Some standard content:
GB/T 5611:-1998
This standard is a revision of GB/T 5611-85 Casting Technology, which includes 1254 basic terms related to casting and other manufacturing processes, of which 66 are retained in the original standard. 188 new terms are added. The classification of terms is changed from 100 to 1000. The symbols used in this standard are square brackets "two" and circle marks "()". 1. Instructions for the use of square brackets
\!\ The Chinese name before the term is the recommended name (non-verb) of the term. The Chinese name in "" is the synonym of the non-verb. The synonym is divided into two categories; the other category is the other Chinese name of the same term, such as \casting alloy: 10 ... Used in the literature. Abbreviations are used to simplify the text when expressing the content of the literature. For example, "die casting" in "die casting" can form new terms such as die casting machine and die casting alloy. It is recommended to give priority to the use of the term in the title and chapter titles of the document. 2. Instructions for the use of figure numbers \()\|tt||\()\ The text in the brackets is used to explain, define or replace the words before the brackets. (1) For explanation, for example, "the content of aluminum silicon in the product (12.6%Si)" indicates that the content of aluminum silicon in the alloy is 12.6%Si. (2) For limitation, for example, "fluidity (metal)", which is limited to the fluidity of the metal molten metal. (3) For substitution, for example, "molding sand" means "molding sand and/or inductively coupled sand". Appendix A of this standard This standard is a supplementary appendix to the standard. It replaces GB56115 and was proposed by the Ministry of Machinery Industry of the People's Republic of China. This standard was prepared by the National Technical Committee for Foundry Standardization. The original author of this standard is Shenyang Foundry Research Institute. The original drafters of this standard are Wei Wengao, Ge Chenguang, Zhang Chonghua, 1 Scope
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Foundry Terminology
Foundry lerminalogy
GB/T 56111998
Agent:
This standard specifies the basic terms and definitions of casting materials, casting alloys, casting technology and casting equipment. This standard is applicable to the formulation of casting standards, the compilation of technical documents, the writing of teaching materials and books and periodicals, and the translation of literature. 2 Basic terms
2.1 Casting, launding, foundry Melting metal, making a casting mold, and burning the molten metal into the casting mold to obtain a forming method with a certain shape and properties after solidification.
2.2 Sand casting Sand casting is a casting method for producing castings in a sand mold. 2.3 Special casting special casting process is other casting methods different from sand casting. Such as investment casting, mold casting, ceramic casting, metal mold casting, card cross casting, live pressure casting, centrifugal casting, continuous casting, etc. 2.4 Casting
The molten metal is poured into the mold, and the metal parts or components with certain shape, size and performance are obtained after solidification. 2.5 Rough casting
The castings to be further processed into parts or finished products should meet the requirements of the casting cabinet. 2.6 Sand casting
The castings produced by sand casting. Similarly, castings produced by other casting methods can be called castings, centrifugal castings, drop mold castings, etc. 2.7 Trial casting
A small number of castings are trial-produced with the same model before formal production. It is used to check whether the casting alloy and casting process meet the requirements. 2.8 As-cast casting
Parts that have been shaved and removed after casting, but have not been refined, machined and treated for performance. The mold is made of plastic sand, metal or other refractory materials, including the cavity, core and pouring system that form the shape of the mold. When the mold is supported by a sand box, the sand box is also an integral part of the mold. It is not allowed to call the mold "casting mold" or "mold". 2.10 Casting process casting process. Foundry technology The technology and method of producing castings by applying the relevant theory and system knowledge of the foundry industry. Including mold material preparation, core making, metal separation and refining, pouring and solidification control, etc.
2. Foundry materials foundrynaterials State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision approved on July 31, 1998 and implemented on July 1, 1999
GB/5671-1998
Raw materials and process materials used in foundry production 2.12 Consumable materials The energy dissipative materials used in the processes of smelting, casting, hardening material preparation, mold making (etc.) in foundry production, excluding the metal materials converted into parts
2.13 Foundry equipment foundsy lacilities The general term for various machines and equipment used in foundry production. 2.14 I.caster.founder.foundry worker Workers in foundry production, including direct production workers and auxiliary production personnel, not including model making. 2.15 foundry: foundryman
Staff members in scientific research institutions, schools, and management teams who are engaged in production technology, management, scientific research and teaching 2.16 foundryshop
A workshop for producing castings. Usually composed of melting, molding, pouring, cleaning and sand treatment: 2.17 foundry
A factory that produces castings. Generally refers to a professional foundry that independently carries out production, management and operation. Artached foundry, independent foundry2.18
A machine factory affiliated to a machine manufacturer: Usually produces parts for the enterprise or company 2. 19 abandoned foundry eflluerllThe general term for the exhaust gas, waste water and waste slag discharged from the foundry. 2.20 batch
The delivery of parts to this unit. Refers to the castings of the same quality produced in the same production, using the same equipment and in the same direction (including heat treatment) within a period of time. bit cirt,a hentaa melt
The total amount of metal obtained from the first melting or the amount of castings obtained from the first heat treatment. For the melting area, it refers to the amount of iron discharged from the first tapping or the amount of iron discharged between the tapping intervals.
