Orchards with insufficient water sources should also cover the tree tray with crop straw to facilitate water conservation. It is recommended to adopt water-saving irrigation measures such as drip irrigation, infiltration irrigation, and micro-spraying.
6.3.2 Drainage
When water accumulates in the orchard, use ditches to drain water in time. Shaping and pruning
7.1 Suitable tree shape
After planting, select the suitable tree shape according to the planting density. Common tree shapes are shown in Table 4.70
Sparse layer shape with main trunk
Sparse layer shape with small crown
Single layer high open heart shape
Spindle shape
7.2 Pruning
Density plant/hm2
500~625
500~833
670~1005
1000~~1428
7.2.1 Young trees and trees in the early fruiting period
NY/T 442—2001
Table 4 Common tree shapes
Structural characteristics
Trees are less than 5m tall, with a trunk of 0.6~0.7m. There are 6 main branches, 3 in the first layer, 2 in the second layer, and 1 in the third layer). The spacing between the layers is 1m for the second layer and about 0.6m for the second and third layers. The spacing between the main branches in the first layer is 0.4m. The number of side branches left for each main branch is 2-3 in the first layer and 2 in the second and third layers. The tree is 3m tall, the trunk is 0.6m tall, and the crown is 3-3.5m wide. There are 3 main branches in the first layer, with a spacing of 30cm between the layers; there are 2 main branches in the second layer, with a spacing of 20cm between the layers, and 1 main branch in the third layer. The spacing between the second layer is 80cm, and the spacing between the second and third layers is 60cm. There are no side branches on the main branches, and large, medium and small single branches are directly attached. The tree is 3m tall, the trunk is 0.7m tall, and the central trunk is about 1.7m tall. The base axis and branch groups on the central trunk about 1m above 0.6m are arranged in a sentence, extending to all sides. The base axis is about 30cm long, and each base axis is divided into 2 long branches. Together with the branch group without base axis on the central trunk, the whole tree has 10 to 12 long branches. All branches are layers. The tree height does not exceed 3m. The main trunk is about 0.6m high, and there are 10 to 15 small main branches on the central trunk. The small main branches rise spirally around the central trunk, with an interval of 20cm. The angle between the small main branches and the main trunk is about 80°, and the small branches are directly on the small main branches.
Practice "light pruning and less thinning". Select the backbone branches and extension heads, carry out mid-cutting, promote long branches, cultivate the tree skeleton, and accelerate the growth of the tree and expand the crown. Pull the branch angle, adjust the branch angle and the master-slave relationship between branches, promote the formation of flower buds, and balance the tree vigor. 7.2.2 Trees in the peak fruit period
Adjust the relationship between the growth and fruiting of pear trees, and promote the moderate and strong tree vigor. The length of the new shoots outside the crown is preferably 30cm, and the medium and short branches are strong. The flower buds are full, accounting for about 30% of the total buds. The branch groups are young, and the medium and small branch groups account for about 90%. Take appropriate pruning methods to adjust the tree vigor to a moderate state, timely drop the head and open the heart, thin out the dense and vigorous branches on the periphery and the upright vigorous branches on the back, and improve the light in the crown. For the branch groups, select the best and remove the inferior, remove the weak and keep the strong, and have appropriate density. Renew every 3 years, return to the original position in 5 years, and the old tree has young branches. 7.2.3 Renewal and rejuvenation period trees
When the yield drops to less than 15,000kg/hm2, the pear trees are renewed and rejuvenated. Renew 1 to 2 large branches every year, and the renewal is completed in 3 years. At the same time, the renewal of small branches is done.
8 Flower and fruit management
8.1 Pollination
In addition to natural pollination, pollination is assisted by bees or wall bees and artificial spot pollination to ensure yield, increase single fruit weight and fruit uniformity.
