Some standard content:
ICS01.120
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T20001.10—2014
Rules for drafting standards-
Part 10:Product standards
2014-12-31 release
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China Standardization Administration of China
2015-06-01 implementation
Normative reference documents
Terms and definitions
Normativeness
Principles for the selection of technical elements
Avoid duplication and unnecessary differences
Drafting of elements
Standard name
Classification, marking and coding
Technical requirements
Test methods
Inspection rules
Marking, labeling and accompanying documents
Packaging, transportation and storage
Selection of values
Limit values,|| tt||Optional value
Numerical value determined by the supplier
Appendix A (Informative Appendix)
Appendix B (Informative Appendix)
References
Quality assessment procedures or inspection rules
Rules for writing packaging, transportation and storage requirements GB/T20001.10—2014
GB/T20001.10—2014
GB/T20001 "Rules for Writing Standards", GB/T1 "Guidelines for Standardization Work", GB/T20000 "Guidelines for Standardization Work", GB/T20002 "Drafting of Specific Content in Standards" and GB/T20003 "Special Procedures for Standardization" together constitute the basic series of national standards that support the formulation and revision of standards. GB/T20001 "Standard Writing Rules" is planned to be divided into the following parts: Part 1: Terminology standards; Part 2: Symbol standards; Part 3: Classification standards; Part 4: Test method standards; Part 5: Specification standards; Part 6: Procedure standards; Part 7: Guidance standards; Part 10: Product standards. This part is Part 10 of GB/T20001. This part was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T1.1-2009. This part is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Standardization Principles and Methods (SAC/TC286). Drafting units of this part: China National Institute of Standardization, China Academy of Mechanical Science, China Electronics Technology Standardization Institute, China Coal Research Institute, China Household Electrical Appliances Research Institute. The main drafters of this part are: Bai Dianyi, Feng Zhenghu, Xue Haining, Qiang Yi, Liu Shenzhai, Lu Xilin, Jiang Ying, Wang Yiyi, Ma Dejun, Wu Xuejing. GB/T20001.10—2014
Part 1: Structure and Writing of Standards" has been issued and implemented. GB/T1.1 is the GB/T1.1-2009 Standardization Work Guidelines
which stipulates the universal and general requirements for standard writing. As the technical basis for product production, inspection, use, maintenance and trade negotiation, product standards have their particularity in the drafting of standard structure and standard requirements. In order to better guide the writing of product standards, it is necessary to make unified regulations on the determination of the content and structure of product standards and the writing of elements to meet the actual needs of my country's standardization work.
1 Scope
Rules for drafting standards
Part 10: Product standards
GB/T20001.10—2014
This part of GB/T20001 specifies the principles followed in drafting product standards, the structure of product standards, the drafting requirements and expression rules of elements, and the selection method of numerical values.
This part applies to the drafting of national, industrial, local and enterprise product standards, and is specifically applicable to the drafting of standards for tangible products. It can be used as a reference for the drafting of standards for intangible products.