2.22 welding+flow Welding is a welding method that pours wet metal into the mold to be welded so that it can be welded to the connected parts. It is mainly used to connect rails or other surface hooks that do not require high welding quality. 2.23 Ingot
A metal block cast by pouring molten metal into an ingot mold for use as a charge or for further hot processing. For example, steel keys, iron chains, pipes, etc.
3 Casting alloys and smelting, casting
3.1 Basic terms of the Association for the Study of Metallurgy
3.1.1 Casting alloys
It has suitable casting properties and is used to produce alloys for castings. 3.1.2 Eutectic alloy system An alloy system that undergoes eutectic transformation during solidification, including eutectic alloys, hypereutectic alloys, and hypereutectic alloys. 3.1.3 Eutectic alloys are alloys that are at their eutectic point and whose solidification structure is entirely composed of eutectic components. 3.1.4 Eutectic alloys are eutectic alloys with low solute content and the primary phase during solidification is the matrix phase. 3.1.5 Eutectic alloys are eutectic alloys with high eutectic content and the primary phase during solidification is the solute phase. 1
3. t. 6 Eutectic celi
GB/T5611-1998
A particle cluster formed by the co-growth of the eutectic phase and the solid phase during the solidification stage of the eutectic alloy, such as the solid phase in the casting or the Kietzite-Muhlenbergite eutectic cluster:
3.1.7 Eutectic temperature utcx:lr:tcrnperat The temperature at which the eutectic melts or precipitates during the solidification of the eutectic alloy during the heating process 3.T8 Eutectic transformation Under equilibrium conditions, the alloy liquid is cooled to the eutectic temperature, and two or more phases are crystallized at the same time. The product of eutectic transformation is called eutectic. Under non-equilibrium conditions, the alloy liquid must be supercooled to below the eutectic temperature before its transformation occurs. 3.1.9 Eutectic structure Eutectic & structure Two-phase or multi-phase structure formed by eutectic transformation, 3.1.10 Casting composite material Rael composite Metal matrix composite material obtained by casting method, 3.1.11 Directional eutectic composite material Directional eutectic composite material Eutectic composition alloy, through the directional bonding of solute phase and matrix along a single heat flow direction to form a product microstructure of columnar crystals. It has excellent heat resistance, density resistance and high mechanical properties. 3.1.12 Non-erystallic alloys are alloys obtained by rapid solidification (cooling rate of 10% to 10\K/s) or deep undercooling (undercooling degree of 10°K) to effectively transform the molten metal into a crystal when solidifying and solidify it into a glassy state. 3.1.13 Alloying elements are chemical elements used to obtain the required composition, structure and properties in the alloy. 3.1.14 Impurity elements are chemical elements that are not intentionally added to metals or alloys. Their content is not large, but they often have a significant effect on the structure and properties of the alloy.
3.1.15 Alloy heredity is the property of the metal or alloy that remains after remelting. 3.1.16 Cast structure is the structure of the alloy that begins to have the same appearance when it is transformed. 3.1.17 Iron-carbon phase diagram Iron-carbon phase diagram The horizontal bar indicates the carbon-containing single phase and the horizontal bar indicates the carbon-deficient metal phase. The diagram is divided into the iron-carbon equilibrium (Fe-C) phase diagram and the iron-carbon equilibrium (Fe-Fe2C) phase diagram according to the heating and cooling rates. The two phase diagrams are superimposed on each other and are called the natural double phase diagram.
3.1-18 Compound
A substance formed by the combination of carbon and one or more metal elements. It is an intercalary compound formed when the carbon content in the iron alloy exceeds its solid content in the matrix phase.
3.1. 19 Carburization is the precipitation of Fe-type carbides during the solidification and cooling transformation of iron-carbon alloys according to the metastable equilibrium system. It is divided into primary cementite (precipitated from the rolling phase), secondary cementite (precipitated from austenite) and tertiary cementite (precipitated from the austenite): the eutectic structure of secondary cementite and austenite is usually ledeburite, and the eutectic structure of secondary cementite and ferrite is usually ledeburite. 3.1.20 Carbide forming element carbide forming element is an element in steel that promotes or easily forms magnetism with carbon. 3.1.21 Single cast test block separaled 1cst bar of rasting Test block cast in a separate test block mold, the single test block must be cast in the same furnace or package as the casting, and is processed into a test sample for testing chemical composition, metallographic structure and mechanical properties.
