GB/T 24043-2002 Environmental Management Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Interpretation
Some standard content:
ICS 13. 020. 10
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T 24043—2002/ISO 14043:2000 Environmental management
Life cycle assessment
Life cycle interpretation
Environmental management-Life cycle assessment-Life cycle interpretation
(ISO14043:2000.IDT)
Issued on April 16, 2002
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China
Implementation on October 1, 2002
GB/T24043--2002
This standard is equivalent to the international standard ISO14043:2000 "Environmental management life cycle assessment life cycle interpretation". This standard is one of the standards on life cycle assessment in the environmental management series of standards. Previously, two national standards on life cycle assessment have been issued: GB/T24040-1999 "Principles and Framework of Environmental Management Life Cycle Assessment" and GB/T24041-2000 "Determination of Purpose and Scope of Environmental Management Life Cycle Assessment and Inventory Analysis". There are also standards on life cycle assessment: GB/T24042idtISO14042:2000 "Environmental Management Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Impact Assessment". This standard is proposed and managed by the China Standards Research Center. The drafting units of this standard are: China Standards Research Center, China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment, China Environmental Management System Certification Body Accreditation Committee, China Import and Export Commodity Quality Certification Center, China National Petroleum Corporation, China Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, and Research Center for Ecological Environment of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The main drafters of this standard are: Huang Jin, Xu Yougang, Li Yan, Liu Ke, Rao Yishan, Sun Qihong, Yang Jianxin, Fan Yuhua. This standard was first issued in April 2002.
GB/T24043—2002
This standard describes the final stage of the life cycle assessment (ILCA) process - life cycle interpretation, which summarizes and discusses the results of life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) and (or) life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), and is the basis for forming conclusions, recommendations and decisions based on the determined purpose and scope of the life cycle assessment. LCA research begins with the stage of determining the purpose and scope and ends with the life cycle interpretation stage. Life cycle interpretation is a systematic process used to identify, determine, examine and evaluate information from the results of LCI and (or) I.CIA of product systems, and express it to meet the application requirements specified by the purpose and scope of the study. In order to ensure that specific questions are raised, practitioners engaged in LCA should maintain close contact with the client throughout the research process, and this communication must also be maintained during the life cycle interpretation stage. Therefore, transparency is essential in the life cycle interpretation stage. When it comes to priorities, assumptions or value choices, LCA practitioners need to clearly state them in the final report. LCA is only one of several tools used to assist decision making, such as providing information (documenting a product system), achieving improvements (improving an existing product system), or establishing a new product system. Life cycle interpretation can also demonstrate the links between LCA and other environmental management techniques through the appropriate interpretation and focus of the results. It is therefore important to focus on all phases of the life cycle assessment and to consider the integrated use of other techniques. Life cycle interpretation also includes communicating information in a way that is understandable and practical to decision makers, and providing credibility for the results of other phases of the life cycle (i.e., LCI and LCIA). Although decisions based on technical performance, economic or social factors are not included in the LCA study, they are still reflected in the environmental issues selected during the purpose and scope determination phase. 522
1 Scope
Environmental management
Life cycle assessment
Life cycle interpretation
This standard sets out requirements and recommendations for life cycle interpretation in LCA or I.CI studies. This standard does not describe specific methods for the life cycle interpretation phase of ILCA and LCI studies. 2 Normative references
GB/T 24043--2002
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard through reference in this standard. For all referenced documents with dates, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this standard. However, parties that reach an agreement based on this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For all referenced documents without dates, the latest versions are applicable to this standard. GB/T 24040--1999 Principles and framework for life cycle assessment of environmental management (idtIS(14040:1997) GB/T 24041---2000 Determination of the purpose and scope of life cycle assessment of environmental management and inventory analysis (idtISO14041:1998)
GB/T 24042—2002 Environmental management
Life cycle assessment Life cycle impact assessment (idtIS014042:2000) GB/T 24050—2000 Environmental management terminology (idtISO14050:1998) 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
The definitions in GB/T 24040, GB/T 24041, GB/T 24042, GB/T 24050 and the following definitions apply to this standard. 3.1.1
Completeness checkCompleteness checkThe process of verifying that the information obtained in the previous stages of the LCA or LCI study is sufficient to form conclusions based on the determined objectives and scope.
Consistency check
The process of verifying that the assumptions, methods and data used throughout the study are consistent and that they are consistent with the determined objectives and scope.
Note: A consistency check should be performed before conclusions are drawn. 3.1.3
Evaluationevaluatien
(for life cycle interpretation)The second step in the life cycle interpretation stage, aimed at determining the credibility of the results of the LCA or LCI study. Note: Evaluation includes completeness check, sensitivity check, consistency check and any other confirmation required by the study objectives and scope. 3.1.4
Sensitivity check
The process of verifying that the information obtained from the sensitivity analysis is relevant to the formation of conclusions and recommendations. 3.2 Abbreviations
GB/T 24043—2002
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
I.CI Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
L.CIA Life Cycle Impact Assessment
4 Overview of Life Cycle Interpretation
4.1 Purpose of Life Cycle Interpretation
The purpose of life cycle interpretation is to analyze the results, form conclusions, explain limitations, make recommendations and report the results of life cycle interpretation in a transparent way based on the findings of the previous stages of LCA or I.CI study. Life cycle interpretation also provides an understandable, comprehensive and consistent explanation of the results of IL.CA or LCI study according to the purpose and scope of the study.