2 Normative references
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For all dated references, only the dated version applies to this document. For all undated references, the latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document. GB/T1.1 Guidelines for standardization work Part 1: Structure and compilation of standards GB190 Dangerous goods packaging marking
GB/T191 Pictorial marking of packaging for storage and transportation
GB/T321 Priority numbers and priority number systems
GB5296 (all parts) Instructions for use of consumer products GB/T6388 Shipping and receipt markings for transport packaging
GB/T9969 General provisions for instructions for use of industrial products GB/T20000.1 Guidelines for standardization work Part 1: Standardization and related activities General terms GB/T 20000.4-20031) Guide to standardization work Part 4: Safety-related contents in standards GB/T 20001.4 Rules for the preparation of standards Part 4: Chemical analysis methods GB/T 20002.3 Drafting of specific contents in standards Part 3: Environmental-related contents in product standards GB/T 27000 Vocabulary and general principles for conformity assessment 3 Terms and definitions
Terms and definitions defined in GB/T 20000.1 and GB/T 27000 and listed below apply to this document. For ease of use, some terms and definitions in GB/T 20000.1 are repeated below. 3.1
Product standard productstandard
Standard that specifies the requirements that a product needs to meet to ensure its suitability. Note 1: In addition to the requirements for applicability, product standards may also directly or by reference include requirements such as terminology, sampling, testing, packaging and labeling, and sometimes process requirements. Note 2: Product standards can be divided into complete standards and incomplete standards according to whether they stipulate all or part of the necessary requirements. Therefore, product standards) GB/T20000.4-2003 has been revised and will be approved as GB/T20002.4. Drafting of specific contents in the standard Part 4: Contents related to safety in standards. GB/T20001.10-2014. Standards can be divided into different categories of standards, such as dimensional, material and delivery technical general rules product standards. Note 3: If a standard only includes one of the contents of classification, test method, marking and labeling, the standard belongs to the classification standard, test method standard and marking standard respectively, and does not belong to the product standard. [GB/T20000.1-2014, definition 7.9] 3.2 Performance characteristics performance characteristic Physical, chemical and other technical properties related to the use function of the product. Note: such as speed, brightness, purity, power, rotation speed, etc. 3.3
Descriptive characteristic
descriptive characteristic
Characteristics such as design, process, material, etc. related to the use function of the product. Note: descriptive characteristics can often be displayed on the actual object or drawing, such as the size, shape, finish, etc. described on the drawing. 4 General
4.1 Normative
The drafting of each element of the product standard and the structure and layout format of the standard shall comply with the provisions of this part in addition to the relevant provisions of GB/T1.1.
4.2 Principles for the selection of technical elements
4.2.1 General principles
The selection of technical elements and their contents of product standards depends on the standardization object (that is, the specific product), the user of the standard and the purpose of the standard.
4.2.2 Determine the standardization object
When drafting a product standard, the standardization object or field should be determined first. The standardization objects of product standards are often tangible products, systems, raw materials, etc. The standardization objects or fields involved in writing product standards usually include: products in a certain field, such as "household appliances"; complete products, such as "television receivers", and product components, such as "television receiver display screens". 4.2.3. Identify the users of the standard
When drafting a product standard, the users of the standard should be identified. The users of product standards usually include: - manufacturers or suppliers (first party);
- users or ordering parties (second party);
independent institutions (third party).
The users of product standards in national standards and industry standards are usually the above three parties. Therefore, when drafting such product standards, the "neutrality principle" should be followed, that is, the requirements of product standards should be able to serve as the basis for first-party, second-party or third-party conformity assessment. Product standards in enterprise standards are usually used by the enterprise itself. Therefore, when drafting such product standards, it should be clear whether the user of the standard is the producer or purchaser of the enterprise.
4.2.4 Determine the purpose of the standard
GB/T20001.10—2014
Any product has many characteristics, but only some of them can be used as the content of the standard. The purpose of the standard is one of the determining factors for the selection of characteristics. Functional analysis of the corresponding products helps to select the technical elements to be included in the standard. The purposes of compiling product standards are usually: to ensure the availability of products, to ensure health and safety, to protect the environment or to promote the rational use of resources, to facilitate interface, interchange, compatibility or mutual cooperation, and to facilitate variety control. (See 6.5.2) Note: In the standard, the purpose of each requirement is usually not specified (the purpose of the standard and some requirements can be stated in the introduction). However, it is most important to confirm these purposes in the initial stage of work (before drafting the draft for comments) in order to decide which requirements to include in the standard. 4.2.5 Compliance with the principle of performance characteristics
Whenever possible, requirements should be expressed by performance characteristics rather than descriptive characteristics in order to leave the greatest room for technological development. When expressing requirements by performance characteristics, care should be taken to ensure that important characteristics are not omitted in the performance requirements. However, whether to express requirements by performance characteristics or by descriptive characteristics requires careful weighing of the pros and cons, because when expressing requirements by performance characteristics, complex testing processes that are both time-consuming and costly may be introduced. Note: The essence of the performance characteristic principle is to require "results" to be given priority. Compared with "results", there are many ways to "process". Therefore, different manufacturers can use different technologies and methods to achieve the "results" required by performance characteristics. 4.2.6 Satisfy the principle of verifiability
No matter what the purpose of the product standard is, only those technical requirements that can be verified should be included in the standard. In other words, if there is no test method that can verify whether the product meets the requirements of stability, reliability or life in a relatively short time, these requirements should not be specified in the standard.