3.1.22 Negative test block testjug
CB/T56111998
On the part, the block is cut to the same size as the part. After being processed into a test sample, it is used to test the chemical composition, metallographic structure, mechanical properties, etc. of the part.
3.1.73 Body test It is a test sample cut from a certain part of the body of the part to test the composition, structure and properties of the part. 3.1.24 Superheating superheating
Heating a metal above the melting point or heating an alloy above the liquidus temperature, 3.1.25 Sunur cooling molten metal cooling to the equilibrium solidification point or liquidus temperature without solidification: This is a non-equilibrium state, which is caused by the spontaneous transformation of the equilibrium state, 3.1.26 Constituent constitution a supercooling alloy solidification process, which is caused by the uneven distribution of solutes in the liquid phase at the front of the solidification interface due to the downstream redistribution of the solid phase, resulting in the liquidus temperature before the solidification temperature changes.
3.1.27 Dearce of undercooling The position of the transformation temperature of the molten metal in the equilibrium state and the actual phase transition temperature, 3.1.28 Thermal transition point [4: Phase transition point A: transformation [empr:ra11rr The phase transition temperature of the iron-metal alloy when it is heated in the solid state range. The higher the heating phase transformation point is, the higher the equilibrium phase transformation point is. The faster the heating speed is, the greater the difference is. The physical meaning of each heating phase transformation point is as follows: A indicates the starting temperature of pearlite to austenite transformation: A indicates the temperature at which all preeutectoid ferrite dissolves into austenite: A indicates the temperature at which preeutectoid cementite dissolves into austenite: 3.1.29 Cooling phase transformation point iAr phase transformation point, Ar transtormation temperature is the phase transformation temperature when the alloy is cooled in the solid state. The cooling phase transformation point is lower than the equilibrium phase transformation point. The faster the cooling speed is, the greater the difference is. The physical meaning of each cooling phase transformation point is: A indicates the starting temperature of austenite to pearlite transformation: A indicates the temperature at which preeutectoid ferrite dissolves into austenite: A indicates the temperature at which preeutectoid carbide dissolves into austenite: 3.1.30 Crystallization
is the process in which atoms occupy the specified positions of the lattice to form crystals. The crystallization process goes through two stages: nucleation and growth, and continues until the liquid phase is completely transformed into a solid phase. Nucleation is the process of supercooled metal liquid forming product nuclei: it is the initial stage of crystallization: under a certain degree of supercooling, due to the temperature and concentration, some atomic groups or foreign particles in the solid metal reach a critical size and become solid particles. When the surrounding atoms move upward to further reduce their energy, these atoms solidify into product nuclei. 3.1.32 Homogeneous nucleation: a process in which the molten metal is supercooled and produces a significant nucleation. 3.1.33 Heterogeneous nucleation: a process in which the molten metal is supercooled and produces a significant nucleation. 3.1.34 Dynamic nucleation: a process in which the nucleation is promoted by mechanical or physical methods such as vibration, stirring, liquid impact, and rotating molds during the solidification process. 3.1.35 Dynamic nucleation: a process in which the molten metal is supercooled and produces a significant nucleation. Dynamic forming is one of the methods. During pouring, the liquid flow is moved, so that the small pieces or droplets generated by the contact between the light metal and the cold mold wall fall from the mold wall and are evenly distributed in various places in the mold. When the superheat of the pouring liquid metal is small, these small pieces act as product nuclei and grow rapidly to obtain all parts of the equiaxial products.
3.1.36 Nucleating agent
Such as the additive that can act as product nuclei in the liquid or, although it cannot act as crystal nuclei, can interact with certain elements in the metal to form nuclei or effective nucleation points.
3.1.37 Nucleation rate
GB/F 5611—1998
\-The number of product nuclei generated per second in the homogeneous volume metal wave under a certain degree of supercooling. It represents the nucleation ability of the wave: 3. 1. 38growth
Metal structure: the process of connecting the growing body. 3.1.39cndogenous growthIn the process of liquid alloy structure, the nucleus forms in the liquid body before the boundary, and the shape of the product changes.
3.1.40exogenous growthIn the process of liquid alloy structure, the product just grows from the already formed interface to the body, and the nucleus and the product grow exogenously.
3.1.41coupled growthIn the crystallization of eutectic alloy, the two products form a common growth interface and then grow together. The formation process of the symbiotic interface is the nucleation process of eutectic alloy.
