GB/T 16124-1995 Technical specification for medical evaluation of environmental impact of water conservancy and hydropower projects
Some standard content:
GB/T 16124-1995
Referenced Standards
Technical Requirements
Current Situation Survey
Medical Evaluation
Impact Prediction
Countermeasures
:comGB/T16124---1995
Follow the provisions of the "Measures for the Administration of Environmental Protection of Construction Projects", "Environmental Impact Assessment Specifications for Water Conservancy and Hydropower Projects" and "Sanitary Standards for Water for Domestic Use". Water conservancy and hydropower projects should conduct environmental water conservancy and medical evaluation during the feasibility study stage. The environmental impact report should include the content of the impact assessment on human health. According to the characteristics of different water conservancy and hydropower projects, targeted investigations and evaluations should be conducted to ensure the quality of environmental water conservancy and medical evaluation. This standard is specially formulated.
This standard shall be implemented from July 1, 1996. This standard is proposed by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. The drafting units of this standard: State Environmental Protection Agency, Tongji Medical University, Wuhan Institute of Environmental Medicine. The main drafters of this standard are: Ting Shengye, Yang Xiaoping. The Ministry of Health entrusted the technical coordination unit, the Institute of Environmental Health Monitoring, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, to interpret the National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Technical specifications for environmental impact assessment on water conservancy and hydroelectric projects
Technical specifications formedical assessment of environmental impact on water conservancy and hydroelectric projects 1 Scope
GB/T 16124—1995
This standard specifies the principles, objects, contents and methods of environmental impact medical assessment on water conservancy and hydroelectric projects. This standard is applicable to environmental impact medical assessment at the feasibility study stage of large and medium-sized water conservancy and hydroelectric projects. For small water conservancy and hydroelectric projects, the units responsible for environmental water conservancy medical assessment may select some contents appropriately. 2 Referenced standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard. When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards will be revised, and the parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. SD130-84 Technical requirements for the design specification of reservoir treatment for water conservancy and hydropower projects
3.1 The purpose of environmental water conservancy medical evaluation is to master the environmental medical characteristics in the project impact area, clarify the current status of environmental impact on health, predict the nature, degree and scope of environmental medical problems that may be caused by the operation of the project, and provide a scientific basis for the formulation of project planning countermeasures. 3.2 The content of environmental water conservancy medical evaluation should include: 3.2.1 Collect data on the epidemic situation of natural epidemic source diseases, insect-borne infectious diseases, water-borne infectious diseases, endemic diseases, drinking water source water quantity, and water quality.
3.2.2 Prediction and evaluation of the impact on human health. 3.2.3 Propose mitigation countermeasures.
3.3 The scope of environmental water conservancy medical evaluation generally includes: reservoir area, reservoir periphery, construction area and resettlement area for immigrants and a certain river section downstream. The reservoir periphery referred to in environmental water conservancy medicine refers to the population flow area caused by the reservoir falling and the radius of the activity of vector animals. Its size is generally defined by the distance of 1km from the reservoir bank or by the township as the survey unit. 3.4 Environmental water conservancy medical evaluation should follow the principle of comparison. The collected population, disease, and health data should be able to reflect the direct or indirect, qualitative or quantitative relationship between time dynamics, regional distribution (including the reservoir area and the periphery of the reservoir) and population. The current situation evaluation is mainly based on the comparison of spatial distribution data; the predictive evaluation is based on the time dynamic data as the comparison basis. 3.5 Based on the investment scale of the water conservancy and hydropower project, the area of submerged land, the number of relocated people and the nature of the impact on the health of the population, from the perspective of practicality and economy, an environmental impact medical evaluation is carried out in the feasibility study stage. The general principle of selecting evaluation factors is to give priority to environmental medical factors that may have an impact on construction decisions: some water conservancy and hydropower engineering projects (such as water diversion, flood control, irrigation, tide blocking, etc.) and projects developed on virgin land should also conduct technical and economic evaluation of environmental medical measures in the preliminary design stage. 3.6 In order to ensure the quality of environmental water conservancy medical evaluation, the unit responsible for the evaluation must hold an environmental impact medical evaluation qualification certificate, and the person in charge of the evaluation should be responsible for the evaluation conclusion until 3 to 5 years after the project is put into operation. 3.7 The evaluation of the health impact of water conservancy and hydropower projects on the population consists of several work stages: evaluation plan establishment, basic data collection, necessary special observations, current situation evaluation, impact prediction, and countermeasure formulation. 4 Current situation investigation 4.1 The principle of regional division under environmental water conservancy medical evaluation is that the evaluation area refers to the reservoir area, the reservoir area, the construction area, and the resettlement area; the control area is generally the area of the county or township outside the evaluation area or a specially set synchronous investigation control area. The observation point should be set in the area where the environmental medical conditions in the evaluation area are more complex or the existing data cannot meet the evaluation requirements, and it is necessary to focus on collecting qualitative or quantitative data. 4.2 Environmental and water conservancy medical evaluation requires that at least 3 to 5 years of continuous background data should be collected before the start of the evaluation work in the area affected by the proposed project. According to the working conditions, it can be carried out in two levels. Special attention should be paid to collecting health data related to the nature of the water conservancy and hydropower project and regional characteristics.
Environmental factors
Natural epidemic diseases, insect-borne infectious diseases and water-borne infectious diseases
Endemic diseases
Individual health status data
Etiological data: biological, chemical, physical
Meteorological data
Socioeconomic data
Required data to be collected
Disease spectrum, number of cases and deaths, number of accompanying population, incidence and mortality, density of mosquitoes, rats, snails, crabs, shellfish, shrimps, etc.