8.2 Thinning flowers and fruits
Remove excessive flowers and fruits and those with diseases and insects as soon as possible. Leave an inflorescence every 20 cm or so, and leave a well-developed side fruit on each inflorescence. According to the principle of thinning fruits by keeping the best and removing the inferior, leave more fruits in the middle and rear of the crown, leave fewer fruits at the tip of the branches, leave more side fruits on the lower back, and leave fewer fruits on the upper back. 8.3 Fruit bagging [see Appendix A (suggested appendix)] is also within the scope of flower and fruit management and can be referred to for implementation. 9 Integrated pest and disease control
Based on agricultural control and with biological control as the core, according to the economic value of pest and disease occurrence, rationally use chemical control technology to control pest and disease damage economically, safely and effectively. Virus disease control needs to be solved by planting virus-free seedlings. 9.1 Agricultural control
Mainly apply organic fertilizers and inorganic compound fertilizers to enhance the disease resistance of trees and improve the nutrition of piercing-sucking pests. Control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, inhibit the reproduction of pests such as phytophagous mites and aphids, and reduce the damage of diseases such as ring rot and black spot. Pay attention to water control and drainage in the late growing season to prevent excessive growth, so as to avoid serious frost damage and rot. Strictly thin out flowers and fruits, load reasonably, and keep the tree strong. Before germination, scrape off the cracked and old bark of branches, remove dead branches and fallen leaves, and eliminate overwintering pests and diseases. Remove diseased and insect-infested leaves and fruits as early as possible during the growing season, combine pruning, and cut off diseased and insect-infested branches. Plant beneficial plants between pear trees and around pear orchards to increase species diversity, improve the effectiveness of natural enemies, and control the occurrence of minor diseases and pests. Do not mix with other fruit trees such as apples and peaches to avoid aggravating the damage of minor diseases and pests. Do not plant juniper in the park to effectively prevent the spread of rust. 9.2 Biological control
Make full use of parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects and pathogenic microorganisms to regulate the density of pest populations and control their populations below the level of damage. Add food for natural enemies in the pear orchard, set up hiding and overwintering places for natural enemies, and attract surrounding natural enemies. Release natural enemies to replenish and restore the natural enemy population. Limit the use of organic synthetic pesticides to reduce damage to natural enemies. 9.3 Chemical control
Select pesticide varieties that meet the requirements of integrated control according to the biological characteristics and damage characteristics of the control targets. Strengthen the dynamic monitoring and reporting of pests and diseases, grasp the economic interpretation of the density of target pest populations, and spray pesticides at appropriate times. Use scientific pesticide application methods to ensure the quality of pesticide application. Select pesticides that are safe for humans and animals, do not harm natural enemies, are pollution-free to the environment, and are highly effective against target pests, such as microbial insecticides, insect growth regulators, and insect pheromones. For non-selective pesticides, the purpose of controlling pests and diseases and reducing or not harming natural enemies can be achieved by improving the spraying method, adjusting the application period and reducing the amount of use. At the same time, pay attention to the reasonable mixing and rotation of pesticides. 10 Fruit harvesting
The appropriate harvesting period is determined based on the maturity of the fruit, its use and market demand. The fruit is harvested in batches, and generally one variety is harvested within two weeks. 72
Paper bag selection
NY/T 442—2001
(Appendix of tips)
Fruit bagging
Choose high-quality paper bags for pears that are resistant to wind and rain and have good air permeability. A2 bagging
Bagging should be carried out 30 to 35 days after the flowers fall. Spray 1 to 2 times of organic preparations before bagging to prevent and control diseases and pests such as black spot, ring rot, yellow powder aphid, powder and pear psyllid, and focus on spraying the fruit surface. Bagging should be carried out after the medicine is dry. When bagging, prevent the paper bag from getting close to the fruit skin. A3 Bag Removal
For colored varieties, the bag should be removed about 30 days before harvest to ensure the fruit is colored; for other varieties, the bag can be removed 15 to 20 days before harvest. 736m, crown width 3-3.5m. There are 3 main branches in the first layer, with a distance of 30cm within the layer; 2 main branches in the second layer, with a distance of 20cm within the layer, and 1 main branch in the third layer. The spacing between the second layer is 80cm, and the spacing between the second and third layers is 60cm. There are no side branches on the main branches, and large, medium and small single branches are directly grown. The tree is 3m tall, the trunk is 0.7m tall, and the central trunk is about 1.7m tall. The base axis and branch groups on the central trunk about 1m above 0.6m are arranged in a sentence and extend to all sides. The base axis is about 30cm long, and each base axis is divided into 2 long branch groups. Together with the branch group without base axis on the central trunk, the whole tree has a total of 10-12 long branch groups. All branch groups are layers. The tree height does not exceed 3m. The main trunk is about 0.6m high, and there are 10-15 small main branches on the central trunk. The small main branches rise spirally around the central trunk, with a spacing of 20cm. The angle between the small main branch and the main trunk is about 80°, and the small branch group grows directly on the small main branch.