3.1.42 Faceted growth Faceted growth is a growth method of the crystal stacked on a flat surface at atomic scale: the flat surface is the surface of the crystal ring, the growth speed is the cone formed by these crystal faces, and the growth direction is the cone formed by these crystal faces. Its thermodynamic condition is melting temperature (R) and gas constant: 3.1.43 Non-faceted growth Faceted growth is a growth method of the crystal stacked on a rough surface at atomic scale. In metallographic observation, the front end of the dendrite has a long and smooth cone surface, and the growth direction is the cone. Its thermodynamic condition is melting temperature (R) and gas constant (R). The growth of most crystals belongs to non-faceted growth. 3.1.44 Growth interface [interface, growth intt:rfaee of crystal, intcrlacc During crystal growth, atoms are stacked on the surface. On the original scale, according to the relationship between the melting point and the gas volume constant ratio, it can be divided into two categories: smooth interface (4Sm2R) and rough interface (452R). Smooth interface: atoms are not easy to stack and the growth rate is slow. Rough interface: atoms are easy to stack and the growth rate is fast. 3.1.45 Gas (metal) asahsorprion (mrtal)) The process of melting and/or combining gases between molten metal and solid metal. 3.2 Cast steel
3.2.1 Cast copper
The general purpose alloy that does not undergo a transformation during the solidification process is divided into two categories: carbon steel and cast alloy steel
3.2.2 Carbon steel carbon cast steel Steel with carbon as the main alloying element and a small amount of other elements. According to the carbon content, it can be divided into low alloy steel, medium alloy steel and high alloy steel. 3.2.3 Casting alloy steel The content of alloy elements added to improve the performance exceeds the casting carbon steel range. The alloy element content is divided into micro-alloyed cast steel, low alloyed cast steel, superalloyed cast steel and high alloyed cast steel. 3.2.4 Low alloy cast steel The total amount of alloy elements (mass fraction) is less than 5%. 3.2.5 Micro-allaying tactile alloying cast steel Micro-allaying tactile alloying cast steel is a steel with alloying elements such as cadmium, platinum, and ruthenium from group V in the periodic table, titanium, zirconium from group IVI, tantalum from group IIA, and indole from group A. The content of these alloying elements in the alloy shall not exceed (.10%). 3.2.6 Ferric cast steel ferriic cast steel GB/T5611-1998 Cast steel with a ferrite matrix structure. Including ferritic corrosion resistant cast steel, ferritic heat resistant cast steel and magnetic steel. 3.2.7 Austenitic cast steel Cast steel with austenite matrix structure. Including ferritic corrosion resistant cast steel, austenitic heat resistant steel, high manganese steel and non-magnetic steel. 3.2.8 Stainless steel Alloy steel that can resist corrosion by the atmosphere, acid, alkali, etc., including austenitic stainless steel, ferrous stainless steel, stainless steel and precipitation hardening stainless steel. 3.2.9 Magnetic cast copper non-magnetic. cast Steel is a low magnetic permeability anti-magnetic cast steel with austenite structure, used to cast the stator and pressure valve of steam turbine generator. Main grades ZG2Mn18Cr4.2G40Mn18r3 and other grades
3.2.10 Simple steel nustenitic manganese steel, high manganescstcel chemical composition (mass fraction) containing 1.0% to 1.35% carbon, 11% to 14% manganese austenitic cast steel, 3.2.11 High strength cast steel high s1rength tast steel low gold casting structural steel with a strength of 100 (\MPa + total alloy element salt (mass fraction) generally 5%: comprehensive mechanical properties are good, it has high tensile strength, good plasticity and toughness + high fracture toughness and small crack propagation rate.
3.2.12 Ultra-high strength cast steel ul.ra high nttenigth rant Steel is used to make cast alloy steel for structural parts that bear extremely high stress. Generally, the service strength is greater than 1180MEa. The resistance strength is greater than 380MPa, and it has sufficient toughness and high specific strength and yield strength ratio, and has good welding and casting properties. It is divided into two categories: low alloy, medium alloy, high alloy and ultra-high strength cast steel. 3.2.13 Wear-resistant cast steel is a cast steel with good wear resistance. Commonly used wear-resistant cast steels include manganese steel, silicon manganese steel, chrome manganese steel, chrome manganese steel, high manganese steel, fruit steel, etc.
3.2.14 Heat-resistant cast steelheat resisting cast steel Steel is a cast steel with good oxidation resistance when working at high temperature over 500℃. Heat-resistant cast steel with elements such as tantalum, silicon or lead that can form a firm, stable and continuous oxide film, which is both resistant to oxidation and has certain heat strength is called heat-resistant cast steel. According to different metallographic structures, it can be divided into ferrite, martensite, austenite and austenite, which are called heat-resistant cast steel. 3.2.15 Corrosion-resistant cast steel Corrosion-resistant cast steel is a cast steel that can resist corrosion in specific corrosive media. According to different matrix structures, it can be divided into ferrite, martensite, austenite and fine corrosion-resistant cast steel.