Malaria incidence, swelling rate
Average life expectancy, cause of death, infant death, etc. Data
Bacteria (worm) carrier rate in the population, positive rate of serum test, snail, whole tablet infection rate, human blood index
typing, grading
rate. Percentage of newborns weighing 2500g|Essential and harmful ratios in biological materials (hair, blood, urine), body quotient of children and adolescents, percentage of weight within normal range
Total number of bacteria in water, enterobacteria. Water iodine, water fluoride, hardness, radioactive background
Air temperature, humidity, wind direction, wind speed, precipitation, number of foggy days
Population growth rate, population density, average annual GDP per capita, per capita income, average annual food ration per capita, employment rate. Adult education level, per capita housing area, number of medical staff per 10,000 people, number of hospital beds per person
Elements Life quality level
Population immunity level Other elements, high-voltage line corridor
Number of inversion days
Investment in health care measures
4.3 Environmental water conservancy medical surveys often use a combination of investigation and observation, census and random sampling. Investigation refers to the collection of information, observation includes necessary experimental research, census is a survey of the occurrence or death of all people in a selected population, suitable for investigations with few research subjects, high task requirements and good working conditions; random sampling is to select a part of the population in the area for purposeful and planned in-depth research according to the principle of statistical sampling.
Interview and letter visit. The former is conducted when the disease occurs or spreads. The subjects of the investigation are generally the parties involved, witnesses, insiders, and supervisors. The content of the interview is highly credible, including environmental conditions, contact history of new cases, distribution of the disease and health status of the family and surrounding people. It can directly assess the factors related to the occurrence of the disease, find out the causes and conditions of individual cases, and reveal the epidemic characteristics of certain diseases. If direct interviews are not possible, letter visits should also be conducted with a detailed investigation outline. :comLong identifies the data on the environmental ecological impact characteristics of water conservancy and hydropower projects collected in G/T 16124-1995, and selects the distribution data of the three (i.e. time, space, and population) with direct or indirect impact: 4.4.1 Identification of time distribution data. Natural epidemic sources and endemic diseases, due to different incubation periods and transmission routes, present a dynamic curve of onset time, which shows the start and end time of the epidemic, the seasonal rise and fall trend and the influence of other factors on the epidemic process. In different periods, some pathogenic factors may show the characteristics of strengthening, weakening, or even disappearing. Such diseases often appear cyclically, and the length of the interval depends on the speed of replenishment of susceptible populations. The method of analyzing the periodicity of the epidemic is to draw on the coordinate paper according to the fixed time interval (ten days, months, seasons, years) and the number of cases, and compare the epidemic curves of previous years, so that the level of periodic changes of some diseases can be seen. 4.4.2. Identification of spatial distribution data: The spatial distribution of natural epidemic sources and local pathogenic factors is often uneven and has regional characteristics. The incidence, mortality, prevalence, disease type and degree of harm are plotted on the map of the impact range of water conservancy and hydropower projects to describe the characteristics of their range and intensity changes.
4.4.3 Identification of disease data among populations. Diseases are differentiated according to population characteristics. This is due to different immune levels and lifestyles among populations. The populations surveyed have differences in age, gender, occupation and health status. The immune ability and lifestyle of the population can also affect the laws of the spatial and temporal distribution of disease data.
4.4.4 Identification of environmental ecological data. The occurrence and spread of many natural epidemic and endemic diseases are regional in nature. This is a manifestation of the dependence of pathogens and transmission media on environmental conditions, such as meteorological conditions (including temperature, humidity, season, etc.) and water and soil factors and the nutritional level of the food chain.
5 Medical evaluation
5.1 Environmental water medical evaluation indicators are to find out the rules and establish the main influencing factors from the collected data, and to conduct scientific evaluation based on their quantity and changing dynamics. There are three common indicators: 5.1.1 Health status indicators:
a) Morbidity
Morbidity. (1 1) - The number of new cases of human and livestock diabetes per 10,000. 1 ) Average number of people exposed in the same period
b) Infection rate
Number of positive cases,
Infection rate (%) =
Number of people examined
c) Prevalence rate
(2)
Prevalence rate (100,000) - Number of uncured cases in the base sample 10,000 (3) Number of people exposed in the same period
d) Mortality rate
Mortality rate (%) = Total number of deaths in two years Mid-year population in two years
Note: "Mid-year of a year" starts from June 30 or July 1 of that year. e) Case fatality rate
Case fatality rate (road) -
5.1.2 Disease vector indicators:
a) Mosquito density (individuals/person-hour) and its species; b) Rodent density (individuals/100 people) and its species; c) Snail, crab, shrimp, shellfish density (individuals/n\) and its species. 5.1.3 Pathogen indicators:
a) Water bacteria indicators: total bacteria count·human intestinal flora. Number of deaths
Number of cases of a certain disease
X1000:
:com (4)
(5)
c) Vector carrier rate (berry).
d) Water fluoride and iodine content (mg/L)
GB/T 16124—1995
5.2 In the medical evaluation of environmental impact, when analyzing the relationship between the risk of disease and harmful environmental factors, the risk of disease at different levels of exposure to the agent shall be compared. Useful evaluation methods: a) Relative risk
Pathogen after flooding (used for impact assessment after project operation); Relative risk
Incidence rate before water storage
or Incidence rate before water storage (used in project design stage) (6)
b) Specific risk
Specific risk | Incidence rate of observation group minus incidence rate of control group
or | Incidence rate before water storage minus incidence rate after water storage (7) c) Standardized mortality ratio
6. Impact prediction
Standardized mortality ratio - number of deaths in the observed population
expected number of deaths in the population
(8)
6.1 Environmental water medicine prediction, generally based on the principle of ecological stability of pathogenic factors, environmental conditions and susceptible populations, based on the data before the project and the changes in the water environment caused by the project, predict the changes in the disease spectrum 3 to 5 years after the project is put into operation, the possible level of disease output or input and the spread range. According to the different nature of the impact, direct or indirect, temporary or regular, etc., several options are proposed, and relief and improvement measures are formulated for decision makers to adopt. 6.2 The selection of the method for predicting the impact of water conservancy and hydropower projects on human health depends on the evaluation staff, working hours, the status of the information mastered, and the importance of the project on human health. At present, environmental medicine still uses single-evaluation methods: a) Expert prediction method (Delphi method): a prediction agency or expert group is established, and the number of members is preferably about 20. There is no direct contact between experts, and they only have a relationship with the prediction agency. Each expert makes a predictive judgment based on the information he has mastered or his own knowledge and experience. The prediction agency compiles all of its "votes" into a report and performs statistical processing; b) Trend extrapolation method: According to the law of causality, that is, the inherent connection characteristics of the predicted object, after carefully examining the past and present situation, it is assumed that the object will continue to develop at the same speed and direction, and extend it to the outside as the prediction result: c) Analogy prediction method: It is a more commonly used prediction method. According to the development process and conditions of the analog project, it has similar functions, characteristics and operation methods as the project being tested, similar natural geographical environment and a certain number of operating years. The phenomenon observed from the study of analog projects may be the result of the predicted project. d) Ecological mechanism or cause analysis prediction method: The increase or decrease in the number of infectious disease carriers and vector animals has a direct impact on the epidemic. Therefore, the epidemic trend can be predicted from the distribution and number of such animals. For example, black-striped field mice are infectious hosts of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. Generally, when their density is below 2%, epidemic hemorrhagic fever may not occur or only occur in individual cases; when the density is around 5%, sporadic cases may occur; when the density is above 10%, a medium or large epidemic may occur. The size of the vector energy can be used to predict the scale of the epidemic. The vector energy refers to the number of new cases that can be transmitted by a primary case of hemorrhagic fever through a vector ant every day.