Practice "light pruning and less thinning". Select the backbone branches, extend the heads, perform mid-cutting, promote long branches, cultivate the tree skeleton, and accelerate the growth and expansion of the tree crown. Pull the branches to open the angle, adjust the branch angle and the master-slave relationship between branches, promote the formation of flower buds, and balance the tree vigor. 7.2.2 Trees in the peak fruit period
Adjust the relationship between the growth and fruiting of pear trees, and promote the moderate and strong tree vigor. The length of the new shoots on the outer crown is preferably 30cm, and the medium and short branches are strong. The flower buds are full, accounting for about 30% of the total buds. The branch group is young, and the medium and small branch groups account for about 90%. Take appropriate pruning methods to adjust the tree vigor to a moderate state, drop the heads in time, thin out the dense and vigorous branches on the outer periphery and the upright vigorous branches on the back, and improve the light in the crown. For branch groups, select the best and remove the inferior, remove the weak and keep the strong, and have appropriate density. Renew every 3 years, return to the original position every 5 years, and keep the old branches young. 7.2.3 Renewal and rejuvenation of trees
When the yield drops to less than 15,000kg/hm2, renew and rejuvenate the pear trees. Renew 1 to 2 large branches every year, and complete the renewal in 3 years. At the same time, do a good job of renewing small branches.
8 Flower and fruit management
8.1 Pollination
In addition to natural pollination, use bees or wall bees for pollination and artificial spot pollination to assist pollination to ensure yield, increase single fruit weight and fruit uniformity.
8.2 Thinning flowers and fruits
Remove excessive flowers and fruits and diseased and insect-infested flowers and fruits as soon as possible. Leave an inflorescence every 20 cm or so, and leave a well-developed side fruit for each inflorescence. According to the principle of thinning fruits by retaining the best and removing the inferior, more fruits should be retained in the middle and rear of the crown, less at the tip of the branches, more side fruits on the lower back, and less on the upper back. 8.3 Fruit bagging [see Appendix A (suggested appendix)] is also a category of flower and fruit management, which can be referred to for implementation. 9 Integrated pest and disease control
Based on agricultural control and with biological control as the core, according to the economic value of pest and disease occurrence, rationally use chemical control technology to control pest and disease damage economically, safely and effectively. Virus disease control needs to be solved by planting virus-free seedlings. 9.1 Agricultural controlwww.bzxz.net
Mainly apply organic fertilizer and inorganic compound fertilizer to enhance the disease resistance of trees and improve the nutrition of piercing and sucking pests. Control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to inhibit the reproduction of pests such as phytophagous mites and aphids, and reduce the damage of diseases such as ring rot and black spot. Pay attention to water control and drainage in the late growing season to prevent excessive growth, so as to avoid severe frost damage and rot. Strictly thin out flowers and fruits, load reasonably, and keep the trees strong. Before germination, scrape off the cracked and old bark of branches, remove dead branches and fallen leaves, and eliminate overwintering pests and diseases. Remove diseased and insect-infested leaves and fruits as early as possible during the growing season, and cut off diseased and insect-infested branches in combination with pruning. Plant beneficial plants between pear trees and around the pear orchard to increase species diversity, improve the effectiveness of natural enemies, and control the occurrence of secondary pests and diseases. Do not mix with other fruit trees such as apples and peaches to avoid aggravating the harm of secondary pests and diseases. Do not plant juniper in the park to effectively prevent the spread of rust. 9.2 Biological control