4.2 Main features of life cycle interpretation
The main features of life cycle interpretation are:
The use of a systematic process to identify, determine, examine, evaluate and present conclusions based on the findings of the LCA or LCI study to meet the application requirements specified in the study objectives and scope; an iterative process applied both within the interpretation phase and between other phases of the LCA or LCI study; and the demonstration of the relationship between LCA and other environmental management techniques in relation to the strengths and limitations of the LCA or LCI study for the stated purpose and scope.
4.3 Elements of life cycle interpretation
The life cycle interpretation phase of an ICA or I.CI study consists of the following three elements, as described in Figure 1. Identification of significant issues based on the results of the LCI and ILCIA phases of the LCA; Evaluation, including completeness, sensitivity and consistency checks; Conclusions, recommendations and reporting.
4.4 Relationship to other phases of LCA Figure 1 describes the relationship between life cycle interpretation and other phases of LCA. The purpose and scope of life cycle assessment and the interpretation phase form the framework of the ICA study. The other phases (ICI and LCIA) provide information about the product system. 5 Identification of major issues
5.1 Purpose
Note: See Appendix A, A.Example of 2.
This element aims to organize the results of the LCI or ICIA phase according to the defined objectives and scope and the interaction with the evaluation elements in order to identify significant issues. The purpose of this interaction will include the methods used and assumptions made in the previous phases, such as allocation rules, trade-offs, impact types, type parameters and model selection. 5.2 Identification and organization of information
The findings of the previous phases of LCA or LCI study are required to include the following four types of information: a) Findings of I.CI and 1.CIA: These findings must be summarized and organized together with information on data quality. These results should be organized in an appropriate form, for example: according to the various stages of the product system life cycle, or according to different processes or operating units, such as transportation, energy supply and waste management. Data lists, tables, bar charts or other appropriate representations of input, output and/or type parameter results can be used. Therefore, all relevant existing results should be collected and integrated for further analysis.
b) Choice of methods: such as the allocation rules and product system boundaries specified in I.CI and the type parameters and models used by LCIA.
The value selection for the use of I.CA study specified in the determination of the purpose and scope.
GB/T 24043--2002
d) The roles and responsibilities of the different stakeholders related to the application determined by the purpose and scope, and the results of the review if the critical review process is implemented at the same time.
5.3 Determination of major issues
After the results obtained in the previous stages (LCI and LCIA) meet the requirements of the study purpose and scope, the significance of these results should be determined. The results of the LCI stage and/or I.CIA stage are used for the above purpose, which should be an iterative process that interacts with the evaluation elements.
Major issues may include:
Inventory data types, such as energy, emissions, waste, etc.; Impact types, such as resource use, greenhouse gas potential, etc.; The main contributions of each life cycle stage to the LCI or ICIA results, such as unit processes or process groups such as transportation and energy production. Determining the major issues for a product system can be simple or complex. This standard does not provide guidance on determining the relevance of an issue to the study or its importance to the product system. A variety of specific approaches, methods and tools can be used to identify environmental issues and determine their importance. Life Cycle Assessment Framework
Determination of purpose and scope
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
6 Evaluation
6.1 Purpose and requirements
Interpretation phase
2 Evaluation
1 Identification of major issues
Conclusions, recommendations
and reporting
Completeness check
Responsibility check
Consistency check
Other checks
3 Direct application
Product development and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy formulation
Figure 1 Relationship between the elements of the LCA interpretation phase and other phases Note: See the example of clause A.3 in Appendix A.
This element is used to establish and enhance the credibility and reliability of the LCA or LCI study results, including the major issues identified in the previous element. The results of the study should be presented to the client or any other interested party in a clear and understandable manner. The assessment must be made in light of the purpose and scope of the study, taking into account the intended final application of the results. The following three techniques should be considered in the assessment process: a) Completeness check (see 6.2). b) Sensitivity check (see 6.3). c) Consistency check (see 6.4). The above checks should be supplemented by the results of uncertainty analysis and data quality assessment. 6.2 Completeness check 6.2.1 Purpose The purpose of the completeness check is to ensure that all information and data required for interpretation are available and complete. 6.2.2 Missing or incomplete information If some information is missing or incomplete, it must be considered whether the information is necessary to meet the purpose and scope of the LCA or LCI study. If information is deemed unnecessary, the rationale should be documented before the assessment can proceed If some of the missing information is necessary to identify significant issues, the previous phases (LCI, LCIA) should be re-examined or the objective and scope adjusted.
This finding and its rationale must be documented.
6.3 Sensitivity Checks
6.3.1 The purpose of a sensitivity check is to assess the reliability of the final results and conclusions by determining whether they are affected by uncertainties in the data, allocation methods or calculation of type parameter results. If sensitivity and uncertainty analyses have been performed in the LCT and LCIA phases, the evaluation should include the results of these analyses and, in addition, the need for further sensitivity analyses should be stated. 6.3.2 Recommendations for Conducting Sensitivity Checks
The level of detail required for a sensitivity check will depend primarily on the findings of the inventory analysis and, if an impact assessment has been conducted, the findings of the impact assessment.
Sensitivity checks must take into account the following factors: a) Issues identified in advance in the objective and scope of the ICA or LCI study. b) Findings from all other phases of the LCA or LCI study. c) Expert judgement and experience.