Note: The manufacturer's claim to meet the requirements that have no verification method can only be regarded as a guarantee made by the manufacturer. The guarantee condition does not belong to the content of the standard. It is a commercial concept or contractual concept, not a technical concept. In order to meet the principle of verifiability, the requirements in the standard should be quantitative and expressed using clear numerical values (see GB/T1.1). Qualitative expressions such as "sufficiently strong" or "appropriate strength" should not be used. The numerical values of normative requirements should be clearly distinguished from the numerical values for reference only. 4.3 Avoid duplication and unnecessary differences
Avoiding duplication is a primary principle of standardization methodology, and unnecessary differences should be minimized as much as possible. To this end, the requirements for the relevant products should be specified in only one standard. The following specific measures can be taken: 1. Specify the general requirements applicable to a group of products in one part of a standard; 2. Specify the test methods applicable to a group of products, two or more types of products in one part of the product standard. Each part or standard involving the above products should refer to the general requirements part or the test method part (various necessary modifications can be pointed out).
Note 1: If it is necessary to standardize a test method when compiling a product standard, and multiple standards need to refer to the test method, it is necessary to compile a separate test method standard for the method. Note 2: If it is necessary to standardize a test equipment when compiling a product standard, and the equipment may also be used to test other products, in order to avoid duplication, it is necessary to consult with the technical committee involved in the test equipment so that a separate standard can be compiled for the equipment. 5 Structure
The essential elements of a product standard include: cover, foreword, standard name, scope, technical requirements, etc. The typical arrangement of elements in product standards and the allowed expressions of each requirement are shown in Table 1. 3
GB/T20001.10—2014
Element type
Informative overview element
Normative general element
Normative technical element
Informative supplementary requirement
Normative technical requirement
Informative supplementary requirement
Table 1 Typical arrangement of elements in product standards
Arrangement of "elements"
Introduction (see 6.1))
Name of standard (see 6.2)
Scope (see 6.3)
Normative references
Terms and definitions
Symbols, codes and abbreviationsbZxz.net
Classification, marking and Coding (see 6.4)
Technical requirements (see 6.5)
Sampling (see 6.6)
Test methods (see 6.7)
Inspection rules (see 6.8)
Marking, labeling and accompanying documents (see 6.9)Packaging, transportation and storage (see 6.10)
Normative appendix
Informative appendix
Normative appendix
References
Note: The order of the various elements in the table is the specific position in which they appear in the standard. ·Bold indicates "mandatory elements", regular font indicates "normative elements", and italics indicates "informative elements". Text
Permitted forms of expression of elements
Text (automatically generated content)
Note, footnote||tt| |Articles, Figures, Tables, Notes, Footnotes
Figures, Tables
Notes, Footnotes
Document List (Normative References)
Notes, Footnotes
Articles, Figures, Tables
Notes, Footnotes
Articles, Figures, Tables, Notes, Footnotes
Articles, Figures, Tables, Notes, Footnotes
Document List (Informative References), Footnote Text (Automatically Generated Content)
Depending on the characteristics of the product, a product standard may not necessarily include all the normative technical elements in Table 1, but may also include other normative technical elements outside Table 1. According to the needs of the expression of the product standard, the normative technical elements in Table 1 can be combined or split, and their titles can be adjusted accordingly.