1) Vector energy
Vector energy=ma
=inp
In the formula, ma (bite rate) is the average number of bites received by a certain type of mosquito per night (days): +——Daily survival rate of the vector mosquito;
The spore multiplication period (or external latent period) is generally 12 days:: com(9)
GB/T161241995
In the formula, is the life span of the butterfly mosquito that actually plays a role in transmission. 2) Basic reproduction rate
Basic reproduction rate-recovery rate×vector energy In the formula, basic reproduction rate-how many new cases can a non-immune primary case of scabies spread through the vector mosquito! Recovery rate-the rate at which a patient recovers to a non-infectious state every day; vector energy-same formula (9).
The predicted value of the above formula is expressed as <1 or >1. The larger the value, the greater the epidemic intensity. e) Regression prediction method: There are univariate linear regression, multivariate linear regression, nonlinear regression prediction, etc. (10)
[) Simulation experiment method: According to the principle of ecological environment similarity, the survival adaptability of vector animals is tested in the observation point and the control area respectively, and the feasibility of predicting the epidemic of the disease in the reservoir area is predicted by comparing the observation data. 7 Countermeasures
7.1 By compiling and submitting environmental impact assessment reports for water conservancy and hydropower projects, incorporating environmental medical monitoring, assessment and prediction results into the planning and design demonstration of engineering projects, and optimizing the plan with the least adverse impact on environmental ecology and human health, it is a fundamental measure to protect the health of residents. Any report that lacks environmental medical evaluation content will not be approved by the environmental protection department. 7.2 Biological and chemical diseases are special ecosystems composed of different types of biological communities under different medical and geographical conditions. When formulating countermeasures, corresponding measures should be taken for the weakest links in the system. 7.3 On the basis of environmental water conservancy impact medical evaluation and measurement, there is a possibility of daily elimination of diseases, management of reservoir areas, elimination of the possibility of the spread of various sources of infection and pollution, and disease monitoring agencies should be established for large-scale water conservancy projects. 7.4 The unit responsible for environmental medical evaluation should participate in the selection, planning and sanitary design of water conservancy and hydropower project construction areas and resettlement areas, aiming to ensure that the environmental safety and health requirements of residential areas are met. 7.5 The channels and water sources of water supply projects should establish "secondary" water source sanitary protection zones. That is, only water plant operators, maintenance, supervisors and inspectors are allowed to enter and exit the first zone, and the number of fishing passes issued is strictly limited; in the second zone, no new construction or expansion of residential buildings, industrial enterprises, camping, land reclamation, and planting of deciduous trees are allowed. The number and range of animal populations are limited according to the regulations of health institutions; in the third zone, no new construction or expansion of infectious disease hospitals and no industrial enterprises are allowed. Sanitary and epidemic prevention management measures should be strictly implemented during the epidemic season of intestinal infectious diseases. 7.6 In order to prevent the export or import of infectious diseases in the proposed reservoir area, temporary quarantine ports should be established when necessary to conduct medical and sanitary quarantine and necessary sanitary treatment for a large number of susceptible people and food entering and leaving.3. Identification of disease data among different groups of people. Diseases tend to differentiate according to the characteristics of different groups of people. This is due to the different immune levels and lifestyles among different groups of people. The groups surveyed have differences in age, gender, occupation and health status. The immune capacity and lifestyle of the groups of people can also affect the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of disease data.
4.4.4 Identification of environmental ecological data. The occurrence and spread of many natural epidemic and endemic diseases are regional in nature. This is a manifestation of the dependence of pathogens and transmission media on environmental conditions, such as meteorological conditions (including temperature, humidity, season, etc.) and water and soil factors and the nutritional level of the food chain.
5 Medical evaluation
5.1 Environmental and water medical evaluation indicators are to find out the rules and establish the main influencing factors from the collected data, and to conduct scientific evaluation based on their quantity and changing dynamics. There are three common indicators: 5.1.1 Health status indicators:
a) Morbidity rate
Morbidity rate. (1 1) - The number of new cases of livestock and poultry in the population is 10,000. 1 ) Average number of people exposed in the same period
b) Infection rate
Number of positive cases,
Infection rate (%) =
Number of people examined
c) Prevalence rate
(2)
Prevalence rate (100,000) - Number of uncured cases in the base sample 10,000 (3) Number of people exposed in the same period
d) Mortality rate
Mortality rate (%) = Total number of deaths in two years Mid-year population in two years
Note: "Mid-year of a year" starts from June 30 or July 1 of that year. e) Case fatality rate
Case fatality rate (road) -
5.1.2 Disease vector indicators:
a) Mosquito density (individuals/person-hour) and its species; b) Rodent density (individuals/100 people) and its species; c) Snail, crab, shrimp, shellfish density (individuals/n\) and its species. 5.1.3 Pathogen indicators:
a) Water bacteria indicators: total bacteria count·human intestinal flora. Number of deaths
Number of cases of a certain disease
X1000:
:com (4)
(5)
c) Vector carrier rate (berry).
