NY/T 5108-2002 Technical regulations for the production of pollution-free kiwifruit
Some standard content:
ICS 65. 020. 20
Agricultural Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China
NY/T5108—2002
Pollution-free Food
2002~07-25 Issued
Technical Regulations for Kiwi Production
2002-09-01 Implementation
Issued by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China
NY/T5108-2002
Appendix A of this standard is a normative appendix.
This standard is proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China. Former
Drafting units of this standard: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Pesticide Quality Inspection Center of the Ministry of Agriculture (Xi'an), Xi'an Horticulture Station, Zhouzhi County Agricultural Bureau. Main drafters of this standard: Liu Xufeng, Fan Xiufang, Fan Minzhou, Yao Chunchao, Che Junyi, Wan Zhenyi, Li Zhiwen, Gao Zhenmou, Li Lingling, Long Zhouxia.
1 Scope
Pollution-free food
Technical regulations for kiwifruit production
NY/T5108--2002
This standard specifies the production garden construction, cultivation and management techniques, pest and disease control techniques, and fruit harvesting techniques for pollution-free kiwifruit.
This standard applies to the production of pollution-free delicious kiwifruit and Chinese kiwifruit. 2 Normative references
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard through reference in this standard. For any dated referenced document, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this standard. However, the parties who reach an agreement based on this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For any undated referenced document, the latest version shall apply to this standard. GB/T18407.2-2001 Agricultural Product Safety Quality Pollution-free Fruit Production Area Environmental Requirements NY/T496---2002 General Rules for Rational Use of Fertilizers 3 Terms and Definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard. 3.1
The stem between the divergence of the main vine from the ground to the underside of the frame. 3.2
The stem that grows on the main stem and extends to both sides of the plant along the central lead wire. It is the part where the fruiting mother branch grows. 3.3
Fruiting mother branch
The stem that grows on the main vine and is the part where the fruiting branch grows. 3.4
Long branches
Branches that grow from latent buds or near large branch cuts and have particularly strong growth potential, usually with poor tissue. 3.5
Secondary branches
Branches that grow from the axillary buds of the new shoots of the current year. 3.6
Side flower ()
Flowers (buds) on both sides of the central flower (bud) on the kiwifruit inflorescence. 3.7
Effective buds
Full buds left on the fruiting mother branches after winter pruning that can produce branches, bloom and bear fruit, excluding thin buds. 183
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Nutrient belt
When intercropping crops or implementing grass-growing system in the garden, a certain width of cultivated land along the tree row under the crown is kept clear and no crops or grass are planted. 4 Garden site selection
4.1 Atmospheric environmental conditions meet the requirements of GB/T18407.2-2001. 4.2 Light loam, medium loam and sandy loam are preferred soil types. Soil improvement should be carried out when heavy loam is established. Soil pH is between 5.5 and 7.5, and the groundwater level is below 1m.
4.3 Have reliable irrigation water sources and effective irrigation facilities. Low-lying areas should have good drainage facilities. 5 Garden Construction
5.1 Garden Planning
When the garden area is large, it should be divided into working areas according to the terrain. The area is generally not more than 150m long and about 40m to 50m wide. Configure field workhouses, working roads, irrigation (drainage) channels, and leave passages for field work machinery at both ends of the garden. The row direction should be north-south as much as possible to make full use of solar energy.
5.2 Windbreaks
In areas with more wind damage, windbreaks or artificial windbreaks should be built on the main windward side. The windbreak is 5m to 6m away from the kiwifruit planting row. Two rows are planted, with a row spacing of 1.0m to 1.5m and a plant spacing of 1.0m. The trees are planted diagonally, with a tree height of 10m to 15m. The tree species are mainly poplars, tung trees and other trees, and shrubs are planted between the trees. For orchards with larger areas, a single row of windbreaks is set up every 50m to 60m on the windward side of the orchard. The height of the artificial windbreak is 10m to 15m. 5.3 Variety and rootstock selection
5.3.1 Select varieties with strong disease resistance, good quality and good commerciality. 5.3.2 For Chinese kiwifruit varieties, Chinese kiwifruit or delicious kiwifruit is used as the rootstock, and for delicious kiwifruit varieties, delicious kiwifruit is used as the rootstock.