Make full use of parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects and pathogenic microorganisms to regulate the density of pest populations and control their populations below the level of damage. Add natural enemy food in the pear orchard, set up natural enemy hiding places and overwintering places, and attract surrounding natural enemies. Raise and release natural enemies to supplement and restore natural enemy populations. Limit the use of organic synthetic pesticides to reduce harm to natural enemies. 9.3 Chemical control
Based on the biological characteristics and damage characteristics of the control targets, select pesticide varieties that meet the requirements of integrated control. Strengthen the dynamic monitoring and reporting of pests and diseases, grasp the economic value of the population density of target pests, and spray pesticides at appropriate times. Adopt scientific pesticide application methods to ensure the quality of pesticide application. Select pesticides that are safe for humans and animals, do not harm natural enemies, are pollution-free to the environment, and are highly effective against target pests, such as microbial insecticides, insect growth regulators, and insect pheromones. For non-selective pesticides, by improving the spraying method, adjusting the application period, and reducing the amount used, the purpose of controlling pests and diseases and reducing or not harming natural enemies can be achieved. At the same time, pay attention to the reasonable mixing and rotation of pesticides. 10 Fruit harvesting
Determine the appropriate harvesting period based on the maturity, use, and market demand of the fruit. The fruit is harvested in batches, and generally one variety is harvested within two weeks. 72
Paper bag selection
NY/T 442—2001
(Appendix of tips)
Fruit bagging
Choose high-quality paper bags for pears that are wind-resistant and rain-resistant and have good air permeability. A2 Bagging
Bagging should be carried out 30 to 35 days after the flowers fall. Before bagging, spray 1 to 2 times with organic agents to control diseases and insect pests such as black spot, ring rot, yellow powder aphid, powder and pear psyllid, with emphasis on the fruit surface. Bag the fruit after the medicine dries. When bagging, prevent the paper bag from getting close to the fruit skin. A3 Bag removal
Colored varieties should be removed from the bag about 30 days before harvest to ensure fruit coloring; other varieties can be removed from the bag 15 to 20 days before harvest. 736m, crown width 3-3.5m. There are 3 main branches in the first layer, with a distance of 30cm within the layer; 2 main branches in the second layer, with a distance of 20cm within the layer, and 1 main branch in the third layer. The spacing between the second layer is 80cm, and the spacing between the second and third layers is 60cm. There are no side branches on the main branches, and large, medium and small single branches are directly grown. The tree is 3m tall, the trunk is 0.7m tall, and the central trunk is about 1.7m tall. The base axis and branch groups on the central trunk about 1m above 0.6m are arranged in a sentence and extend to all sides. The base axis is about 30cm long, and each base axis is divided into 2 long branch groups. Together with the branch group without base axis on the central trunk, the whole tree has a total of 10-12 long branch groups. All branch groups are layers. The tree height does not exceed 3m. The main trunk is about 0.6m high, and there are 10-15 small main branches on the central trunk. The small main branches rise spirally around the central trunk, with a spacing of 20cm. The angle between the small main branch and the main trunk is about 80°, and the small branch group grows directly on the small main branch.