d) Water fluoride and iodine content (mg/L)
GB/T 16124—1995
5.2 In the medical evaluation of environmental impact, when analyzing the relationship between the risk of disease and harmful environmental factors, the risk of disease at different levels of exposure to the agent shall be compared. Useful evaluation methods: a) Relative risk
Pathogen after flooding (used for impact assessment after project operation); Relative risk
Incidence rate before water storage
or Incidence rate before water storage (used in project design stage) (6)
b) Specific risk
Specific risk | Incidence rate of observation group minus incidence rate of control group
or | Incidence rate before water storage minus incidence rate after water storage (7) c) Standardized mortality ratio
6. Impact prediction
Standardized mortality ratio - number of deaths in the observed population
expected number of deaths in the population
(8)
6.1 Environmental water medicine prediction, generally based on the principle of ecological stability of pathogenic factors, environmental conditions and susceptible populations, based on the data before the project and the changes in the water environment caused by the project, predict the changes in the disease spectrum 3 to 5 years after the project is put into operation, the possible level of disease output or input and the spread range. According to the different nature of the impact, direct or indirect, temporary or regular, etc., several options are proposed, and relief and improvement measures are formulated for decision makers to adopt. 6.2 The selection of the method for predicting the impact of water conservancy and hydropower projects on human health depends on the evaluation staff, working hours, the status of the information mastered, and the importance of the project on human health. At present, environmental medicine still uses single-evaluation methods: a) Expert prediction method (Delphi method): a prediction agency or expert group is established, and the number of members is preferably about 20. There is no direct contact between experts, and they only have a relationship with the prediction agency. Each expert makes a predictive judgment based on the information he has mastered or his own knowledge and experience. The prediction agency compiles all of its "votes" into a report and performs statistical processing; b) Trend extrapolation method: According to the law of causality, that is, the inherent connection characteristics of the predicted object, after carefully examining the past and present situation, it is assumed that the object will continue to develop at the same speed and direction, and extend it to the outside as the prediction result: c) Analogy prediction method: It is a more commonly used prediction method. According to the development process and conditions of the analog project, it has similar functions, characteristics and operation methods as the project being tested, similar natural geographical environment and a certain number of operating years. The phenomenon observed from the study of analog projects may be the result of the predicted project. d) Ecological mechanism or cause analysis prediction method: The increase or decrease in the number of infectious disease carriers and vector animals has a direct impact on the epidemic. Therefore, the epidemic trend can be predicted from the distribution and number of such animals. For example, black-striped field mice are infectious hosts of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. Generally, when their density is below 2%, epidemic hemorrhagic fever may not occur or only occur in individual cases; when the density is around 5%, sporadic cases may occur; when the density is above 10%, a medium or large epidemic may occur. The size of the vector energy can be used to predict the scale of the epidemic. The vector energy refers to the number of new cases that can be transmitted by a primary case of hemorrhagic fever through a vector ant every day.
1) Vector energy
Vector energy=ma
=inp
In the formula, ma (bite rate) is the average number of bites received by a certain type of mosquito per night (days): +——Daily survival rate of the vector mosquito;
The spore multiplication period (or external latent period) is generally 12 days:: com(9)
GB/T161241995
In the formula, is the life span of the butterfly mosquito that actually plays a role in transmission. 2) Basic reproduction rate
Basic reproduction rate-recovery rate×vector energy In the formula, basic reproduction rate-how many new cases can a non-immune primary case of scabies spread through the vector mosquito! Recovery rate-the rate at which a patient recovers to a non-infectious state every day; vector energy-same formula (9).
The predicted value of the above formula is expressed as <1 or >1. The larger the value, the greater the epidemic intensity. e) Regression prediction method: There are univariate linear regression, multivariate linear regression, nonlinear regression prediction, etc. (10)
[) Simulation experiment method: According to the principle of ecological environment similarity, the survival adaptability of vector animals is tested in the observation point and the control area respectively, and the feasibility of predicting the epidemic of the disease in the reservoir area is predicted by comparing the observation data. 7 Countermeasures
7.1 By compiling and submitting environmental impact assessment reports for water conservancy and hydropower projects, incorporating environmental medical monitoring, assessment and prediction results into the planning and design demonstration of engineering projects, and optimizing the plan with the least adverse impact on environmental ecology and human health, it is a fundamental measure to protect the health of residents. Any report that lacks environmental medical evaluation content will not be approved by the environmental protection department. 7.2 Biological and chemical diseases are special ecosystems composed of different types of biological communities under different medical and geographical conditions. When formulating countermeasures, corresponding measures should be taken for the weakest links in the system. 7.3 On the basis of environmental water conservancy impact medical evaluation and measurement, there is a possibility of daily elimination of diseases, management of reservoir areas, elimination of the possibility of the spread of various sources of infection and pollution, and disease monitoring agencies should be established for large-scale water conservancy projects. 7.4 The unit responsible for environmental medical evaluation should participate in the selection, planning and sanitary design of water conservancy and hydropower project construction areas and resettlement areas, aiming to ensure that the environmental safety and health requirements of residential areas are met. 7.5 The channels and water sources of water supply projects should establish "secondary" water source sanitary protection zones. That is, only water plant operators, maintenance, supervisors and inspectors are allowed to enter and exit the first zone, and the number of fishing passes issued is strictly limited; in the second zone, no new construction or expansion of residential buildings, industrial enterprises, camping, land reclamation, and planting of deciduous trees are allowed. The number and range of animal populations are limited according to the regulations of health institutions; in the third zone, no new construction or expansion of infectious disease hospitals and no industrial enterprises are allowed. Sanitary and epidemic prevention management measures should be strictly implemented during the epidemic season of intestinal infectious diseases. 7.6 In order to prevent the export or import of infectious diseases in the proposed reservoir area, temporary quarantine ports should be established when necessary to conduct medical and sanitary quarantine and necessary sanitary treatment for a large number of susceptible people and food entering and leaving.3. Identification of disease data among different groups of people. Diseases tend to differentiate according to the characteristics of different groups of people. This is due to the different immune levels and lifestyles among different groups of people. The groups surveyed have differences in age, gender, occupation and health status. The immune capacity and lifestyle of the groups of people can also affect the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of disease data.
