SY/T 10031-2000 Recommended practices for planning, design and construction of structures and offshore pipelines under cold conditions
Some standard content:
ICS75.180.10
Registration No.: 6958—2000
People's Republic of China Offshore Oil and Gas Industry Standard SY/T 10031—2000
Replaces SY/T4803—92
idt API RP 2N: 199S
Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Structures and Fipelines for Arctic Conditions2000-04-10 Issued
National Petroleum and Chemical Plant Guangye Bureau
2000-10-01 Implementation
SY/T 10031—2000
API Foreword
Policy Statement
Chapter 1 Scope of Application...
1.1 Overview
1.2 Organization
1.3 Interpretation
Chapter 2 Definitions
2.1 Organizations and Associations
2.2 General Definitions
2.3 Structural Types
2.4 Definition of Ice
Chapter 3 Overall Design
3.1 Design Approach
3.2 Overall Planning
3.3 Structural Planning
3.4 Massive Ice Bodies
Chapter 4 Environmental Considerations
4.1 Overview
4.2 Environmental Phenomena
4.3 Meteorological Conditions
4.4 Ocean hydrological conditions
4..5 Sea ice conditions.
4.6 Geological conditions,
Chapter 5
5.1 Overview
Load considerations
5.2 Types of loads
5.3 Wind, wave and current loads
5.4 Determination of ice loads·
5.5 Seismic loads
Chapter 6 Design loads and resistances
6.1 Overview.·
6.2 Types of loads·
6.3 Return period and ice load factor· ..
6.4 Load combinations
6.5 Strength load combinations
6.6 Serviceability check...·
6.7 Fatigue analysis.
6.8 Survivability check
6.9 Resistance factor -
Chapter 7 Structural design
7.1 Overview
7.2 Steel structures·
7.3 Concrete structures·
7.4 Earth-fill structures
Ice structures
Mixed structures
Chapter 8 Foundations
Overview·
Cultivated foundation·
Gravity foundation·
8.4 Gravity foundation with anti-slide piles
Foundation stability of fill structure
8.6 Displacement of a certain foundation·
Chapter 9 Submarine pipelines
Overview·
Swimming bottom·
Permafrost
Pipeline landing·
Pipeline installation
Pipeline protection
Monitoring and maintenance
Chapter 10
Construction·|| tt||Offshore operations
Chapter 11
Operational considerations·
Survey and inspection
Ice protection system
11.4 Operation and safety
Chapter 5 Notes - Load considerations
Chapter 6 Notes - Design loads and resistances
SY/T10031--2000
In order to meet the needs of my country's development of offshore oil and gas resources, China National Offshore Oil Corporation adopts the APIHP2N: \Recommcnded Practice for Planning, Designing and Constcting Structures and Pipelines for Aretic Conditions\ 1995 first edition of the American Petroleum Institute, and revises the original offshore oil and gas industry standard SY/T4803-92 "Recommended practice for planning, design and construction of offshore fixed structures under icy conditions" (first edition of APIHP2N: 1988), and publishes it as a new Chinese offshore oil and gas industry standard.
According to the regulations of the State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision on the numbering of offshore oil and gas industry standards, the numbering of offshore oil and gas industry standards should be above 10000. Therefore, the original abbreviation of this standard is changed to $Y/T10031-2000. Considering the increase in the content of this standard and the expansion of its application scope, the name of the standard is also changed accordingly: "Recommended practices for planning, design and construction of structures and offshore pipelines under cold conditions".
Compared with the previous version, the new version of the standard mainly includes the following chapters: Chapter 6 "Design Loads and Resistances" for load resistance coefficient method design: Chapter 1 "Submarine Pipelines" for recommended practices for planning, design and construction of offshore pipelines: Notes on the fifth chapter "Load Considerations" and the eighth chapter "Design Loads and Resistances" as well as Appendix A introducing data resources for cold regions. For the convenience of users, the arrangement of chapters in this standard is the same as the original text and has not been changed. In the design, construction and use of offshore oil and natural gas development projects involving laws, regulations and provisions of the government of the country where the original standard is located or other competent authorities, the relevant laws, regulations and provisions frequently promulgated by the government of the People's Republic of China or the competent government departments shall be followed. The original standard on wind, waves, currents, ice, temperature, earthquakes and other environmental factors is not included in the original standard. Data or quantitative calculation methods of environmental conditions that are in line with my country's actual conditions shall be used for reference; otherwise, data and quantitative calculation methods that are in line with my country's actual environmental conditions shall be used. The measurement units of this standard are mainly legal measurement units, that is, the legal measurement unit values are in front, and the corresponding values of the imperial units are marked in brackets after them.