Practice "light pruning and less thinning". Select the backbone branches, extend the heads, perform mid-cutting, promote long branches, cultivate the tree skeleton, and accelerate the growth and expansion of the tree crown. Pull the branches to open the angle, adjust the branch angle and the master-slave relationship between branches, promote the formation of flower buds, and balance the tree vigor. 7.2.2 Trees in the peak fruit period
Adjust the relationship between the growth and fruiting of pear trees, and promote the moderate and strong tree vigor. The length of the new shoots on the outer crown is preferably 30cm, and the medium and short branches are strong. The flower buds are full, accounting for about 30% of the total buds. The branch group is young, and the medium and small branch groups account for about 90%. Take appropriate pruning methods to adjust the tree vigor to a moderate state, drop the heads in time, thin out the dense and vigorous branches on the outer periphery and the upright vigorous branches on the back, and improve the light in the crown. For branch groups, select the best and remove the inferior, remove the weak and keep the strong, and have appropriate density. Renew every 3 years, return to the original position every 5 years, and keep the old branches young. 7.2.3 Renewal and rejuvenation of trees
When the yield drops to less than 15,000kg/hm2, renew and rejuvenate the pear trees. Renew 1 to 2 large branches every year, and complete the renewal in 3 years. At the same time, do a good job of renewing small branches.
8 Flower and fruit management
8.1 Pollination
In addition to natural pollination, use bees or wall bees for pollination and artificial spot pollination to assist pollination to ensure yield, increase single fruit weight and fruit uniformity.
8.2 Thinning flowers and fruits
Remove excessive flowers and fruits and diseased and insect-infested flowers and fruits as soon as possible. Leave an inflorescence every 20 cm or so, and leave a well-developed side fruit for each inflorescence. According to the principle of thinning fruits by retaining the best and removing the inferior, more fruits should be retained in the middle and rear of the crown, less at the tip of the branches, more side fruits on the lower back, and less on the upper back. 8.3 Fruit bagging [see Appendix A (suggested appendix)] is also a category of flower and fruit management, which can be referred to for implementation. 9 Integrated pest and disease control
Based on agricultural control and with biological control as the core, according to the economic value of pest and disease occurrence, rationally use chemical control technology to control pest and disease damage economically, safely and effectively. Virus disease control needs to be solved by planting virus-free seedlings. 9.1 Agricultural control
Mainly apply organic fertilizer and inorganic compound fertilizer to enhance the disease resistance of trees and improve the nutrition of piercing and sucking pests. Control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to inhibit the reproduction of pests such as phytophagous mites and aphids, and reduce the damage of diseases such as ring rot and black spot. Pay attention to water control and drainage in the late growing season to prevent excessive growth, so as to avoid severe frost damage and rot. Strictly thin out flowers and fruits, load reasonably, and keep the trees strong. Before germination, scrape off the cracked and old bark of branches, remove dead branches and fallen leaves, and eliminate overwintering pests and diseases. Remove diseased and insect-infested leaves and fruits as early as possible during the growing season, and cut off diseased and insect-infested branches in combination with pruning. Plant beneficial plants between pear trees and around the pear orchard to increase species diversity, improve the effectiveness of natural enemies, and control the occurrence of secondary pests and diseases. Do not mix with other fruit trees such as apples and peaches to avoid aggravating the harm of secondary pests and diseases. Do not plant juniper in the park to effectively prevent the spread of rust. 9.2 Biological control
Make full use of parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects and pathogenic microorganisms to regulate the density of pest populations and control their populations below the level of damage. Add natural enemy food in the pear orchard, set up natural enemy hiding places and overwintering places, and attract surrounding natural enemies. Raise and release natural enemies to supplement and restore natural enemy populations. Limit the use of organic synthetic pesticides to reduce harm to natural enemies. 9.3 Chemical control