5.3.3 Seedlings should be of pure varieties, free of quarantine diseases and pests, and grow robustly. 5.4 Matching of female and male plants
When establishing a garden, plant female varieties and matching pollination male plants at the same time, and the ratio of female and male plants is 5~8:1. 5.5 Planting distance
When using a \-frame, the plant spacing is 2.5m~3m and the row spacing is 3.5m~4m; when using a greenhouse frame, the plant spacing is 3m~4m and the row spacing is 4m. 5.6 Planting period
In autumn, planting is carried out from leaf fall to ground freezing, and in spring, planting is carried out after thawing to before buds sprout. 5.7 Planting method
Measure the planting point according to the plan, dig a planting hole of 40cm~50cm square and 40cm~50cm deep, apply 20kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 1kg of superphosphate to each hole, mix them thoroughly with the soil, and the fertilizer applied should meet the requirements of 7.2 and 7.3. The depth of the seedlings in the hole is such that the root neck is roughly level with the ground after the soil in the hole has fully sunk. Water thoroughly after planting. 6 Soil management
6.1 Deep plowing and soil improvement
For newly built gardens, deep plowing and basal fertilizer should be applied in autumn every year. In the first year, a ring ditch with a width of 30cm to 40cm and a depth of 40cm should be dug from the outer edge of the planting hole. In the second year, deep plowing should be carried out from the edge of the deep plowing last year. The whole garden should be deep plowed once. 6.2 Grass covering
After fertilization and irrigation, wheat straw, husk, corn straw and other materials should be covered under the tree canopy with a thickness of 10cm-~15cm, and a small amount of soil should be pressed on top. After continuous covering for 3 to 4 years, shallow plowing should be carried out.
6.3 Grassing between rows
NY/T 5108—2002
White clover should be planted between rows, mowed 2 to 3 times a year, and plowed once every 4 to 5 years. When planting grass, leave a nutrient belt of more than 1.5m wide for the plants. When the flowering period of white clover is the same as that of kiwifruit, lightly mow before kiwifruit blooms. 7 Fertilization
7.1 Fertilization principles
Apply organic fertilizers as the main fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizers, to increase or maintain soil fertility and soil microbial activity. The fertilizers applied should not have adverse effects on the orchard environment or fruit quality. 7.2 Types of fertilizers allowed to be used
7.2.1 Farmyard manure
Includes decomposed compost, manure, biogas fertilizer, green manure, crop straw fertilizer, mud fertilizer, cake fertilizer, etc. 7.2.2 Commercial fertilizers
All kinds of fertilizers allowed to be used that are registered or exempted from registration with the agricultural administrative department, including commercial organic fertilizers, microbial fertilizers, chemical fertilizers, foliar fertilizers, organic-inorganic compound fertilizers, etc.
7.3 Restricted fertilizers
Nitrogen-containing chemical fertilizers or fluorine-containing compound fertilizers.
7.4 Quantity, period and method of fertilization
7. 4. 1 Quantity of fertilization
The amount of fertilization is determined by the size of the trees and the amount of fruit, soil conditions and fertilization characteristics of the orchard. The proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the fertilizer is 1: 0.7~0.8: 0.8~~0.9.
Table 1 Reference fertilization amount for kiwifruit orchards of different ages Total amount of fertilizer applied annually
1-year-old
2-3-year-old
1-5-year-old
6-7-year-old
Mature orchard
Annual output
High-quality farmyard manure
Note: Add appropriate amount of iron, calcium, magnesium and other trace element fertilizers as needed. 7.4.2 Fertilization period
Unit is dry grams per 666.7m2
8. 1~9. 6
11.2~t2.8
14 ~16
6. 4~7. 2
12.8~14.4
16～18
60% of all farmyard manure and various chemical fertilizers are applied once as base fertilizer in autumn, and 20% of chemical fertilizers are applied as topdressing before budding in the second year, and 20% of chemical fertilizers are applied as topdressing during the fruit expansion period.