4.4.4 Identification of environmental ecological data. The occurrence and spread of many natural epidemic and endemic diseases are regional in nature. This is a manifestation of the dependence of pathogens and transmission media on environmental conditions, such as meteorological conditions (including temperature, humidity, season, etc.) and water and soil factors and the nutritional level of the food chain.
5 Medical evaluation
5.1 Environmental and water medical evaluation indicators are to find out the rules and establish the main influencing factors from the collected data, and to conduct scientific evaluation based on their quantity and changing dynamics. There are three common indicators: 5.1.1 Health status indicators:
a) Morbidity rate
Morbidity rate. (1 1) - The number of new cases of livestock and poultry in the population is 10,000. 1 ) Average number of people exposed in the same period
b) Infection rate
Number of positive cases,
Infection rate (%) =
Number of people examined
c) Prevalence rate
(2)
Prevalence rate (100,000) - Number of uncured cases in the base sample 10,000 (3) Number of people exposed in the same period
d) Mortality rate
Mortality rate (%) = Total number of deaths in two years Mid-year population in two years
Note: "Mid-year of a year" starts from June 30 or July 1 of that year. e) Case fatality rate
Case fatality rate (road) -
5.1.2 Disease vector indicators:
a) Mosquito density (individuals/person-hour) and its species; b) Rodent density (individuals/100 people) and its species; c) Snail, crab, shrimp, shellfish density (individuals/n\) and its species. 5.1.3 Pathogen indicators:
a) Water bacteria indicators: total bacteria count·human intestinal flora. Number of deaths
Number of cases of a certain disease
X1000:
:com (4)
(5)
c) Vector carrier rate (berry).
d) Water fluoride and iodine content (mg/L)
GB/T 16124—1995
5.2 In the medical evaluation of environmental impact, when analyzing the relationship between the risk of disease and harmful environmental factors, the risk of disease at different levels of exposure to the agent shall be compared. Useful evaluation methods: a) Relative risk
Pathogen after flooding (used for impact assessment after project operation); Relative risk
Incidence rate before water storage
or Incidence rate before water storage (used in project design stage) (6)
b) Specific risk
Specific risk | Incidence rate of observation group minus incidence rate of control group
or | Incidence rate before water storage minus incidence rate after water storage (7) c) Standardized mortality ratio
6. Impact prediction
Standardized mortality ratio - number of deaths in the observed population
expected number of deaths in the population
(8)
6.1 Environmental water medicine prediction, generally based on the principle of ecological stability of pathogenic factors, environmental conditions and susceptible populations, based on the data before the project and the changes in the water environment caused by the project, predict the changes in the disease spectrum 3 to 5 years after the project is put into operation, the possible level of disease output or input and the spread range. According to the different nature of the impact, direct or indirect, temporary or regular, etc., several options are proposed, and relief and improvement measures are formulated for decision makers to adopt. 6.2 The selection of the method for predicting the impact of water conservancy and hydropower projects on human health depends on the evaluation staff, working hours, the status of the information mastered, and the importance of the project on human health. At present, environmental medicine still uses single-evaluation methods: a) Expert prediction method (Delphi method): a prediction agency or expert group is established, and the number of members is preferably about 20. There is no direct contact between experts, and they only have a relationship with the prediction agency. Each expert makes a predictive judgment based on the information he has mastered or his own knowledge and experience. The prediction agency compiles all of its "votes" into a report and performs statistical processing; b) Trend extrapolation method: According to the law of causality, that is, the inherent connection characteristics of the predicted object, after carefully examining the past and present situation, it is assumed that the object will continue to develop at the same speed and direction, and extend it to the outside as the prediction result: c) Analogy prediction method: It is a more commonly used prediction method. According to the development process and conditions of the analog project, it has similar functions, characteristics and operation methods as the project being tested, similar natural geographical environment and a certain number of operating years. The phenomenon observed from the study of analog projects may be the result of the predicted project. d) Ecological mechanism or cause analysis prediction method: The increase or decrease in the number of infectious disease carriers and vector animals has a direct impact on the epidemic. Therefore, the epidemic trend can be predicted from the distribution and number of such animals. For example, black-striped field mice are infectious hosts of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. Generally, when their density is below 2%, epidemic hemorrhagic fever may not occur or only occur in individual cases; when the density is around 5%, sporadic cases may occur; when the density is above 10%, a medium or large epidemic may occur. The size of the vector energy can be used to predict the scale of the epidemic. The vector energy refers to the number of new cases that can be transmitted by a primary case of hemorrhagic fever through a vector ant every day.
1) Vector energy
Vector energy=ma
=inp
In the formula, ma (bite rate) is the average number of bites received by a certain type of mosquito per night (days): +——Daily survival rate of the vector mosquito;
The spore multiplication period (or external latent period) is generally 12 days:: com(9)
GB/T161241995
In the formula, is the life span of the butterfly mosquito that actually plays a role in transmission. 2) Basic reproduction rate
Basic reproduction rate-recovery rate×vector energy In the formula, basic reproduction rate-how many new cases can a non-immune primary case of scabies spread through the vector mosquito! Recovery rate-the rate at which a patient recovers to a non-infectious state every day; vector energy-same formula (9).