Based on the biological characteristics and damage characteristics of the control targets, select pesticide varieties that meet the requirements of integrated control. Strengthen the dynamic monitoring and reporting of pests and diseases, grasp the economic value of the population density of target pests, and spray pesticides at appropriate times. Adopt scientific pesticide application methods to ensure the quality of pesticide application. Select pesticides that are safe for humans and animals, do not harm natural enemies, are pollution-free to the environment, and are highly effective against target pests, such as microbial insecticides, insect growth regulators, and insect pheromones. For non-selective pesticides, by improving the spraying method, adjusting the application period, and reducing the amount used, the purpose of controlling pests and diseases and reducing or not harming natural enemies can be achieved. At the same time, pay attention to the reasonable mixing and rotation of pesticides. 10 Fruit harvesting
Determine the appropriate harvesting period based on the maturity, use, and market demand of the fruit. The fruit is harvested in batches, and generally one variety is harvested within two weeks. 72
Paper bag selection
NY/T 442—2001
(Appendix of tips)
Fruit bagging
Choose high-quality paper bags for pears that are wind-resistant and rain-resistant and have good air permeability. A2 Bagging
Bagging should be carried out 30 to 35 days after the flowers fall. Before bagging, spray 1 to 2 times with organic agents to control diseases and insect pests such as black spot, ring rot, yellow powder aphid, powder and pear psyllid, with emphasis on the fruit surface. Bag the fruit after the medicine dries. When bagging, prevent the paper bag from getting close to the fruit skin. A3 Bag removal
Colored varieties should be removed from the bag about 30 days before harvest to ensure fruit coloring; other varieties can be removed from the bag 15 to 20 days before harvest. 731Agricultural control
Mainly apply organic fertilizer and inorganic compound fertilizer to enhance the disease resistance of trees and improve the nutrition of piercing and sucking pests. Control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to inhibit the reproduction of pests such as phytophagous mites and aphids, and reduce the damage caused by diseases such as ring rot and black spot. Pay attention to water control and drainage in the late growing season to prevent excessive growth, so as to avoid serious frost damage and rot. Strictly thin out flowers and fruits, load reasonably, and keep the tree strong. Scrape off the cracked and old skin of branches before germination, remove dead branches and fallen leaves, and eliminate overwintering pests and diseases. Remove diseased and insect-infested leaves and fruits as early as possible during the growing season, combine pruning, and cut off diseased and insect-infested branches. Plant beneficial plants between pear trees and around pear orchards to increase species diversity, improve the effectiveness of natural enemies, and control the occurrence of secondary diseases and insects. Do not mix with other fruit trees such as apples and peaches to avoid aggravating the damage of secondary diseases and insects. No cypress is planted in the park to effectively prevent the spread of rust. 9.2 Biological control
Make full use of parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects and pathogenic microorganisms to regulate the density of pest populations and control their populations below the level of damage. Add food for natural enemies in the pear orchard, set up hiding and overwintering places for natural enemies, and attract surrounding natural enemies. Release natural enemies to replenish and restore the natural enemy population. Limit the use of organic synthetic pesticides to reduce damage to natural enemies. 9.3 Chemical control
According to the biological characteristics and damage characteristics of the control targets, select pesticide varieties that meet the requirements of integrated control. Strengthen the dynamic monitoring and reporting of pests and diseases, grasp the economic interpretation of the density of target pest populations, and spray pesticides at appropriate times. Use scientific pesticide application methods to ensure the quality of pesticide application. Select pesticides that are safe for humans and animals, do not harm natural enemies, are pollution-free to the environment, and are highly effective against target pests, such as microbial insecticides, insect growth regulators, and insect pheromones. For non-selective pesticides, the purpose of controlling pests and diseases and reducing or not harming natural enemies can be achieved by improving the spraying method, adjusting the application period and reducing the amount of use. At the same time, pay attention to the reasonable mixing and rotation of pesticides. 10 Fruit harvesting
The appropriate harvesting period is determined based on the maturity of the fruit, its use and market demand. The fruit is harvested in batches, and generally one variety is harvested within two weeks. 72