7.4.3 Fertilization method
When applying basal fertilizer, the nursery combines deep plowing and soil modification to dig a ring ditch for application. The ditch width is 30cm~40cm and the depth is 40cm. It expands outward year by year. After deep plowing the whole garden once, it is changed to broadcasting. The fertilizer is evenly spread under the crown, and shallowly plowing 10cm~15cm. When applying topdressing, the nursery spreads the fertilizer within the projection range of the crown. After the crown is closed, the whole garden spreads the fertilizer and shallowly plows 10cm15cm. Water should be irrigated after applying basal fertilizer and topdressing. The last topdressing should be done 30 days before the harvest period.
7.5 Foliar fertilizer Www.bzxZ.net
4~5 times a year, twice in the early growth period, with nitrogen fertilizer; 2~3 times in the later period, mainly with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Commonly used foliar fertilizer concentrations: urea 0.3%~0.5%, potassium dioxygen phosphate 0.2%~0.3%, borax 0.1%~0.3%. The last foliar fertilizer should be applied 20 days before the fruit harvest at 185
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.
8 Irrigation and drainage
8.1 Irrigation
Irrigation water should meet the quality requirements of irrigation water in 4 of this standard. 8.1.1 Irrigation index
It is advisable to keep the soil moisture at 70% to 80% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field. Water should be irrigated when it is lower than 65%, and when the leaves are not damp in the early morning.
8.1.2 Watering period
Irrigate once during the budding period, before flowering, and after flowering according to soil moisture, but control irrigation during flowering to avoid lowering the ground temperature and affecting the opening of flowers. Irrigate 2 to 3 times according to soil moisture during the rapid expansion period of fruits. Stop irrigation about 15 days before fruit harvest. Irrigate once before wintering. 8.2 Drainage
Build drainage ditches around low-lying orchards prone to waterlogging, with a depth of more than 100cm. If the orchard is large, there should also be drainage ditches in the orchard, and the water discharged from the drainage ditches should have a suitable outlet. At the same time, add soil to the tree circle and change to high planting. 9 Frame type
9.1 "T" frame
Plant a column every 6m along the row. The total length of the column is 2.5m, the above-ground part is 1.8m long, and the underground part is 0.7m long. 5 8-galvanized anti-rust lead wires are installed on the crossbeam in the same row. An anchor wire is buried 2.0m outside the end column of each row. The volume of the anchor is not less than 0.06m2 and the buried depth is more than 100cm.
9. 2 Greenhouse
The specifications and planting density of the columns are the same as those of the T-type frame. A triangle iron is set up on the top of the column along the horizontal line. On the triangle iron, a 8-inch galvanized anti-rust lead wire is set up every 50cm to 60cm. An anchor wire is buried 2.0m outside the column at the end of each vertical line and each horizontal line. The buried specifications and depth are the same as those of the "T" type frame.
10 Shaping and pruning
10.1 Shaping
Use a single trunk for the frame. Leave two main vines on the trunk close to the frame surface. They extend along the central lead wire respectively. Every 30cm on both sides of the main vine, the main vine is placed on the ground. Leave a fruiting mother branch about cm apart, and fix the fruiting mother branch on the frame at right angles to the row direction. 10.2 Pruning
10.2.1 Winter pruning
10.2.1.1 Selection of fruiting mother branches
For fruiting mother branches, give priority to strong developmental branches and fruiting branches, followed by branches with moderate growth. When there is a lack of branches, select an appropriate amount of short branches to fill in the gaps. When selecting fruiting mother branches, try to choose branches that are close to the main vine, and prune the selected branches to full buds according to their growth conditions. 10.2.1.2 Renewal pruning
Try to select branches that originate from the base of the original fruiting mother branches or are directly attached to the main vine as fruiting mother branches, and retract the fruiting mother branches of the previous year to near the renewal branch position or remove them completely. . At least half of the fruiting mother branches of the whole tree should be renewed every year, and all of them should be renewed within two years.