3.2.16 Graphitie steel
Composition (mass fraction) is carbon 1.25%~~1.45%, carbon 1%~1.25%, manganese 0.3%~0.5% After appropriate heat treatment, part of the magnet is decomposed in the form of stone. Only good comfort and toughness 3.2.17 Cast steel far chain cables has high mechanical properties and is suitable for casting far chain cables. 3.3 Cast iron
3.3.1 Cast iron (ns1. ira
) is a general term for iron-based alloys that undergo a transformation during the solidification process to produce castings. In these alloys, carbon can be retained in the austenite solution when the temperature exceeds the solidification temperature. 3.3.2 Synthetic cast iron syntheticcailiro is a gray cast iron obtained by adding carbon and silicon to the low-carbon titanium liquid obtained by induction furnace with a high proportion of scrap steel (60~80% scrap steel + 20% 40 tight recycling). Its cast iron is mainly A-type, short in length and uniform in sensitivity, with good uniformity of structure and hardness. 3.3.3 Cast iron uluciccas 3.3.4 Hypocutectite cast iron is cast iron with carbon content less than the eutectic carbon equivalent, i.e. cast iron with crystallinity S1; 3.3.5 Hypertulertieeastiron is cast iron with carbon content greater than the eutectic carbon equivalent, i.e. cast iron with crystallinity S>1; 3.3.6 Flake Kraphite cast iron is cast iron with carbon mainly precipitated in the form of flake graphite, and is gray in color. 3.3.7 Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Ductile iron Iron is a cast iron that has been spheroidized but not completely solidified and then heat treated to make most or all of the graphite spheroidal, sometimes a little lumpy.
3.3.8 High ductility nodular cast iron High ductility nodular cast iron has a certain strength and high elongation (>10%) and impact toughness. The matrix is ferrite. It is divided into spheroidal cast iron and annealed high-toughness nodular cast iron. 3.3.9 Medium manganese ductile cast iron Ductile iron with a chemical composition (mass fraction) of 5.0% to 9.0% manganese and 3.3% to 5.0% silicon. By selecting the appropriate chemical composition and controlling its cooling rate, ductile iron with a distribution of fast or discontinuous network cementite on a needle-like or austenite matrix can be obtained.
3.3.10 Medium silicon ductile iron containing silicon (mass fraction> 3.5%~5.5% ductile iron has good heat resistance and high mechanical properties. The use temperature range is 650~900. This cast iron has low thermal conductivity and is brittle. It needs artificial aging after casting. 3.3.11 Melleable cast iron White cast iron is a cast iron with high calcium content obtained by calcining or decarburizing annealing to change its metallurgical structure or composition.
3.3.12 Whiteheart malleable cast iron White tear rnalleable cast iron is a malleable cast iron with a white fracture center and no or little annealing stone in the center after deep oxidation decarburization annealing.
3.3.13 Blackheart malleable cast iron White cast iron is a malleable cast iron with a gray outer ring and a black velvety fracture center after annealing in a neutral atmosphere to decompose iron carbide into aggregated stone and ferrite.
3.3.14Purtially graphitized malleable cast ironBlack malleable cast iron with substandard quality. This is because the cementite is not completely decomposed during the first stage of graphitization annealing, and some cementite remains.
3.3.15Ferritic malleable cast ironBlack malleable cast iron with a matrix of ferrite. 3.3.16Nearly malleable cast ironBlack malleable cast iron with a matrix of pearlite3.3.17Spheroidal graphitemalleable cast ironThe chemical composition is between malleable cast iron and ductile cast iron, and it is a malleable cast iron with a spheroidal structure obtained by spheroidization and short-term annealing. Its as-cast structure is white cast iron structure, the annealing temperature is low and the time is short, the casting performance is good, it can be forged and cast, the mechanical properties are equivalent to those of ductile iron, and it has the advantages of low production cost and energy consumption. 3.3.18 End band cast iron End band cast iron, stone tool cast iron "veriniculatgraphitecastinununpactedkraphitecaxriror" cast iron with no spots in the metallographic structure: 3.3.19 Whitxt irm
GB/T 56111998
Carbon is precipitated in the form of free magnetite, and the fracture is monochromatic. 3.3.20 Mottled cast iron Mottled cast iron Cast iron with part of the free carbides precipitated in the form of stone tool, the fracture is grayish and tends to be austenite, etc. The matrix structure is austenite. 3.3.22 Bainite cast iron is a kind of cast iron with the characteristics of acid resistance, alkali resistance, seawater corrosion resistance, heat resistance and non-corrosiveness. It can be obtained by adding tin, copper, nickel and other alloy elements in the as-cast state or by heat treatment.