The results of the above sensitivity checks confirm the need for more extensive and/or more precise sensitivity analysis and the significant impact on the study results.
The fact that the sensitivity check did not reveal significant differences between the studies does not mean that such differences do not exist, but that the differences could not be identified or quantified due to the uncertainty of the data and methods used. The absence of any significant differences may also be the final result of the study. When the ICA is used to support comparative claims that are made public, the assessment should include an explanatory statement based on the sensitivity analysis. 6.4 Consistency Checks
6.4.1 Purpose
The purpose of the consistency check is to confirm whether the assumptions, methods and data are consistent with the objectives and scope requirements. 6.4.2 Checklist
If relevant to ILCA or LCI studies, or required as part of the determination of objectives and scope, the following questions should also be considered.
Are the differences in data quality within the life cycle of the same product system and between different product systems consistent with the objectives and scope of the study?
Are the regional and/or temporal differences (if any) applied consistently?
Are the allocation rules and system boundaries consistent across all product systems?
Are the impact assessment elements applied consistently? 7 Conclusions and recommendations
7.1 Purpose
This element aims to form conclusions and make recommendations for the users of the I.CA or LCI study 7.2 Conclusions
GB/T24043--2002
The conclusions of the study should be obtained from the interaction with other elements of the life cycle interpretation phase. The logical sequence of the process is as follows: a) Identify major issues.
Assess the completeness, sensitivity and consistency of the methodology and results. Form preliminary conclusions and check whether the conclusions meet the requirements of the study objectives and scope. In particular, the data quality requirements, the pre-determined assumptions and values, and the requirements required for the application. d) If the conclusions are consistent throughout, they are reported as complete conclusions, otherwise return to the corresponding previous steps a), b) or c). 7.3 Recommendations
Specific recommendations to decision makers should be justified as long as they are appropriate to the purpose and scope of the study. Recommendations should be based on the final conclusions of the study and should be logically and reasonably derived from the conclusions. Recommendations should be related to the intended application, as described in ISO 14040. 8 Report
The report should give a complete and unbiased account of the study, see ISO 14040. When preparing the report on the interpretation phase, the principle of full transparency should be strictly reflected in terms of value choices, rationales and expert judgment. 9 Other studies
The choice of the type of critical review should be recorded. Note: The types of critical reviews are described in 7.3 of ISO 14040:1997 (Principles and Framework for Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Management).
If the research is used to support comparative assertions for the public, a critical review should be conducted in accordance with 7.3.3 of GB/T24040-1999 "Principles and Framework for Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Management" (idtISO.14040:1997). 527
GB/T24043—2002
A.1 General
Appendix A
(Informative)
Examples of Life Cycle Interpretation
To help users understand how to conduct a life cycle interpretation, this informative annex provides examples of elements in the interpretation phase of an LCA or LCI study.
A.2 Examples of Identification of Significant Issues
The identification element (see Chapter 5) and the assessment element (see Chapter 6) are interactive. It includes the identification and organization of information and the subsequent determination of significant issues. The organization of available data and information is an iterative process that occurs in parallel with the LCI phase, the ILCIA phase (if conducted), and the determination of purpose and scope. The organization of information may have been completed in previous LCI or I.CIA phases and is intended to provide a summary of the results of these earlier phases. This helps to identify significant environmental issues and to form conclusions and recommendations. Based on the organization of information, any subsequent determination will be made using analytical techniques. Different methods of organizing information may be used depending on the purpose and scope of the study. Among them, the following possible organizational methods can be used: - differentiation between life cycle stages: such as raw material production, product manufacturing, use, recycling and waste treatment (see Table A.1); - differentiation between process groups: such as transportation, energy supply (see Table A.4); - differentiation between processes with different degrees of management influence. For example: internal processes where changes and improvements can be controlled, and processes determined by external responsibilities, such as national energy policies, specific boundary conditions of suppliers, etc. (see Table A.5); - differentiation between individual unit processes. This is probably the most detailed level of decomposition. The output of this information organization process can be presented in a two-dimensional matrix, in which the above-mentioned differentiation criteria constitute the columns and the single input output or the results of each type of parameters constitute the rows. With this information organization method, it is possible to conduct a more detailed examination of each impact type. The identification of major issues is based on the organized information. The data associated with each data inventory type can be predetermined at the purpose and scope stage, or obtained from inventory analysis or other sources (such as the company's environmental management system or environmental policy). There are many possible methods. Depending on the nature and scope of the study and the level of detail required, the following methods may be applied:
- Contribution analysis: examine the contribution of the life cycle phase (see Tables A.2 and A.8) or process group (see Table A.4) to the overall result, for example, expressing the contribution to the overall result as a percentage;
- Dominance analysis: apply statistical tools or other techniques, such as qualitative or quantitative ranking (such as ABC analysis), to examine significant or major contributions (see Table A.3);
- Impact analysis examines the likelihood of environmental issues (see Table A.5);
- Anomaly analysis: observe abnormal deviations from expected or normal results based on previous experience. This allows for subsequent review and guides improvement evaluation (see A.6).
The results of this determination process can also be presented in a matrix form, in which the above-mentioned distinction criteria constitute the columns and the list inputs and outputs or type parameter results constitute the rows.