10.2.1.3 Cultivation preparation techniques
For branches that are not reserved as fruiting mother branches, if the location is close to the main vine, 2 to 3 buds should be cut to be used as cultivation and renewal branches for the next year, and all other branches should be thinned out. At the same time, diseased and insect-infested branches should be cut off, and diseased and dead fruits should be removed. 10.2.1.4 Number of buds to be retained
After pruning, the number of effective buds on the fruiting mother branches should be roughly maintained at 30/m2 to 35/m2 of the frame surface. The remaining fruiting mother branches should be evenly 186
distributed and fixed on the frame surface.
11 Summer pruning
11.1 Bud removal
NY/T 5108---2002
Remove the buds that are not properly located from the budding stage. Generally, all latent buds that sprout from the main vine should be removed, but the buds that grow on the main vine and can be cultivated as renewal branches for the next year should be retained as needed. Bud removal should be done about once a week in the early growth period. 11.2 Thinning branches
When inflorescences begin to appear on new shoots, thin out weak branches, overcrowded branches, diseased and insect-infested branches, double-bud branches, and long branches that cannot be used as renewal branches for the next year. Every 15 cm to 20 cm on the fruiting mother branches, remove the branches. cm, and keep 10 to 12 normal fruiting branches per square meter of the rack surface. 11.3 Binding vines
Start tying vines when new shoots grow to 30cm to 40cm, so that new shoots are evenly distributed on the rack surface. Check and bind the whole garden every 2 to 3 weeks.
11.4 Pinching
Lightly pinch the strong and vigorous fruiting branches and developmental branches before flowering. If secondary branches are generated after pinching, only one is retained at the top, and all the others are wiped out. All the branches that begin to entangle are pinched. 12 Thinning, pollination and fruit thinning
12.1 Thinning and accumulation
Start thinning buds about 2 weeks after the side buds separate, and adjust the number of buds according to the strength of the fruiting branches. Keep 5 to 6 buds on strong and long fruiting branches, 3 to 4 buds on moderate fruiting branches, and 1 to 2 buds on short fruiting branches. 12.2 Pollination
Bees are the main pollinator. Artificial pollination is used when there is insufficient bee source or the bees are not active due to climate. 12.2.1 Bee Pollination
When about 10% of the female flowers are in bloom, 5 to 7 boxes of active bees are placed per hectare of orchard, with no less than 30,000 vigorous bees in each box. Plants with the same flowering period as kiwifruit should not be allowed in or near the orchard. Green manure such as clover in the orchard should be mowed before the bees enter the orchard.
12.2.2 Artificial pollination
For artificial pollination, male flowers that have just opened and whose pollen has not yet been lost can be collected, and the stamens of the male flowers can be used to smear on the stigmas of female flowers. Each male flower can pollinate 7 to 8 female flowers. Male flowers that are about to open the next day can also be collected, dried at 25°C to 28°C for 12 to 16 hours, the scattered pollen collected and stored in a low-temperature and dry place, and the pollen can be applied to the stigmas of female flowers that have just opened that day with a brush. Alternatively, the pollen can be diluted 20 to 50 times with talcum powder and sprayed with an electric duster.
12.3 Fruits and vegetables
Fruit thinning starts about 10 days after full bloom. First, remove deformed fruits, flat fruits, injured fruits, small fruits, and fruits damaged by diseases and insects that are poorly pollinated and fertilized, and keep normal fruits with thick fruit stalks and good development. Adjust the number of fruits to be retained according to the strength of the fruiting branches. Keep 4 to 5 fruits on strong and long fruiting branches, 2 to 3 fruits on moderate fruiting branches, and one fruit on short fruiting branches. At the same time, pay attention to controlling the amount of fruit left on the whole tree. In mature gardens, about 40 fruits are left per square meter of shelf surface.