3.3.23 Bainite ductile cast iron is a ductile iron with a bainite matrix obtained by adding tin, copper, nickel and other alloy elements in the as-cast state or by heat treatment. It is divided into two categories: normal bainite ductile cast iron and low bainite ductile cast iron. Compared with ordinary bainite cast iron, bainite ductile cast iron has a higher yield rate than ordinary bainite cast iron. When the tensile strength is doubled, the bending fatigue strength is as high as 80%, which is a material with good combination of strength and performance. 3.3.24 Isothermal heat treated ductile iron austepi:teddurlile iron. ADI isothermal heat treated bainitic ductile iron is austenitic ductile iron. 3.3.25
Bainitic ductile iron bainitcwhitecastlirun isothermal heat treated white cast iron with a matrix of bainite. 3.3.26 Acicular cast iron contains a small amount of nickel, copper, and isothermal heat treated bainitic gray cast iron. The acicular bainite structure is obtained by adding 1, such as copper. The formation of special bainite.
3.3.27 Martensitic cast iron is a cast iron composed of martensitic matrix. It is used for castings with simple shape, quenching, not easy to crack, and requires resistance to quenching. 3.3.28 Ferritic cast iron: cast iron with a matrix of mostly ferrite. Such as ferrite ductile iron, ferrite ferrite, etc. 3.3.29 Pearlite cast iron: cast iron with a matrix of mostly pearlite. Its chemical composition is characterized by low carbon, medium chromium, slightly higher manganese content, and a small amount of spheroidal alloying elements such as copper, zinc, tin, antimony, etc. It has relatively high strength and resistance to corrosion. 3.3.30 Sorhitic cast iron: cast iron with a matrix of mostly ferrite. 3.3.31 Alloy cast iron: cast iron with a matrix of mostly ferrite. The content of conventional elements silicon and manganese is higher than that of ordinary cast iron or contains other alloying elements, and has higher mechanical properties or other special properties.
3.3.32 Low-chromium cast ironwww.bzxz.net
Cast iron with the total amount of alloying elements (mass fraction) other than carbon and silicon less than 3%. 3.3.33 Cast iron with chromium as the main alloying element. Chromium is a strong element that stabilizes carbides and pearlite, which can improve the hardness and toughness of cast iron, and improve the wear resistance, corrosion resistance and heat resistance of cast iron. It is divided into low-chromium cast iron, medium-chromium cast iron and high-chromium cast iron. High-chromium cast iron3.3.34
Cast iron with chromium (mass fraction) less than 12% has excellent wear resistance and heat resistance, and can withstand high temperatures below 1°C. According to different uses, it is divided into two series: low phosphorus heat-resistant cast iron (CT24%~36%) and carbon resistant cast iron (CC12~33%).
3.3. 35 High silicon cast iron: s1 iron containing silicon (mass fraction 114%~18%) acid-resistant iron. GB/T 5611-1998
3.3.36 Medium silicon cast iron containing silicon (mass fraction) 5%~7% heat-resistant iron. Its structure is ferrite with a small amount of stone and does not change below 8°C. A continuous and dense SiO2 protective film is formed on the surface of the cast iron to prevent further oxidation. Medium silicon cast iron has greater randomness and preheating resistance. It has large stress and is easy to break. It must be treated by human T before use. It is less lacking in Cr, M.Ni and has good mechanical properties. 3.3.37 High cast iron high Phosphorus content (mass fraction) 0.35%-65% Phosphorus in cast iron: Phosphorus exists in the form of phosphorus products in cast iron, forming a hard skeleton and making cast iron have good abrasive properties. It is divided into two categories: ordinary high-phosphorus cast iron and alloy high-phosphorus cast iron. Alloy high-phosphorus cast iron also contains elements such as Cu, Ti, Cl, Mo, etc. to further improve mechanical properties and abrasive properties. 3.3.38 Lead cast ironaluminium castiron is a heat-resistant cast iron containing 4% to 26% aluminum (mass fraction), which is divided into medium-aluminum cast iron (containing 4 to 7% aluminum) and high-aluminum cast iron (containing 15% to 26% aluminum). The metallographic structure is a ferrite matrix, which does not undergo phase change at the use temperature and forms a brittle A () film to prevent further oxidation.
3.3.39 High aluminum cast iron is a heat-resistant cast iron containing 18 to 26% aluminum (mass fraction). High aluminum ductile iron has high mechanical properties. High aluminum ductile iron can be used for a long time below 950℃, and high aluminum ductile iron can be used for a long time in gas medium buckets below 100℃. The fluidity of this iron is low, and the linear shrinkage and volume shrinkage are large. In order to prevent the formation of Al () during pouring, the molten iron should fill the mold steadily, quickly and continuously. Nickel cast ironnickel cast iron
3. 3. 409
is a cast iron with chrome as the main alloying element. Among them, nicrosilicic iron (Ni-resist) containing 8% to 22% nickel, 1.5% to 4.5% chromium, 3.5% silicon and 14% chrome is a low-carbon cast iron with excellent alkali resistance and heat-resistant ferromagnetic iron containing 3.5% nickel; 3.3% to 6.5%, 2% chromium or 9% nickel hard cast iron (Nihattl) recorded martensitic wear-resistant white cast iron. 3.3.41 Cast iron hnrorl cast iron
boron (mass fraction) 0.03%~0.08% fire. Wear-resistant gray cast iron with boron-doped carbon or ledeburite in the structure. 3.3.42 High grade cast iron high grade cast irrn general term for high mechanical properties.