This procedure can also be carried out for any specific inputs and outputs selected from the purpose and scope determination, or for any single-type of impact, to conduct a more detailed examination. During this identification process, the data are not altered or recalculated, only converted to percentages etc.
The following various tables provide examples of how to organize and tabulate information, which are applicable to LCI and LCIA results. The organization of information may be based on specific requirements for purpose and scope, or findings from I.CI or LCIA. Table A.1 is an example of tabulating I.CI inputs and outputs against unit process groups representing each stage of the life cycle, and Table A.2 is its percentage representation.
I.CI input and (or) output
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Raw material production/
AOX=absorbable organic halides
LCI input and output of each life cycle stageManufacturing process/
Use phase/
GB/T 24043-2002
The LCI results provided in Table A.1 show the proportion of different inputs and outputs in each process or life cycle stage. Subsequent assessment can reveal and demonstrate the connotation and stability of these data, providing a basis for forming conclusions and recommendations. Assessment can be quantitative or qualitative.
Table A.2 Percentage composition of LCI inputs and outputs for each life cycle stage L.CI input and/or output
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Raw material production
Manufacturing process/
Use phase/
Others/
Total/
In addition, these results can be ranked and prioritized by the ranking procedure or the rules predetermined in the purpose and scope. Table A.3 shows the results of applying this ranking procedure and ranking according to the following ranking rules. A: Most important, with significant impact, that is, contribution>50%; B: Very important, with relevant impact, that is, 25%<contribution≤50%; C: Relatively important. Some impact, that is, 10%<contribution≤25%; D: Less important, with small impact, that is, 2.5%<contribution≤10%; E: Not important, with negligible impact, that is, contribution<2.5%. 529
GB/T24043—2002
LCI inputs and (or) outputs
Phosphates
Municipal waste
Ordering of LCI inputs and outputs for each life cycle stage Table A.3
Raw material production
Manufacturing process
Use stage
Table A.4 lists LCI inputs and outputs by process group to show another possible way of organizing information. Table A.4 LCI inputs and outputs for process groups
LCI inputs and (or) outputs
Phosphates
Municipal waste
Energy supply/
Transport/
Others/
Other technologies, such as technologies that determine the relevant contributions and rank them according to the selected criteria, follow the same procedure as shown in Tables A.2 and A.3.
Table A.5 shows the ranking of the impact of LCI inputs and outputs by unit process group. The impact is expressed as follows: A: effective control, major improvements may be possible; B: general control, some improvements may be possible; C: no control.
LCI input and (or) output
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Table A.5·Ranking of the impact of LCI inputs and outputs of process groupsGrid power
On-site energy supply
GB/T 24043—2002
He Let/
Table A.6 lists the abnormal and unexpected evaluation results of LCI input and output results by unit process group, and expresses the LCI input and output of different process groups. Such abnormal and unexpected results are expressed as follows: ●·Unexpected results, that is, the contribution is too large or too small; #: Abnormal results, that is, certain emissions occurred at the expected emission location; (): No comments.
Unexpected results may indicate errors in calculations or data transfer and should be considered carefully. LCI or LCIA results should be checked before conclusions are drawn.
Unexpected results should also be reconsidered and checked. Table A.6 Unexpected and unexpected assessment results for LCI inputs and outputs of process groups L.CI Inputs and/or Outputs
Phosphate
Municipal waste
On-site energy supply
Total/
Table A.7 is an example of a possible information organization process based on LCIA results. It tabulates the life cycle phases against the type parameter results, i.e., the greenhouse gas potential (GWP), showing the different type parameters for each life cycle phase. By analyzing the contribution of specific substances to the type parameter results in Table A.7, the process or life cycle phase with the largest contribution can be identified.The CIA phase is completed and aims to provide a summary of the results of these earlier phases. This helps to identify significant environmental issues and form conclusions and recommendations. Based on the organization of information, any subsequent identification will be carried out using analytical techniques. Different methods of information organization can be used depending on the purpose and scope of the study. Among them, the following possible organization methods can be used: - differentiation between life cycle stages: such as raw material production, product manufacturing, use, recycling and waste treatment (see Table A.1); - differentiation between process groups: such as transportation, energy supply (see Table A.4); - differentiation between processes with different degrees of management influence. For example: internal processes whose changes and improvements can be controlled, and processes determined by external responsibilities such as national energy policy, specific boundary conditions of suppliers, etc. (see Table A.5); - differentiation between individual unit processes. This is the most detailed level of decomposition possible. The output of this information organization process can be expressed as a two-dimensional matrix, in which the above-mentioned differentiation criteria constitute the columns and the single input outputs or the results of various types of parameters constitute the rows. With this way of information organization, it is possible to conduct a more detailed examination of each impact type. The identification of significant issues is based on the organized information. The data associated with each data inventory type can be predetermined during the purpose and scope phase, or obtained from inventory analysis or other sources (such as the company's environmental management system or environmental policy). There are a variety of possible approaches. Depending on the nature and scope of the study and the level of detail required, the following approaches can be applied:
- Contribution analysis: examine the contribution of the life cycle phase (see Tables A.2 and A.8) or process group (see Table A.4) to the overall result, for example, expressing the contribution to the overall result as a percentage;
- Dominance analysis: apply statistical tools or other techniques, such as qualitative or quantitative ranking (such as ABC analysis) to examine significant or significant contributions (see Table A.3);
- Impact analysis examines the possibility of affecting environmental issues (see Table A.5);
- Anomaly analysis: observe abnormal deviations from expected or normal results based on previous experience. This allows for subsequent checks and guides improvement evaluations (see A, 6).