In order not to change the shape characteristics, constants and coefficients of the formulas and curves in the original standard, all those using imperial units shall still use imperial units. This standard was issued on April 10, 2000 and implemented on October 1, 2000: This standard was proposed and managed by China National Offshore Oil Corporation. The compilation unit of this standard: China National Offshore Oil Corporation Production Research Center. The main compiler of this standard: Shi Zhaoji.
The chief reviewer of this standard: Li Yushan.
SY/T 10031—2000
API Foreword
This recommended practice includes special considerations for the planning, design and construction of cold environment systems. This recommended practice, when used in conjunction with other applicable API standards and specifications, such as AFI RP 2A or RP 1111, will help provide guidance for the design of cold environment systems. This recommended practice applies to the following systems in cold environments: offshore concrete structures, steel structures, and composite structures, sand and gravel artificial islands used as exploratory drilling and production platforms; offshore ice artificial islands used as exploratory drilling platforms; near-shore causeways; offshore pipelines; landing pipelines, etc. This recommended practice is interpreted by the API Standards Committee on Offshore Structures and Cold Environment Systems. This recommended practice supersedes the first edition of API RP 2N, which became effective on June 1, 1988, and the first edition of Bulletin 1, published in January 1982. 2N First Edition. The systems and materials covered in this recommended practice require different design approaches. It is important to understand the considerations associated with the different design approaches. This recommended practice attempts to reflect the latest technology in the planning, design, and construction of cold and sub-cold offshore structures. Although some of the information is still proprietary, it is incorporated into this recommended practice in the same manner as non-proprietary information when it is considered appropriate. This recommended practice also reflects, to the greatest extent possible, the latest experience gained in the design, construction, and operation of structures in cold and sub-cold waters. The application of this experience and the conduct of specialized research and development work in the future design of cold and sub-cold structures are encouraged. API publications are available to anyone who wishes to use them. The Institute has made unremitting efforts to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data in its publications. However, the Institute makes no representation, warranty or guarantee regarding these publications and expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for any loss or damage resulting from the use of these publications or for any violation of any federal, state or municipal regulations. Suggested modifications are welcome and should be submitted to the American Petroleum Institute, Exploration and Development Division, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, D.C.C20005
SY/T10031—2000
Policy Statement
API publications are only for general issues. When it comes to specific issues, you should consult the relevant laws and regulations of local, state and federal governments.
API does not assume the obligation of owners, manufacturers and suppliers to inform, properly train or equip their employees and other personnel on the health and safety risks and preventive measures, nor does it assume their legal responsibilities to local, state or federal governments. Information on safety and health risks and corresponding preventive measures related to special materials and processes should be obtained from the owner, manufacturer or supplier who provides the material, or refer to the material safety data sheet. The contents of API publications cannot be interpreted in any implicit or other way as granting any right to manufacture, sell or use any method, device or product included in any patent certificate. Nothing in this publication can be interpreted as exonerating anyone from the liability for violating the rights of the patent certificate.
Ordinarily, API standards are reviewed and revised, re-approved, or withdrawn at least every five years. Occasionally, this review period may be extended for up to two years. This publication shall remain in effect for no more than five years from the date of publication as an active API standard unless an extension of validity is authorized for reprinting. The status of this publication may be determined from the API Editorial Office at (202) 682-8000. The API (1220 T. Stmct, VW, Washington, DC 20005) Catalog of Publications is published annually and updated quarterly. This document was prepared in accordance with the API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notice and participation in the drafting process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the contents of this standard or comments and questions concerning the procedures governing this standard should be addressed directly to the Editorial Office (indicated in the title of this document), American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, I.C. 2X015. Requests for reprints or translations of all or part of this document should also be addressed to the responsible person for approval. API specifications are available to anyone who wishes to implement them. The Institute has made every effort to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data in these specifications. However, the Institute makes no representations, warranties, or guarantees regarding any published API specifications and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from the use of API specifications or for any violation of any federal, state, or municipal regulations that may conflict with such regulations.