Paper bag selection
NY/T 442—2001
(Appendix of tips)
Fruit bagging
Choose high-quality paper bags for pears that are resistant to wind and rain and have good air permeability. A2 bagging
Bagging should be carried out 30 to 35 days after the flowers fall. Spray 1 to 2 times of organic preparations before bagging to prevent and control diseases and pests such as black spot, ring rot, yellow powder aphid, powder and pear psyllid, and focus on spraying the fruit surface. Bagging should be carried out after the medicine is dry. When bagging, prevent the paper bag from getting close to the fruit skin. A3 Bag Removal
For colored varieties, the bag should be removed about 30 days before harvest to ensure the fruit is colored; for other varieties, the bag can be removed 15 to 20 days before harvest. 731Agricultural control
Mainly apply organic fertilizer and inorganic compound fertilizer to enhance the disease resistance of trees and improve the nutrition of piercing and sucking pests. Control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to inhibit the reproduction of pests such as phytophagous mites and aphids, and reduce the damage caused by diseases such as ring rot and black spot. Pay attention to water control and drainage in the late growing season to prevent excessive growth, so as to avoid serious frost damage and rot. Strictly thin out flowers and fruits, load reasonably, and keep the tree strong. Scrape off the cracked and old skin of branches before germination, remove dead branches and fallen leaves, and eliminate overwintering pests and diseases. Remove diseased and insect-infested leaves and fruits as early as possible during the growing season, combine pruning, and cut off diseased and insect-infested branches. Plant beneficial plants between pear trees and around pear orchards to increase species diversity, improve the effectiveness of natural enemies, and control the occurrence of secondary diseases and insects. Do not mix with other fruit trees such as apples and peaches to avoid aggravating the damage of secondary diseases and insects. No cypress is planted in the park to effectively prevent the spread of rust. 9.2 Biological control
Make full use of parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects and pathogenic microorganisms to regulate the density of pest populations and control their populations below the level of damage. Add food for natural enemies in the pear orchard, set up hiding and overwintering places for natural enemies, and attract surrounding natural enemies. Release natural enemies to replenish and restore the natural enemy population. Limit the use of organic synthetic pesticides to reduce damage to natural enemies. 9.3 Chemical control
According to the biological characteristics and damage characteristics of the control targets, select pesticide varieties that meet the requirements of integrated control. Strengthen the dynamic monitoring and reporting of pests and diseases, grasp the economic interpretation of the density of target pest populations, and spray pesticides at appropriate times. Use scientific pesticide application methods to ensure the quality of pesticide application. Select pesticides that are safe for humans and animals, do not harm natural enemies, are pollution-free to the environment, and are highly effective against target pests, such as microbial insecticides, insect growth regulators, and insect pheromones. For non-selective pesticides, the purpose of controlling pests and diseases and reducing or not harming natural enemies can be achieved by improving the spraying method, adjusting the application period and reducing the amount of use. At the same time, pay attention to the reasonable mixing and rotation of pesticides. 10 Fruit harvesting
The appropriate harvesting period is determined based on the maturity of the fruit, its use and market demand. The fruit is harvested in batches, and generally one variety is harvested within two weeks. 72
Paper bag selection
NY/T 442—2001
(Appendix of tips)
Fruit bagging
Choose high-quality paper bags for pears that are resistant to wind and rain and have good air permeability. A2 bagging
Bagging should be carried out 30 to 35 days after the flowers fall. Spray 1 to 2 times of organic preparations before bagging to prevent and control diseases and pests such as black spot, ring rot, yellow powder aphid, powder and pear psyllid, and focus on spraying the fruit surface. Bagging should be carried out after the medicine is dry. When bagging, prevent the paper bag from getting close to the fruit skin. A3 Bag Removal
For colored varieties, the bag should be removed about 30 days before harvest to ensure the fruit is colored; for other varieties, the bag can be removed 15 to 20 days before harvest. 73
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