The predicted value of the above formula is expressed as <1 or >1. The larger the value, the greater the epidemic intensity. e) Regression prediction method: There are univariate linear regression, multivariate linear regression, nonlinear regression prediction, etc. (10)
[) Simulation experiment method: According to the principle of ecological environment similarity, the survival adaptability of vector animals is tested in the observation point and the control area respectively, and the feasibility of predicting the epidemic of the disease in the reservoir area is predicted by comparing the observation data. 7 Countermeasures
7.1 By compiling and submitting environmental impact assessment reports for water conservancy and hydropower projects, incorporating environmental medical monitoring, assessment and prediction results into the planning and design demonstration of engineering projects, and optimizing the plan with the least adverse impact on environmental ecology and human health, it is a fundamental measure to protect the health of residents. Any report that lacks environmental medical evaluation content will not be approved by the environmental protection department. 7.2 Biological and chemical diseases are special ecosystems composed of different types of biological communities under different medical and geographical conditions. When formulating countermeasures, corresponding measures should be taken for the weakest links in the system. 7.3 On the basis of environmental water conservancy impact medical evaluation and measurement, there is a possibility of daily elimination of diseases, management of reservoir areas, elimination of the possibility of the spread of various sources of infection and pollution, and disease monitoring agencies should be established for large-scale water conservancy projects. 7.4 The unit responsible for environmental medical evaluation should participate in the selection, planning and sanitary design of water conservancy and hydropower project construction areas and resettlement areas, aiming to ensure that the environmental safety and health requirements of residential areas are met. 7.5 The channels and water sources of water supply projects should establish "secondary" water source sanitary protection zones. That is, only water plant operators, maintenance, supervisors and inspectors are allowed to enter and exit the first zone, and the number of fishing passes issued is strictly limited; in the second zone, no new construction or expansion of residential buildings, industrial enterprises, camping, land reclamation, and planting of deciduous trees are allowed. The number and range of animal populations are limited according to the regulations of health institutions; in the third zone, no new construction or expansion of infectious disease hospitals and no industrial enterprises are allowed. Sanitary and epidemic prevention management measures should be strictly implemented during the epidemic season of intestinal infectious diseases. 7.6 In order to prevent the export or import of infectious diseases in the proposed reservoir area, temporary quarantine ports should be established when necessary to conduct medical and sanitary quarantine and necessary sanitary treatment for a large number of susceptible people and food entering and leaving.4. Identification of environmental ecological data. The occurrence and spread of many natural epidemic and endemic diseases are regional in nature. This is a manifestation of the dependence of pathogens and transmission media on environmental conditions, such as meteorological conditions (including temperature, humidity, season, etc.) and water and soil factors and the nutritional level of the food chain.
5 Medical evaluation
5.1 Environmental water medical evaluation indicators are to find out the rules and establish the main influencing factors from the collected data, and to conduct scientific evaluation based on their quantity and its changing dynamics. There are three common indicators: 5.1.1 Health status indicators:
a) Morbidity
Morbidity. (1 1) - The number of new cases of human and livestock diabetes in 10,000. 1 ) Average number of people exposed in the same period
b) Infection rate
Number of positive cases,
Infection rate (%) =
Number of people examined
c) Prevalence rate
(2)
Prevalence rate (100,000) - Number of uncured cases in the base sample 10,000 (3) Number of people exposed in the same period
d) Mortality rate
Mortality rate (%) = Total number of deaths in two years Mid-year population in two years
Note: "Mid-year of a year" starts from June 30 or July 1 of that year. e) Case fatality rate
Case fatality rate (road) -
5.1.2 Disease vector indicators:
a) Mosquito density (individuals/person-hour) and its species; b) Rodent density (individuals/100 people) and its species; c) Snail, crab, shrimp, shellfish density (individuals/n\) and its species. 5.1.3 Pathogen indicators:
a) Water bacteria indicators: total bacteria count·human intestinal flora. Number of deaths
Number of cases of a certain disease
X1000:
:com (4)
(5)
c) Vector carrier rate (berry).
d) Water fluoride and iodine content (mg/L)
GB/T 16124—1995
5.2 In the medical evaluation of environmental impact, when analyzing the relationship between the risk of disease and harmful environmental factors, the risk of disease at different levels of exposure to the agent shall be compared. Useful evaluation methods: a) Relative risk
Pathogen after flooding (used for impact assessment after project operation); Relative risk
Incidence rate before water storage
or Incidence rate before water storage (used in project design stage) (6)
b) Specific risk
Specific risk | Incidence rate of observation group minus incidence rate of control group
or | Incidence rate before water storage minus incidence rate after water storage (7) c) Standardized mortality ratio
6. Impact prediction
Standardized mortality ratio - number of deaths in the observed population
expected number of deaths in the population
(8)
6.1 Environmental water medicine prediction, generally based on the principle of ecological stability of pathogenic factors, environmental conditions and susceptible populations, based on the data before the project and the changes in the water environment caused by the project, predict the changes in the disease spectrum 3 to 5 years after the project is put into operation, the possible level of disease output or input and the spread range. According to the different nature of the impact, direct or indirect, temporary or regular, etc., several options are proposed, and relief and improvement measures are formulated for decision makers to adopt. 6.2 The selection of the method for predicting the impact of water conservancy and hydropower projects on human health depends on the evaluation staff, working hours, the status of the information mastered, and the importance of the project on human health. At present, environmental medicine still uses single-evaluation methods: a) Expert prediction method (Delphi method): a prediction agency or expert group is established, and the number of members is preferably about 20. There is no direct contact between experts, and they only have a relationship with the prediction agency. Each expert makes a predictive judgment based on the information he has mastered or his own knowledge and experience. The prediction agency compiles all of its "votes" into a report and performs statistical processing; b) Trend extrapolation method: According to the law of causality, that is, the inherent connection characteristics of the predicted object, after carefully examining the past and present situation, it is assumed that the object will continue to develop at the same speed and direction, and extend it to the outside as the prediction result: c) Analogy prediction method: It is a more commonly used prediction method. According to the development process and conditions of the analog project, it has similar functions, characteristics and operation methods as the project being tested, similar natural geographical environment and a certain number of operating years. The phenomenon observed from the study of analog projects may be the result of the predicted project. d) Ecological mechanism or cause analysis prediction method: The increase or decrease in the number of infectious disease carriers and vector animals has a direct impact on the epidemic. Therefore, the epidemic trend can be predicted from the distribution and number of such animals. For example, black-striped field mice are infectious hosts of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. Generally, when their density is below 2%, epidemic hemorrhagic fever may not occur or only occur in individual cases; when the density is around 5%, sporadic cases may occur; when the density is above 10%, a medium or large epidemic may occur. The size of the vector energy can be used to predict the scale of the epidemic. The vector energy refers to the number of new cases that can be transmitted by a primary case of hemorrhagic fever through a vector ant every day.