Drafting of Requirements||tt| |6.1 Introduction
The purpose of the standard and certain requirements can be explained in the introduction. (See 4.2.4 and 6.5.2)6.2 Standard name
GB/T20001.10—2014
6.2.1 If the product standard includes all the technical elements of 6.4 to 6.9, the product name can be used as the standard name. Example 1: Wheat
Example 2: Wallboard self-tapping screws
Example 3: Marine fire-fighting joints
6.2.2 If the normative technical elements of the product standard only include "technical requirements" and "test methods" (see 6.5 and 6.7), or include some of the technical elements in 6.4, 6.6, 6.8, and 6.9 at the same time, "technical specifications" or "specifications" can be used as supplementary elements of the standard name. Example 1: Specification for Incandescent Lighting Lamps
Example 2: Technical Specification for Hot-rolled Steel Sheets for Air Compressor Valves6.2.3 "Technical Specifications" used for similar products may use "General Technical Specifications" or "General Specifications" as supplementary elements of the standard name.
Example 1: General Technical Specifications for Dierda
Example 2: General Specifications for Marine Electrical Appliances
6.3 Scope
The scope shall specify the specific products involved in the standard and shall also indicate the specific contents involved in the order of 6.4 to 6.10. If necessary, the aspects involved in the technical requirements shall also be indicated for the purpose of compiling the standard. 6.3.2
The scope shall also indicate the intended use and applicable limits of the standard, or the objects of use of the standard. 6.4
Classification, marking and coding
Classification, marking and coding are optional elements in product standards, which can establish a classification (grading), marking and (or) coding system for products that meet the specified requirements. The marking of standardized items in product standards shall comply with the relevant provisions of GB/T1.1. According to the identification characteristics of the separated categories, "classification", "classification and naming", "classification and abbreviation", "classification and marking" can be used as the title of this element. 6.4.2 Depending on the specific situation, this element can be incorporated into the technical requirements (see 6.5), or compiled as a part of the standard, or compiled as a separate standard
6.4.3. The basic requirements for product classification are as follows: the categories divided should meet the needs of use; the classification should be carried out in a serialized manner as much as possible; for series products, the series range and density should be reasonably determined, and priority numbers and priority number systems or modular systems should be used as much as possible. 6.4.4 Classification can be carried out according to different characteristics of products (such as source, structure, performance or use, etc.). Product classification generally includes the following contents: classification principles and methods;
categories divided, such as product varieties, types (or models) and specifications and their series; the identification of categories can usually be identified by names (generally composed of words), codes (generally composed of numbers, letters or their combination) or marks (which can be composed of symbols, letters, numbers). 6.5 Technical requirements
6.5.1 General requirements
Technical requirements are essential elements in product standards, which should include the following contents: a) All characteristics of the product specified directly or by reference; b) The limit values required for quantifiable characteristics. 2) In this case, the standard belongs to the "classification standard" and is not limited to product standards. 5
GB/T20001.10—2014
c) For each requirement, cite the test method for determining or verifying the characteristic value, or specify the test method directly (see 6.7). This element should not include contractual requirements (regarding claims, guarantees, cost settlement, etc.) and legal or regulatory requirements. In some product standards, it may be necessary to specify warnings or instructions for installers or users that should be included with the product and specify their nature. On the other hand, since installation or use requirements do not apply to the product itself, they should be specified in a separate part or a separate standard.
If the standard only lists the characteristics, and the characteristic value requirements are specified by the supplier or the demander but not specified in the standard itself, the standard should specify how to measure and how to express these values (such as on signs, labels or packaging). (See 7.3) 6.5.2 Applicability requirements
6.5.2.1 Usability
To ensure usability, it is necessary to specify the technical requirements of the product's performance, physical and chemical properties, environmental adaptability, ergonomics, etc. according to the specific situation of the product. For different categories of products, the following can be considered: a) Performance in use: Select indicators that directly reflect the product's performance in use or reliable substitute indicators that indirectly reflect the performance in use, such as production capacity, power, efficiency, speed, wear resistance, noise, sensitivity, reliability and other requirements. Note 1: Products with reliability requirements can quantitatively specify reliability indicators, such as failure rate, failure rate, mean life (MTTF), mean time between failures or mean time between failures (MTBF) or forced downtime rate (FOR). Note 2: When data of different indicators obtained by different test methods or different data of the same indicator obtained can obtain the same effective judgment or conclusion within the practical range after a certain conversion, some of these data can be used to replace other data as indicators to measure product performance. In this case, the former is called a substitute indicator of the latter.