The results of the determination process can also be presented in a matrix form, in which the above-mentioned distinction criteria constitute the columns and the inventory inputs and outputs or type parameter results constitute the rows.
This procedure can also be carried out for any specific input and output selected from the purpose and scope determination, or for any single type of impact, for a more detailed examination. The data are not altered or recalculated during this identification process, only converted to percentages, etc.
The following tables provide examples of how information can be organized and tabulated, which are applicable to LCI and LCIA results. The organization of information can be based on the specific requirements of the purpose and scope, or the findings of the I.CI or LCIA. Table A.1 is an example of tabulating the I.CI inputs and outputs against the unit process groups representing the life cycle stages, and Table A.2 is a percentage representation of them.
I.CI input and (or) output
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Raw material production/
AOX=absorbable organic halides
LCI input and output of each life cycle stageManufacturing process/
Use phase/
GB/T 24043-2002
The LCI results provided in Table A.1 show the proportion of different inputs and outputs in each process or life cycle stage. Subsequent assessment can reveal and demonstrate the connotation and stability of these data, providing a basis for forming conclusions and recommendations. Assessment can be quantitative or qualitative.
Table A.2 Percentage composition of LCI inputs and outputs for each life cycle stage L.CI input and/or output
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Raw material production
Manufacturing process/
Use phase/
Others/
Total/
In addition, these results can be ranked and prioritized by the ranking procedure or the rules predetermined in the purpose and scope. Table A.3 shows the results of applying this ranking procedure and ranking according to the following ranking rules. A: Most important, with significant impact, that is, contribution>50%; B: Very important, with relevant impact, that is, 25%<contribution≤50%; C: Relatively important. Some impact, that is, 10%<contribution≤25%; D: Less important, with small impact, that is, 2.5%<contribution≤10%; E: Not important, with negligible impact, that is, contribution<2.5%. 529
GB/T24043—2002
LCI inputs and (or) outputs
Phosphates
Municipal wasteWww.bzxZ.net
Ordering of LCI inputs and outputs for each life cycle stage Table A.3
Raw material production
Manufacturing process
Use stage
Table A.4 lists LCI inputs and outputs by process group to show another possible way of organizing information. Table A.4 LCI inputs and outputs for process groups
LCI inputs and (or) outputs
Phosphates
Municipal waste
Energy supply/
Transport/
Others/
Other technologies, such as technologies that determine the relevant contributions and rank them according to the selected criteria, follow the same procedure as shown in Tables A.2 and A.3.
Table A.5 shows the ranking of the impact of LCI inputs and outputs by unit process group. The impact is expressed as follows: A: effective control, major improvements may be possible; B: general control, some improvements may be possible; C: no control.
LCI input and (or) output
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Table A.5·Ranking of the impact of LCI inputs and outputs of process groupsGrid power
On-site energy supply
GB/T 24043—2002
He Let/
Table A.6 lists the abnormal and unexpected evaluation results of LCI input and output results by unit process group, and expresses the LCI input and output of different process groups. Such abnormal and unexpected results are expressed as follows: ●·Unexpected results, that is, the contribution is too large or too small; #: Abnormal results, that is, certain emissions occurred at the expected emission location; (): No comments.
Unexpected results may indicate errors in calculations or data transfer and should be considered carefully. LCI or LCIA results should be checked before conclusions are drawn.
Unexpected results should also be reconsidered and checked. Table A.6 Unexpected and unexpected assessment results for LCI inputs and outputs of process groups L.CI Inputs and/or Outputs
Phosphate
Municipal waste
On-site energy supply
Total/
Table A.7 is an example of a possible information organization process based on LCIA results. It tabulates the life cycle phases against the type parameter results, i.e., the greenhouse gas potential (GWP), showing the different type parameters for each life cycle phase. By analyzing the contribution of specific substances to the type parameter results in Table A.7, the process or life cycle phase with the largest contribution can be identified.The CIA phase is completed and aims to provide a summary of the results of these earlier phases. This helps to identify significant environmental issues and form conclusions and recommendations. Based on the organization of information, any subsequent identification will be carried out using analytical techniques. Different methods of information organization can be used depending on the purpose and scope of the study. Among them, the following possible organization methods can be used: - differentiation between life cycle stages: such as raw material production, product manufacturing, use, recycling and waste treatment (see Table A.1); - differentiation between process groups: such as transportation, energy supply (see Table A.4); - differentiation between processes with different degrees of management influence. For example: internal processes whose changes and improvements can be controlled, and processes determined by external responsibilities such as national energy policy, specific boundary conditions of suppliers, etc. (see Table A.5); - differentiation between individual unit processes. This is the most detailed level of decomposition possible. The output of this information organization process can be expressed as a two-dimensional matrix, in which the above-mentioned differentiation criteria constitute the columns and the single input outputs or the results of various types of parameters constitute the rows. With this way of information organization, it is possible to conduct a more detailed examination of each impact type. The identification of significant issues is based on the organized information. The data associated with each data inventory type can be predetermined during the purpose and scope phase, or obtained from inventory analysis or other sources (such as the company's environmental management system or environmental policy). There are a variety of possible approaches. Depending on the nature and scope of the study and the level of detail required, the following approaches can be applied:
- Contribution analysis: examine the contribution of the life cycle phase (see Tables A.2 and A.8) or process group (see Table A.4) to the overall result, for example, expressing the contribution to the overall result as a percentage;
- Dominance analysis: apply statistical tools or other techniques, such as qualitative or quantitative ranking (such as ABC analysis) to examine significant or significant contributions (see Table A.3);
- Impact analysis examines the possibility of affecting environmental issues (see Table A.5);
- Anomaly analysis: observe abnormal deviations from expected or normal results based on previous experience. This allows for subsequent checks and guides improvement evaluations (see A, 6).