3.3.43 High duty cast iron high strength cast iron cast iron with good mechanical properties: tensile strength 3GMPa. 3.3.44 Engineering cast iron engineering cant iron various cast irons with certain mechanical properties and resistance to increase. They are widely used in low temperature and high working conditions. 3.3.45 Special cast iron specialcast irrn cast iron with special properties, such as heat resistance, corrosion resistance, hemp resistance, pressure resistance, non-magnetic, etc. 3.3.46 Abrasion rasistant cast iron Cast iron with good abrasive wear resistance. Commonly used abrasion resistant cast irons include ordinary white cast iron, low alloy cast iron, bottom chromium cast iron and ductile iron.
3.3.47 Chilled cast iron Chilled cast iron is a cast iron that uses the method of chilling to make all or part of the carbon in the chilling zone be chemically bonded. 3.3.48 Wraar resisting cast iron is a zinc cast iron that is not easy to wear. It is mainly formed by chilling or adding alloying elements in the cast iron to form a wear-resistant matrix and a certain amount of hardening and moisture.
3.3.49 Heat resistant cast iron Heat resistant cast iron can be used at high temperatures, and the anti-oxidation or anti-aging performance meets the requirements of the use, such as aluminum chain iron, high-quality iron, coal-fired iron, and medium-quality iron.
3.3.50 Corrosion resistant cast iron Rorrnsion resistant cast iron1 irartGu/T5611-1998
Can resist chemical and electrochemical corrosion. Such as high silicon cast iron, high chromium cast iron, nickel cast iron, etc. 3.3.51 Acid resistant cast iron aeid reingastirm Chain iron with excellent acid corrosion resistance. Shoulder silicon acid resistant cast iron, 3.3.52 Mcehanie cast iron In 1922, American Ma treated low carbon molten iron with silicon calcium inoculant to obtain high strength castings. Mcehanie cast iron is divided into five types: (type (ordinary engineering type), H type (heat resistant cast iron type), (type resistant cast iron type), "type (heat resistant cast iron type), S type (spherical resistant cast iron type), each type is divided into grades 3.3.53 Inoculated cast iron Aeid reingastirm The sub-complex iron obtained by treating molten iron with calcium inoculant, 3. 3. 54
Total carbon
The sum of the combined carbon and free carbon (carbon dioxide) in cast iron. 3.3.55 Carbon equivalent
Convert the silicon, phosphorus and other elements in cast iron into carbon to estimate the carbon content of the cast iron. The carbon equivalent (CE) is equal to the sum of the converted carbon equivalent of silicon, phosphorus and other elements and the actual total amount. The approximate calculation formula is -1 (S+P)/3.
3.3.56 Carbon equivalent meter, a culectometer, is an instrument used to quickly determine the carbon equivalent of molten iron in front of the furnace. It is composed of a test cup, a thermocouple and an electric temperature recorder. When the molten iron is poured into the test cup, the temperature recorder automatically draws the cooling curve of the solidification process of the molten iron in the test cup. According to the relationship between the cooling curve and the carbon equivalent, the carbon equivalent and carbon and silicon content of the iron can be determined. 3. 3. 57Eutectoid carbon saturation ratio of cast iron carbon content to eutectic carbon content. The ratio is C/(4.26-0.31S0.27P). 3.3.58Silicon-carbon ratiosilicon-carbon ratioThe ratio of silicon content to carbon content in cast iron. The carbon ratio has a significant effect on the solidification and phase change characteristics of the casting, the microstructure, mechanical properties and casting properties.
3.3.59Manganese-sulfur ratiomtngcar:sulphurratioThe ratio of manganese content to sulfur content in cast iron. Manganese can combine with sulfur to form high melting point MnS, promote the accumulation of heterogeneous nucleation and eliminate the harmful effects of sulfur.