b) Physical and chemical properties: When the physical and chemical properties of a product are very important for its use, or when the requirements of a product need to be guaranteed by physical and chemical properties, the physical (such as mechanical, acoustic, thermal), chemical and electromagnetic properties of the product should be specified, such as the density, strength, hardness, plasticity, viscosity of the product; chemical composition, purity, impurity content limit; capacitance, resistance, inductance, magnetic induction, etc. Environmental adaptability: According to the actual environmental conditions that the product may encounter during transportation, storage and use, the corresponding indicators should be specified, such as the degree of adaptability of the product to temperature, humidity, air pressure, smoke, salt spray, industrial corrosion, impact, vibration, radiation, etc., the product's response to the influence of climate, pH, etc., and the product's wind resistance, anti-magnetism, anti-aging, and anti-corrosion performance. d) Ergonomics: The human-machine interface requirements of the product, the product meets the requirements of appearance or sensory aspects such as vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch, such as the provisions on surface defects and tremor, and the provisions on readability and ease of operation. 6.5.2.2 Health, safety, environment or rational use of resources If ensuring health, safety, protecting the environment or promoting rational use of resources is one of the purposes of compiling standards, corresponding clauses should be compiled according to specific circumstances, such as:
a) Restriction requirements for harmful components in products; b) Noise restrictions and balance requirements for the operating parts of products; explosion protection, fire protection, electric shock protection, radiation protection, and mechanical damage protection requirements; d) Requirements for the environmental impact of harmful substances in products and waste emissions generated during use; e) Energy consumption indicators for direct energy consumption products, such as electricity consumption, oil consumption, coal consumption, gas consumption, water consumption, etc. These requirements may need to contain limit values [maximum and/or minimum values (see 7.1) or certain characteristics of strict dimensions. Sometimes these requirements may also include structural details (such as safety-enhancing anti-misinstallation structures) (see 6.5.3.1). Risk factors should be minimized when specifying limit value levels.
For the convenience of regulatory reference, these requirements should be compiled into a separate chapter in the standard, a separate part of the standard, or even a separate standard. GB/T200000.4-2003 provides guidelines for drafting safety content in standards, and GB/T20002.3 provides guidelines for writing environmental content in product standards.
Note: If a standard only involves one or more requirements in health, safety, environmental protection or rational use of resources, it is a mandatory standard. If these requirements are specified in mandatory standards or technical regulations, the corresponding test methods need to be compiled into separate recommended standards, and mandatory standards or technical regulations usually refer to these test standards.
6.5.2.3 Interface, interchangeability, compatibility or mutual coordination Requirements such as interface, interchangeability, compatibility or mutual coordination are one of the important purposes of compiling standards. The standardization of a product can only focus on these aspects. If the purpose of compiling a standard is to ensure interchangeability, the dimensional interchangeability and functional interchangeability of the product should be considered.
Note: For trade, economic or safety reasons, the availability of interchangeable parts is important. When dimensional interchangeability is required, the tolerance should be specified when specifying the interface dimensions. 6.5.2.4 Variety Control
For widely used materials, supplies or mechanical parts, electronic components or wires and cables, etc., facilitating variety control is an important purpose of compiling standards
Variety may include dimensions and other characteristics. In standards involving variety control, optional values (often a series of data) should be provided and their tolerances should be specified.
6.5.3 Other Requirements
6.5.3.1 Structure
When requirements are required for the structure of the product, corresponding provisions should be made. When specifying the structural dimensions of the product, a structural dimension drawing should be given, and the corresponding dimensions (length, width and height) should be indicated on the drawing, or the corresponding dimension code should be indicated. 6.5.3.2 Material
Product standards usually do not include material requirements. In order to ensure product performance and safety, when it is necessary to specify the materials used in the product, if there are current standards, the relevant standards should be cited, or other materials with performance not lower than that specified in the relevant standards should be specified; if there are no current standards, specific provisions for material performance can be made in the appendix
Note: For raw materials, if the necessary performance characteristics cannot be determined, it is advisable to specify the raw materials directly, and it is best to add the following sub-sub-sub, "or other raw materials that have been proven to be equally suitable."