1) Vector energy
Vector energy=ma
=inp
In the formula, ma (bite rate) is the average number of bites received by a certain type of mosquito per night (days): +——Daily survival rate of the vector mosquito;
The spore multiplication period (or external latent period) is generally 12 days:: com(9)
GB/T161241995
In the formula, is the life span of the butterfly mosquito that actually plays a role in transmission. 2) Basic reproduction rate
Basic reproduction rate-recovery rate×vector energy In the formula, basic reproduction rate-how many new cases can a non-immune primary case of scabies spread through the vector mosquito! Recovery rate-the rate at which a patient recovers to a non-infectious state every day; vector energy-same formula (9).
The predicted value of the above formula is expressed as <1 or >1. The larger the value, the greater the epidemic intensity. e) Regression prediction method: There are univariate linear regression, multivariate linear regression, nonlinear regression prediction, etc. (10)
[) Simulation experiment method: According to the principle of ecological environment similarity, the survival adaptability of vector animals is tested in the observation point and the control area respectively, and the feasibility of predicting the epidemic of the disease in the reservoir area is predicted by comparing the observation data. 7 Countermeasures
7.1 By compiling and submitting environmental impact assessment reports for water conservancy and hydropower projects, incorporating environmental medical monitoring, assessment and prediction results into the planning and design demonstration of engineering projects, and optimizing the plan with the least adverse impact on environmental ecology and human health, it is a fundamental measure to protect the health of residents. Any report that lacks environmental medical evaluation content will not be approved by the environmental protection department. 7.2 Biological and chemical diseases are special ecosystems composed of different types of biological communities under different medical and geographical conditions. When formulating countermeasures, corresponding measures should be taken for the weakest links in the system. 7.3 On the basis of environmental water conservancy impact medical evaluation and measurement, there is a possibility of daily elimination of diseases, management of reservoir areas, elimination of the possibility of the spread of various sources of infection and pollution, and disease monitoring agencies should be established for large-scale water conservancy projects. 7.4 The unit responsible for environmental medical evaluation should participate in the selection, planning and sanitary design of water conservancy and hydropower project construction areas and resettlement areas, aiming to ensure that the environmental safety and health requirements of residential areas are met. 7.5 The channels and water sources of water supply projects should establish "secondary" water source sanitary protection zones. That is, only water plant operators, maintenance, supervisors and inspectors are allowed to enter and exit the first zone, and the number of fishing passes issued is strictly limited; in the second zone, no new construction or expansion of residential buildings, industrial enterprises, camping, land reclamation, and planting of deciduous trees are allowed. The number and range of animal populations are limited according to the regulations of health institutions; in the third zone, no new construction or expansion of infectious disease hospitals and no industrial enterprises are allowed. Sanitary and epidemic prevention management measures should be strictly implemented during the epidemic season of intestinal infectious diseases. 7.6 In order to prevent the export or import of infectious diseases in the proposed reservoir area, temporary quarantine ports should be established when necessary to conduct medical and sanitary quarantine and necessary sanitary treatment for a large number of susceptible people and food entering and leaving.4. Identification of environmental ecological data. The occurrence and spread of many natural epidemic and endemic diseases are regional in nature. This is a manifestation of the dependence of pathogens and transmission media on environmental conditions, such as meteorological conditions (including temperature, humidity, season, etc.) and water and soil factors and the nutritional level of the food chain.
5 Medical evaluation
5.1 Environmental water medical evaluation indicators are to find out the rules and establish the main influencing factors from the collected data, and to conduct scientific evaluation based on their quantity and its changing dynamics. There are three common indicators: 5.1.1 Health status indicators:
a) Morbidity
Morbidity. (1 1) - The number of new cases of human and livestock diabetes in 10,000. 1 ) Average number of people exposed in the same period
b) Infection rate
Number of positive cases,
Infection rate (%) =
Number of people examined
c) Prevalence rate
(2)
Prevalence rate (100,000) - Number of uncured cases in the base sample 10,000 (3) Number of people exposed in the same period
d) Mortality rate
Mortality rate (%) = Total number of deaths in two years Mid-year population in two years
Note: "Mid-year of a year" starts from June 30 or July 1 of that year. e) Case fatality rate
Case fatality rate (road) -
5.1.2 Disease vector indicators:
a) Mosquito density (individuals/person-hour) and its species; b) Rodent density (individuals/100 people) and its species; c) Snail, crab, shrimp, shellfish density (individuals/n\) and its species. 5.1.3 Pathogen indicators:
a) Water bacteria indicators: total bacteria count·human intestinal flora. Number of deaths
Number of cases of a certain disease
X1000:
:com (4)
(5)
c) Vector carrier rate (berry).