The results of the determination process can also be presented in a matrix form, in which the above-mentioned distinction criteria constitute the columns and the inventory inputs and outputs or type parameter results constitute the rows.
This procedure can also be carried out for any specific input and output selected from the purpose and scope determination, or for any single type of impact, for a more detailed examination. The data are not altered or recalculated during this identification process, only converted to percentages, etc.
The following tables provide examples of how information can be organized and tabulated, which are applicable to LCI and LCIA results. The organization of information can be based on the specific requirements of the purpose and scope, or the findings of the I.CI or LCIA. Table A.1 is an example of tabulating the I.CI inputs and outputs against the unit process groups representing the life cycle stages, and Table A.2 is a percentage representation of them.
I.CI input and (or) output
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Raw material production/
AOX=absorbable organic halides
LCI input and output of each life cycle stageManufacturing process/
Use phase/
GB/T 24043-2002
The LCI results provided in Table A.1 show the proportion of different inputs and outputs in each process or life cycle stage. Subsequent assessment can reveal and demonstrate the connotation and stability of these data, providing a basis for forming conclusions and recommendations. Assessment can be quantitative or qualitative.
Table A.2 Percentage composition of LCI inputs and outputs for each life cycle stage L.CI input and/or output
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Raw material production
Manufacturing process/
Use phase/
Others/
Total/
In addition, these results can be ranked and prioritized by the ranking procedure or the rules predetermined in the purpose and scope. Table A.3 shows the results of applying this ranking procedure and ranking according to the following ranking rules. A: Most important, with significant impact, that is, contribution>50%; B: Very important, with relevant impact, that is, 25%<contribution≤50%; C: Relatively important. Some impact, that is, 10%<contribution≤25%; D: Less important, with small impact, that is, 2.5%<contribution≤10%; E: Not important, with negligible impact, that is, contribution<2.5%. 529
GB/T24043—2002
LCI inputs and (or) outputs
Phosphates
Municipal waste
Ordering of LCI inputs and outputs for each life cycle stage Table A.3
Raw material production
Manufacturing process
Use stage
Table A.4 lists LCI inputs and outputs by process group to show another possible way of organizing information. Table A.4 LCI inputs and outputs for process groups
LCI inputs and (or) outputs
Phosphates
Municipal waste
Energy supply/
Transport/
Others/
Other technologies, such as technologies that determine the relevant contributions and rank them according to the selected criteria, follow the same procedure as shown in Tables A.2 and A.3.
Table A.5 shows the ranking of the impact of LCI inputs and outputs by unit process group. The impact is expressed as follows: A: effective control, major improvements may be possible; B: general control, some improvements may be possible; C: no control.
LCI input and (or) output
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Table A.5·Ranking of the impact of LCI inputs and outputs of process groupsGrid power
On-site energy supply
GB/T 24043—2002
He Let/
Table A.6 lists the abnormal and unexpected evaluation results of LCI input and output results by unit process group, and expresses the LCI input and output of different process groups. Such abnormal and unexpected results are expressed as follows: ●·Unexpected results, that is, the contribution is too large or too small; #: Abnormal results, that is, certain emissions occurred at the expected emission location; (): No comments.
Unexpected results may indicate errors in calculations or data transfer and should be considered carefully. LCI or LCIA results should be checked before conclusions are drawn.
Unexpected results should also be reconsidered and checked. Table A.6 Unexpected and unexpected assessment results for LCI inputs and outputs of process groups L.CI Inputs and/or Outputs
Phosphate
Municipal waste
On-site energy supply
Total/
Table A.7 is an example of a possible information organization process based on LCIA results. It tabulates the life cycle phases against the type parameter results, i.e., the greenhouse gas potential (GWP), showing the different type parameters for each life cycle phase. By analyzing the contribution of specific substances to the type parameter results in Table A.7, the process or life cycle phase with the largest contribution can be identified.3) ；
- Impact analysis examines the likelihood of environmental impact issues (see Table A.5); ；- Anomaly analysis: observes unusual deviations from expected or normal results based on previous experience. This allows for follow-up checks and guides improvement evaluations (see A.6).
The results of this identification process can also be presented in a matrix format, with the above-mentioned distinction criteria forming the columns and the list inputs, outputs or type parameter results forming the rows.
This procedure can also be implemented for any specific input and output selected from the purpose and scope determination, or for any single type of impact, for more detailed examination. In this identification process, the data are not changed or recalculated, only converted to percentages, etc.
The following various tables provide examples of how to organize and tabulate information, which are applicable to LCI and LCIA results. The organization of information can be based on the specific requirements of the purpose and scope, or the findings of I.CI or LCIA. Table A.1 is an example of comparing the I.CI inputs and outputs with the unit process groups representing each stage of the life cycle, and Table A.2 is its percentage expression.