graphite morphologycast irongraphite morphology irun3.3.60
The shape, size and distribution of stone accumulation in cast iron. There are more than 20 common stone accumulation forms, which can be divided into four categories according to the appearance, internal structure and location characteristics: flake graphite, mites, spheroidal graphite and flocculent graphite. 3.3.61H-shaped graphite [flnkegraphite
The quasi-morphology in cast iron. Under the optical microscope, it is discontinuous and pre-stacked; under the scanning electron microscope, it is a granular flower. According to its morphological characteristics, it is divided into six categories: A, B, CD, E, and F. Spheroidal graphite Spheroidal graphite3.3.62
The morphology of stone obtained by spheroidization of molten iron. The morphology of spheroidal graphite is close to spherical, with a radial shape and obvious polarization effect. 3.3.63 Agglomerated carbonaceous graphite annular graphite is a kind of graphite that is formed by the decomposition of cementite after high temperature annealing. It can be divided into five types according to the order of decreasing density: spheroidal, flocculent, flocculent, worm-like and dendrite. 33.64 Spheroidal graphite is the main graphite form in malleable cast iron. It has an irregular shape like cotton wool and is similar to the closed spherical graphite. It can sometimes be found in ductile iron. 3.3.65 Confined graphite. Vermiculat graphite is a stone morphology between spherical and flake-shaped stones. When observed under an optical microscope, it is smaller than GB/T 5611-1998, with uneven sides and rounded ends. It has a polarizing effect. When observed under an electron microscope after deep decay, it grows in clusters. The ends of the branches are blunt and the sides are stacked. 3.3.66 Bloomed graphite is an abnormal spherical shape. Under optical microscopy, the spherical graphite is composed of closely connected eutectic graphites, whose intermittent appearance is basically spherical, but the diameter is larger than that of spherical graphite; under scanning electron microscopy, the blooming graphite is wrapped in a metal matrix into a crystal cluster, and the small pieces that make up the blooming graphite bands are connected together, with the characteristics of spherical graphite. 3.3.67 Primary graphite (1) Graphite precipitated in liquid cast iron before the eutectic solidifies: (2) Graphite that has appeared in white cast iron before annealing. 3.3.68 Undercooled graphite The graphite formed in hypoeutectic gray cast iron when the undercooling is relatively high. 3.3.69 Eutectic graphite Graphite precipitated during the transformation of liquid cast iron into eutectic. As the degree of cooling increases, the uniformly distributed non-directional A-type graphite in grey cast iron evolves into chrysanthemum-shaped B-type graphite and dendritic graphite (supercooled accumulation). 3.3.70 Eutectic carbide When the cast iron has a low content of lithogenic elements, the cooling rate is fast and it crystallizes according to the metastable system, the carbide formed by the transformation of eutectic products: free carbon Iree carbon
Carbon in cast iron that is not chemically bound with other elements. Generally refers to the graphite in cast iron. Also called graphitic carbon. 3.3.72 Graphitization
(1) The process by which carbides in cast iron or steel decompose into graphite during heat treatment; (2) The process by which phosphorus precipitates in the form of graphite when cast iron solidifies.
3.3.73 Graphitizingannealing A heat treatment process that converts all or part of the carbon in cast iron into graphite. It is divided into two categories: low-temperature and high-temperature graphitization annealing. Low-temperature graphitization annealing is used to reduce the hardness of cast iron and decompose part of the eutectoid carbon. The heating temperature is generally 720-750°C. High-temperature graphitization annealing temperature is generally 900-980°C:, which is used to obtain ferritic graphite cast iron or plateable cast iron. The first stage of graphitization annealing
3.3.74 Graphitization gade The percentage of carbon precipitated in the form of graphite in the cast iron structure accounts for the total carbon content. 3.3.75 Graphitizing factor graphitizing factor means graphitization tendency - it is a parameter (K) that evaluates the tendency of zinc iron to precipitate in a stable system when it is solidified. K = 4Si[1-5/(31C-Si)1/3. The larger the K value, the greater the graphitization frequency of the cast iron. 3.3.76 Percentage of graphite arca The ratio of the graphite area to its circumscribed area is an indicator for evaluating the shape of a single deposit. The graphite area ratio of 0.81-0.58 is a spheroidal graphite, 0.61-~0.80 is a globular graphite, and 0.21~0.40 is a worm-like stone. Hindered graphitizing element hinderedgraphitizinclemcn13. 3.77
An element that reduces the activity of magnetic elements in cast iron, enhances the iron-carbon bond, hinders the precipitation of graphite, promotes the formation of magnetized materials or amorphous bodies, and causes cast iron to crystallize or recrystallize in a metastable system. Such as Mn, S, Mo, Cr, VH.V, 1e, Su.Sb, etc. 3.3.78 Griphitizer
Added to the iron melt to increase the tendency of cast iron to spheroidize, so that carbon will precipitate in the form of graphite during the solidification of cast iron. 3.3.79 Mudularizing treatment of graphite The treatment method and process of adding spheroidizing agent to the iron melt to make it crystallize into spheres: 3.3.BD Spheroidizing percentage of sphiertidizationl The ratio of the number of spherical graphites to the total number of graphites in the field of view of an optical microscope magnified by 1 times. 3.3.81 Number of graphite spheroids number of moduiaigeaphites
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