AFI standards are published to promote the widespread use of proven, reliable processes and operating practices. They are not intended to exclude the use of sound engineering judgment, regardless of when and where these standards are applied. The formulations and publications of API standards are not intended in any way to prohibit anyone from using any other standard specification.
Any manufacturer of equipment or apparatus bearing the API mark is solely responsible for the compliance of the product with the requirements of the API specification. The American Petroleum Institute does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products actually conform to the applicable API specifications. Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Construction of Structures and Pipelines for Anctic Corditions Chapter 1 Scope 1.1 Overview SY/T 10031—2000 Replaces SY/T 4803—92 API RP 2N: 1995 1.1.1 This recommended practice includes special considerations for the planning, design and construction of structural systems for use in cold regions. This recommended practice is used in conjunction with other applicable API standards and specifications, such as AF1 RP 2A or RP 1111, will help to provide guidance for the design of systems in cold regions. 1.1.2 This recommended practice is applicable to the following systems in cold environments: offshore concrete structures, steel structures and composite structures, sand artificial islands and gravel artificial islands used as exploration drilling and production platforms; offshore ice artificial islands used as exploration drilling platforms; ● Nearshore causeways;
Offshore pipelines;
● Landing pipelines
1.1.3 These systems and various materials involved in this recommended practice require different design methods. Therefore, it is important to understand the corresponding considerations related to different design methods.
1.2 Organization
1.2.1 This recommended practice attempts to reflect the relevant cold This recommended practice reflects the latest technology in the planning, design and construction of offshore structures in cold and sub-cold waters. Although some of the information is still proprietary, it is still cited in this recommended practice in the same way as non-proprietary information when it is considered appropriate. This recommended practice also reflects the latest experience gained in the design, construction and operation of structures in cold and sub-cold waters to the greatest extent possible. The application of this experience and the conduct of special research and development work in the design of structures in cold and sub-cold waters in the future are encouraged. 1.3 Interpretation Rights
1.3.1 The API Standards Committee on Offshore Structures and Cold Region Systems is responsible for the interpretation of the contents of this recommended practice. This recommended practice replaces API RP 2N Edition 1, which took effect on June 1, 1988, and Bulletin 2N Edition 2, published in January 1982. Approved by the Petroleum and Chemical Industry Bureau of China on April 10, 2000, and approved on October 1, 2000 Implementation
2.1 Organizations and Associations
NAVFAC
2.2 General Definitions
American Bureau of Shipping
American Institute of Masonry
American Institute of Steel Construction
Alaska Oil and Gas Association
American Petroleum Institute
SY/T10031—2000
Chapter 2 Definitions
Arctic Petroleum Operators Association (now merged with the Petroleum Institute of Canada)American Society of Civil Engineers
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
American Society of Materials Engineers
American Welding Society
(U.S. Army) Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Canadian Petroleum Association
Canadian Standards Association
DNV|
(UK) Department of Energy
International Preformation Federation
International Hydraulic Research Association
(USA) Society of Corrosion Engineers
(USA) Naval Equipment Command
Norwegian Institute of Engineering Technology
Marine Mechanics and Cold Regions Engineering
Harbor and Marine Engineering under Cold Conditions
2.2.1 Adfreeze: Adhesion between ice and the surface of a structure. 2.2.2 Aapectralio: Ratio of the diameter of a structure to the thickness of ice. 2.2.3 Atmnepheric Zone: The portion of a structure above the splash zone. 2.2.4 C-axis: The principal crystallographic axis perpendicular to the basic crystallographic planes of a hexagon. The original bonding force between the basic crystal planes is relatively weak. 2.2.5 Consolidation: The freezing process of ice or the precipitation of interstitial water in ice, or the freezing between ice blocks or particles.