I.CI inputs and (or) outputs
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Raw material production/
AOX=absorbable organic halides
LCI inputs and outputs at each stage of the life cycle Manufacturing process/
Use phase/
GB/T 24043-2002
The LCI results provided in Table A.1 show the proportion of different inputs and outputs in each process or life cycle stage. Subsequent evaluation can reveal and demonstrate the connotation and stability of these data, providing a basis for forming conclusions and recommendations. The evaluation can be quantitative or qualitative.
Table A.2 Percentage composition of LCI inputs and outputs for each life cycle stage L.CI input and/or output
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Raw material production
Manufacturing process/
Use phase/
Others/
Total/
In addition, these results can be ranked and prioritized by the ranking procedure or the rules predetermined in the purpose and scope. Table A.3 shows the results of applying this ranking procedure and ranking according to the following ranking rules. A: Most important, with significant impact, that is, contribution>50%; B: Very important, with relevant impact, that is, 25%<contribution≤50%; C: Relatively important. Some impact, that is, 10%<contribution≤25%; D: Less important, with small impact, that is, 2.5%<contribution≤10%; E: Not important, with negligible impact, that is, contribution<2.5%. 529
GB/T24043—2002
LCI inputs and (or) outputs
Phosphates
Municipal waste
Ordering of LCI inputs and outputs for each life cycle stage Table A.3
Raw material production
Manufacturing process
Use stage
Table A.4 lists LCI inputs and outputs by process group to show another possible way of organizing information. Table A.4 LCI inputs and outputs for process groups
LCI inputs and (or) outputs
Phosphates
Municipal waste
Energy supply/
Transport/
Others/
Other technologies, such as technologies that determine the relevant contributions and rank them according to the selected criteria, follow the same procedure as shown in Tables A.2 and A.3.
Table A.5 shows the ranking of the impact of LCI inputs and outputs by unit process group. The impact is expressed as follows: A: effective control, major improvements may be possible; B: general control, some improvements may be possible; C: no control.
LCI input and (or) output
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Table A.5·Ranking of the impact of LCI inputs and outputs of process groupsGrid power
On-site energy supply
GB/T 24043—2002
He Let/
Table A.6 lists the abnormal and unexpected evaluation results of LCI input and output results by unit process group, and expresses the LCI input and output of different process groups. Such abnormal and unexpected results are expressed as follows: ●·Unexpected results, that is, the contribution is too large or too small; #: Abnormal results, that is, certain emissions occurred at the expected emission location; (): No comments.
Unexpected results may indicate errors in calculations or data transfer and should be considered carefully. LCI or LCIA results should be checked before conclusions are drawn.
Unexpected results should also be reconsidered and checked. Table A.6 Unexpected and unexpected assessment results for LCI inputs and outputs of process groups L.CI Inputs and/or Outputs
Phosphate
Municipal waste
On-site energy supply
Total/
Table A.7 is an example of a possible information organization process based on LCIA results. It tabulates the life cycle phases against the type parameter results, i.e., the greenhouse gas potential (GWP), showing the different type parameters for each life cycle phase. By analyzing the contribution of specific substances to the type parameter results in Table A.7, the process or life cycle phase with the largest contribution can be identified.3) ；
- Impact analysis examines the likelihood of environmental impact issues (see Table A.5); ；- Anomaly analysis: observes unusual deviations from expected or normal results based on previous experience. This allows for follow-up checks and guides improvement evaluations (see A.6).
The results of this identification process can also be presented in a matrix format, with the above-mentioned distinction criteria forming the columns and the list inputs, outputs or type parameter results forming the rows.
This procedure can also be implemented for any specific input and output selected from the purpose and scope determination, or for any single type of impact, for more detailed examination. In this identification process, the data are not changed or recalculated, only converted to percentages, etc.
The following various tables provide examples of how to organize and tabulate information, which are applicable to LCI and LCIA results. The organization of information can be based on the specific requirements of the purpose and scope, or the findings of I.CI or LCIA. Table A.1 is an example of comparing the I.CI inputs and outputs with the unit process groups representing each stage of the life cycle, and Table A.2 is its percentage expression.
I.CI inputs and (or) outputs
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Raw material production/
AOX=absorbable organic halides
LCI inputs and outputs at each stage of the life cycle Manufacturing process/
Use phase/
GB/T 24043-2002
The LCI results provided in Table A.1 show the proportion of different inputs and outputs in each process or life cycle stage. Subsequent evaluation can reveal and demonstrate the connotation and stability of these data, providing a basis for forming conclusions and recommendations. The evaluation can be quantitative or qualitative.
Table A.2 Percentage composition of LCI inputs and outputs for each life cycle stage L.CI input and/or output
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Raw material production
Manufacturing process/
Use phase/
Others/
Total/
In addition, these results can be ranked and prioritized by the ranking procedure or the rules predetermined in the purpose and scope. Table A.3 shows the results of applying this ranking procedure and ranking according to the following ranking rules. A: Most important, with significant impact, that is, contribution>50%; B: Very important, with relevant impact, that is, 25%<contribution≤50%; C: Relatively important. Some impact, that is, 10%<contribution≤25%; D: Less important, with small impact, that is, 2.5%<contribution≤10%; E: Not important, with negligible impact, that is, contribution<2.5%. 529
GB/T24043—2002
LCI inputs and (or) outputs
Phosphates
Municipal waste
Ordering of LCI inputs and outputs for each life cycle stage Table A.3
Raw material production
Manufacturing process
Use stage
Table A.4 lists LCI inputs and outputs by process group to show another possible way of organizing information. Table A.4 LCI inputs and outputs for process groups
LCI inputs and (or) outputs
Phosphates
Municipal waste
Energy supply/
Transport/
Others/
Other technologies, such as technologies that determine the relevant contributions and rank them according to the selected criteria, follow the same procedure as shown in Tables A.2 and A.3.