13 Disease and Pest Control
13.1 Prevention and Control Principles
Adhere to prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control, and make comprehensive use of physical, biological, chemical and other prevention and control measures according to the characteristics of disease and pest occurrence and based on agricultural prevention and control. Make full use of biological control measures, use chemical control technology reasonably and scientifically, and effectively control disease and pest damage. 13.2 Plant quarantine
Seedlings and other propagation materials transported from other places should be quarantined and should not carry quarantined objects. 187
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13.3 Agricultural control
Plant pest-resistant varieties, and through reasonable water, fertilizer, pruning and other cultivation measures, enhance the tree vigor, improve the tree's resistance to adversity, and create a microclimate in the garden that is not conducive to the growth of pests and diseases. Take measures such as cutting off pest-infested branches, removing dead branches and fallen leaves, scraping off cracked bark on tree trunks, and turning over tree trays to kill pest residues, reduce pest infection sources, and inhibit the occurrence of pests and diseases. 13.4 Physical control
According to the biological characteristics of pests, place sweet and sour liquid, sex attractants, insect traps, and tree trunks wrapped with grass to lure and kill pests in the garden, and use artificial capture to eliminate pests.
13.5 Biological control
Use highly selective pesticides to protect natural enemies, adopt breeding assistance and artificial release of natural enemies to control pests, and use insect sex pheromones to lure and kill or interfere with adult mating.
13.6 Chemical control
13.6.1. Principles of drug use
Based on the biological characteristics and damage characteristics of pests and diseases, it is allowed to use biological pesticides, mineral pesticides, and toxic and low-toxic organic synthetic pesticides. It is prohibited to use highly toxic, highly toxic, high-residue (or with three-hazard effects) and pesticides that are not registered with the agricultural administrative department for fruit trees or kiwifruit.
13.6.2 Prohibited pesticides
See Appendix A.
13.6.3 Permitted pesticides
Comply with the relevant national regulations on pesticide registration. 13.6.4 Scientific and reasonable use of pesticides
13.6.4.1 Strengthen the prediction and forecast of pests and diseases, and use pesticides in a targeted and timely manner. Do not use pesticides when the control indicators are not met or the benefit-harm ratio is reasonable.
According to the characteristics of natural enemies, rationally select the type of pesticide, application time and application method to protect natural enemies. 13.6.4.2#
13.6.4.3 Pay attention to the alternating use and reasonable mixing of pesticides with different mechanisms of action to delay the development of drug resistance in pathogens and pests and improve the control effect.
13.6.4.4 Adhere to the correct use of pesticides, apply pesticides strictly according to the concentration used, and strive to apply pesticides evenly and carefully. 14 Use of plant growth regulators 14.1 The use of plant growth regulators should be based on the principle of not polluting the environment, not harming human health, and not reducing the quality of fruits. 14.2 Benzyl adenine, 6-taro adenine, erythrin, ethephon, chlormequat, etc. are allowed to be used, and the concentration, period, and frequency of application shall be strictly in accordance with the registration regulations of the agricultural administrative department. 14.3 Biju, naphthylacetic acid, 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4-D), etc. shall not be used, and phenyl cytokinins shall not be used to dip the fruit. 15 Harvest
The appropriate harvest period shall be determined based on the maturity, use, and market demand of the fruit. Varieties with different maturity periods shall be harvested in stages. Harvest should be handled with care.
Appendix A
(Normative Appendix)
Prohibited pesticides
NY/T5108-2002
Includes 666, DDT, cypermethrin, dibromopropane, chlorpyrifos, phorate, methyl parathion, parathion, monocrotophos, phosphamidon, methyl isofenphos, terbufos, methyl thiocyanate, chlorpyrifos, demeton, carbofuran, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos, coumaphos, chlorfenapyr, chlorfenapyr, chlorfenapyr, fenamiphos, isocarb, omethoate, methomyl, thiamethoxam and other arsenic preparations, as well as other pesticides prohibited by national regulations. 189
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