d) Water fluoride and iodine content (mg/L)
GB/T 16124—1995
5.2 In the medical evaluation of environmental impact, when analyzing the relationship between the risk of disease and harmful environmental factors, the risk of disease at different levels of exposure to the agent shall be compared. Useful evaluation methods: a) Relative risk
Pathogen after flooding (used for impact assessment after project operation); Relative risk
Incidence rate before water storage
or Incidence rate before water storage (used in project design stage) (6)
b) Specific risk
Specific risk | Incidence rate of observation group minus incidence rate of control group Www.bzxZ.net
or | Incidence rate before water storage minus incidence rate after water storage (7) c) Standardized mortality ratio
6. Impact prediction
Standardized mortality ratio - number of deaths in the observed population
expected number of deaths in the population
(8)
6.1 Environmental water medicine prediction, generally based on the principle of ecological stability of pathogenic factors, environmental conditions and susceptible populations, based on the data before the project and the changes in the water environment caused by the project, predict the changes in the disease spectrum 3 to 5 years after the project is put into operation, the possible level of disease output or input and the spread range. According to the different nature of the impact, direct or indirect, temporary or regular, etc., several options are proposed, and relief and improvement measures are formulated for decision makers to adopt. 6.2 The selection of the method for predicting the impact of water conservancy and hydropower projects on human health depends on the evaluation staff, working hours, the status of the information mastered, and the importance of the project on human health. At present, environmental medicine still uses single-evaluation methods: a) Expert prediction method (Delphi method): a prediction agency or expert group is established, and the number of members is preferably about 20. There is no direct contact between experts, and they only have a relationship with the prediction agency. Each expert makes a predictive judgment based on the information he has mastered or his own knowledge and experience. The prediction agency compiles all of its "votes" into a report and performs statistical processing; b) Trend extrapolation method: According to the law of causality, that is, the inherent connection characteristics of the predicted object, after carefully examining the past and present situation, it is assumed that the object will continue to develop at the same speed and direction, and extend it to the outside as the prediction result: c) Analogy prediction method: It is a more commonly used prediction method. According to the development process and conditions of the analog project, it has similar functions, characteristics and operation methods as the project being tested, similar natural geographical environment and a certain number of operating years. The phenomenon observed from the study of analog projects may be the result of the predicted project. d) Ecological mechanism or cause analysis prediction method: The increase or decrease in the number of infectious disease carriers and vector animals has a direct impact on the epidemic. Therefore, the epidemic trend can be predicted from the distribution and number of such animals. For example, black-striped field mice are infectious hosts of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. Generally, when their density is below 2%, epidemic hemorrhagic fever may not occur or only occur in individual cases; when the density is around 5%, sporadic cases may occur; when the density is above 10%, a medium or large epidemic may occur. The size of the vector energy can be used to predict the scale of the epidemic. The vector energy refers to the number of new cases that can be transmitted by a primary case of hemorrhagic fever through a vector ant every day.
1) Vector energy
Vector energy=ma
=inp
In the formula, ma (bite rate) is the average number of bites received by a certain type of mosquito per night (days): +——Daily survival rate of the vector mosquito;
The spore multiplication period (or external latent period) is generally 12 days:: com(9)
GB/T161241995
In the formula, is the life span of the butterfly mosquito that actually plays a role in transmission. 2) Basic reproduction rate
Basic reproduction rate-recovery rate×vector energy In the formula, basic reproduction rate-how many new cases can a non-immune primary case of scabies spread through the vector mosquito! Recovery rate-the rate at which a patient recovers to a non-infectious state every day; vector energy-same formula (9).
The predicted value of the above formula is expressed as <1 or >1. The larger the value, the greater the epidemic intensity. e) Regression prediction method: There are univariate linear regression, multivariate linear regression, nonlinear regression prediction, etc. (10)
[) Simulation experiment method: According to the principle of ecological environment similarity, the survival adaptability of vector animals is tested in the observation point and the control area respectively, and the feasibility of predicting the epidemic of the disease in the reservoir area is predicted by comparing the observation data. 7 Countermeasures
7.1 By compiling and submitting environmental impact assessment reports for water conservancy and hydropower projects, incorporating environmental medical monitoring, assessment and prediction results into the planning and design demonstration of engineering projects, and optimizing the plan with the least adverse impact on environmental ecology and human health, it is a fundamental measure to protect the health of residents. Any report that lacks environmental medical evaluation content will not be approved by the environmental protection department. 7.2 Biological and chemical diseases are special ecosystems composed of different types of biological communities under different medical and geographical conditions. When formulating countermeasures, corresponding measures should be taken for the weakest links in the system. 7.3 On the basis of environmental water conservancy impact medical evaluation and measurement, there is a possibility of daily elimination of diseases, management of reservoir areas, elimination of the possibility of the spread of various sources of infection and pollution, and disease monitoring agencies should be established for large-scale water conservancy projects. 7.4 The unit responsible for environmental medical evaluation should participate in the selection, planning and sanitary design of water conservancy and hydropower project construction areas and resettlement areas, aiming to ensure that the environmental safety and health requirements of residential areas are met. 7.5 The channels and water sources of water supply projects should establish "secondary" water source sanitary protection zones. That is, only water plant operators, maintenance, supervisors and inspectors are allowed to enter and exit the first zone, and the number of fishing passes issued is strictly limited; in the second zone, no new construction or expansion of residential buildings, industrial enterprises, camping, land reclamation, and planting of deciduous trees are allowed. The number and range of animal populations are limited according to the regulations of health institutions; in the third zone, no new construction or expansion of infectious disease hospitals and no industrial enterprises are allowed. Sanitary and epidemic prevention management measures should be strictly implemented during the epidemic season of intestinal infectious diseases. 7.6 In order to prevent the export or import of infectious diseases in the proposed reservoir area, temporary quarantine ports should be established when necessary to conduct medical and sanitary quarantine and necessary sanitary treatment for a large number of susceptible people and food entering and leaving.1) Average number of people exposed in the same period
b) Infection rate
Number of positive cases,
Infection rate (%) =
Number of people examined
c) Prevalence rate
(2)
Prevalence rate (100,000) - Number of uncured cases in the base sample 10,000 (3) Number of people exposed in the same period
d) Mortality rate
Mortality rate (%) = Total number of deaths in two years Mid-year population in two years
Note: "Mid-year of a year" starts from June 30 or July 1 of that year. e) Case fatality rate
Case fatality rate (road) -
5.1.2 Disease vector indicators:
a) Mosquito density (individuals/person-hour) and its species; b) Rodent density (individuals/100 people) and its species; c) Snail, crab, shrimp, shellfish density (individuals/n\) and its species. 5.1.3 Pathogen indicators:
a) Water bacteria indicators: total bacteria count·human intestinal flora. Number of deaths
Number of cases of a certain disease
X1000:
:com (4)
(5)
c) Vector carrier rate (berry).
d) Water fluoride and iodine content (mg/L)
GB/T 16124—1995
5.2 In the medical evaluation of environmental impact, when analyzing the relationship between the risk of disease and harmful environmental factors, the
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