Table A.5 shows the ranking of the impact of LCI inputs and outputs by unit process group. The impact is expressed as follows: A: effective control, major improvements may be possible; B: general control, some improvements may be possible; C: no control.
LCI input and (or) output
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Table A.5·Ranking of the impact of LCI inputs and outputs of process groupsGrid power
On-site energy supply
GB/T 24043—2002
He Let/
Table A.6 lists the abnormal and unexpected evaluation results of LCI input and output results by unit process group, and expresses the LCI input and output of different process groups. Such abnormal and unexpected results are expressed as follows: ●·Unexpected results, that is, the contribution is too large or too small; #: Abnormal results, that is, certain emissions occurred at the expected emission location; (): No comments.
Unexpected results may indicate errors in calculations or data transfer and should be considered carefully. LCI or LCIA results should be checked before conclusions are drawn.
Unexpected results should also be reconsidered and checked. Table A.6 Unexpected and unexpected assessment results for LCI inputs and outputs of process groups L.CI Inputs and/or Outputs
Phosphate
Municipal waste
On-site energy supply
Total/
Table A.7 is an example of a possible information organization process based on LCIA results. It tabulates the life cycle phases against the type parameter results, i.e., the greenhouse gas potential (GWP), showing the different type parameters for each life cycle phase. By analyzing the contribution of specific substances to the type parameter results in Table A.7, the process or life cycle phase with the largest contribution can be identified.4LCI inputs and outputs of process groups
LCI inputs and/or outputs
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Energy supply/
Transport/
Others/
Other techniques, such as determining the relevant contributions and ranking them according to the selected criteria, follow the same procedure as shown in Tables A.2 and A.3.
Table A.5 shows the ranking of the impact of LCI inputs and outputs by unit process group. The impact level is expressed as follows: A: effective control, major improvement is possible; B: moderate control, some improvement is possible; C: no control.
LCI input and (or) output
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Table A.5 · Order of influence of LCI input and output of process group Grid power
On-site energy supply
GB/T 24043—2002
Combined
Table A.6 lists the abnormal and unexpected evaluation results of LCI input and output results by unit process group, and describes the LCI input and output of different process groups. Such abnormal and unexpected results are expressed as follows: ●·Unexpected results, that is, the contribution is too large or too small; #: Abnormal results, that is, certain emissions occurred at the expected emission location; (): No comments.
Abnormal results can indicate errors in calculations or data transmission, and should be carefully considered. LCI or LCIA results should be checked before drawing conclusions.
Unexpected results should also be reconsidered and checked. Table A.6 Abnormal and unexpected evaluation results of LCI inputs and outputs of process groups L.CI inputs and/or outputs
Phosphate
Municipal waste
On-site energy supply
Total/
Table A.7 is an example of a possible information organization process based on LCIA results. It tabulates the life cycle stages against the type parameter results, namely the greenhouse effect potential (GWP), showing the different type parameters for each life cycle stage. By analyzing the contribution of specific substances to the type parameter results in Table A.7, the process or life cycle stage with the largest contribution can be determined.4LCI inputs and outputs of process groups
LCI inputs and/or outputs
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Energy supply/
Transport/
Others/
Other techniques, such as determining the relevant contributions and ranking them according to the selected criteria, follow the same procedure as shown in Tables A.2 and A.3.
Table A.5 shows the ranking of the impact of LCI inputs and outputs by unit process group. The impact level is expressed as follows: A: effective control, major improvement is possible; B: moderate control, some improvement is possible; C: no control.
LCI input and (or) output
Phosphate
Municipal waste
Table A.5 · Order of influence of LCI input and output of process group Grid power
On-site energy supply
GB/T 24043—2002
Combined
Table A.6 lists the abnormal and unexpected evaluation results of LCI input and output results by unit process group, and describes the LCI input and output of different process groups. Such abnormal and unexpected results are expressed as follows: ●·Unexpected results, that is, the contribution is too large or too small; #: Abnormal results, that is, certain emissions occurred at the expected emission location; (): No comments.
Abnormal results can indicate errors in calculations or data transmission, and should be carefully considered. LCI or LCIA results should be checked before drawing conclusions.
Unexpected results should also be reconsidered and checked. Table A.6 Abnormal and unexpected evaluation results of LCI inputs and outputs of process groups L.CI inputs and/or outputs
Phosphate
Municipal waste
On-site energy supply
Total/
Table A.7 is an example of a possible information organization process based on LCIA results. It tabulates the life cycle stages against the type parameter results, namely the greenhouse effect potential (GWP), showing the different type parameters for each life cycle stage. By analyzing the contribution of specific substances to the type parameter results in Table A.7, the process or life cycle stage with the largest contribution can be determined.
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