6.5.3.3 Process
Product standards usually do not include production process requirements (such as processing methods, surface treatment methods, heat treatment methods, etc.), but are replaced by finished product tests. However, in order to ensure product performance and safety, it is necessary to limit process conditions, or even to inspect the production process (such as welding of pressure vessels, etc.), then the process requirements can be specified in the "Requirements". 6.5.4 Expression of requirements
6.5.4.1 Certain requirements related to the suitability of products are sometimes expressed by product type (e.g. deepwater type) or grade (e.g. space grade), or by descriptive terms that need to meet the conditions of use (e.g. "shockproof"), so that they can be marked or labeled on the product (e.g. "shockproof" on the case of a watch), and it is stipulated that these terms or marks can only be used when the corresponding requirements can be proved to be met by using standard test methods. 6.5.4.2 The typical sentence pattern of requirement-type clauses expressed in words is: - Requirements for results "characteristics" measured by "confirmation methods" "shall" comply with the provisions of "characteristic values" - Requirements for processes: "who", "should", "how to do". 6.5.4.3 When requirement-type clauses are expressed in tables, the typical form of the table header is: number, characteristic, characteristic value, test method, etc., where the test method column usually gives the chapter number of the standard that specifies the test method, or gives the referenced standard number and chapter number. The table should be mentioned in the text using requirement-type clauses.
GB/T20001.10—2014
Example:
6.6 Sampling
Characteristic value
Test method
Sampling is an optional requirement in product standards, which specifies the conditions and methods for sampling, as well as the method for preserving samples. This requirement can be located at the beginning of element 6.7.
6.7 Test method
6.7.1 General requirements
6.7.1.1 Test methods are optional elements in product standards. The purpose of writing test methods is to provide methods to verify whether the requirements in the technical requirements are met. Therefore, the test methods specified in this requirement should have a clear correspondence with the technical requirements (see 6.5). In the standard, this element can be:
as a separate chapter;
integrated into the technical requirements (see 6.5);
become a normative annex to the standard;
form a separate part of the standard.
Although technical requirements, sampling and test methods are different elements, they are interrelated in product standards and should be considered in a coordinated manner. 6.7.1.2 Since a test method is often applicable to several products or categories of products with slight changes or intact, test methods are most likely to be repeated. Therefore, when compiling product standards, if it is necessary to standardize test methods, readily available and applicable test methods should be cited first.
When specifying test methods, consideration should be given to adopting general test method standards and corresponding test methods with similar characteristics in other standards. Whenever possible, non-destructive test methods should be used instead of destructive test methods with the same confidence level. The fact that the test methods being used are different from the generally accepted general methods should not be used as a reason to refuse to specify generally accepted general methods in the standard.
6.7.1.3 The listing of various test methods in the standard does not mean that there is an obligation to implement these tests, but only states the method of determination, which will be implemented when required or referenced. If it is specified in the standard that statistical methods are used for product conformity assessment, the statement of conformity to the standard refers to the conformity of the product as a whole or in batches.
If the standard specifies that each product is to be tested in accordance with the standard, the statement that the product conforms to the standard means that each product has been tested and meets the corresponding requirements.
6.7.2 Contents of test methods
6.7.2.1 The contents of the test methods shall include the methods used to verify whether the product conforms to the regulations and all clauses of the steps to ensure the reproducibility of the results. If the order of the tests can affect the test results, the standard shall specify the order of the tests. Normally, the test methods in the product standards shall include the preparation and preservation of the specimens, the test steps and the expression of the results (including the calculation method and the accuracy or measurement uncertainty of the test method). Other contents may be added as needed, such as principles, reagents or materials, instruments, test reports, etc.
For the preparation of chemical analysis methods, please refer to the provisions of GB/T20001.4. Most of the contents of this standard also apply to product test methods for non-chemical products.
6.7.2.2 If the test method involves the use of dangerous items, instruments or processes, it shall include general warning words and appropriate specific warnings.
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