2.2.6 Artificial ice: Ice formed by intentionally pouring water or spraying water on the surface, using convection heat transfer elements or other methods on the lower surface.
2.2.7 Creep: The change of strain with time under the condition of constant stress. 2.2.8 Natural hydrates: Ice-like bodies composed of water and dissolved gas molecules that can remain stable above freezing point.
2.2.9 Gouging: The seabed is frozen by ice. 2.2.10 Permafrost: Part or all of the body is frozen together with pore water that does not thaw all year round. Permafrost can be natural or artificial. Sometimes permafrost is defined as soil below 0°C. In this document, permafrost refers to soil that is frozen together with ice. 2.2.11 Porosity: The porosity of ice refers to the ratio of its pore volume (gas and liquid) to the total volume of the ice (solid, gas and liquid). The porosity of soil refers to the ratio of its pore volume (gas and liquid) to the total volume of the soil (solid, gas and liquid). The pores may contain air, snow or water.
SY/T10031—2000
2.2.12 Scour: Erosion of dusty soil by waves and tidal currents 2.2.13 Sintering: A property that indicates the degree of connection between ice blocks, which depends on contact pressure, temperature and time 2.2.14 "Splash zone": The part of the structure that is periodically wetted and dried due to the action of tides, waves and spray. 2.2.15 Submerged zone: The part below the splash zone. 2.3 Types of structures
2.3.1 Caisson: A caisson structure is a supporting member that is both a foundation and a superstructure. 2.3.2 Compliant platform: A compliant structure is a bottom-mounted structure with great flexibility. 2.3.3 Fill structure: A gravity structure built of gravel, sand or other fill materials. 2.3.4 Floating structure: A floating structure. 2.3.5 Gravity structure: A floating structure. 2.3.6 Guy tower (lyellower): A guy tower structure is a steel tube frame that mainly uses a guy system to bear horizontal loads. 2.3.7 Hybrid structure (hyhridstructure): A structure composed of one or more structural types or materials. 2.3.8 Ice structure (irestructure): A floating or bottom-type structure made of natural or artificial ice. 2.3.9 Mooring structure (mooredsbructure): A floating structure fixed by anchor cables. 2.3.10 Jack (template): Jack structure is composed of a jacket or a space frame connected by steel pipes. They are the guide frame and side supports of the piles when piling:
2.3.11 Tension leg platform (Iensionlegplatfom): A tension leg platform is a floating structure fixed to the seabed by vertical tension cables. 2.3.12 Tower (tower): The tower structure is a structure composed of a few large diameter legs. 2.4 Definition of Ice
2.4.1 Types of Sea Ice
2.4.11 Columnar/Oriented Ice: Columnar crystalline ice with the C axis pointing in the same direction in the horizontal plane, 2.4.1.2 Columnar/Oriented Ice: Columnar crystalline ice with the axis pointing randomly in the horizontal plane, 2.4.1.3 First-year Ice: Ice with an age of less than one year. Sea ice contains salt water while fresh water ice does not. 2.4.1.4 Eranular Ice: Ice with granular texture. Usually the C axis of the crystals does not have a specific direction. 2.4.1.5 Multi-year Ice: Ice with reduced salt content due to the discharge of salt water after one or more freeze-thaw seasons. 2.4.2 Ice Zones
2.4.2.1 Active Zone: An area where ice movement and deformation occur. 2.4.2.2 Fast ice (faatire): Any type of sea ice that remains attached to a sheet of sea, an island or the bottom. 2.4.2.3 Landfast ice (landfastice): Any type of sea ice that remains attached to the coast. 2.4.2.4 Rack ice (rackice): Ice in areas other than fast ice or ice in the transition zone. 2.4.2.5 Transition zone (transiliunzune): An area of ice between fast ice and rack ice that is usually greatly deformed and whose width varies with the season and year and can range from hundreds of feet to tens of miles. Fast ice can be found in parts of this area adjacent to the bottom (the transition zone is also called the shear zone or Stamukh zone). 2.4.3 Openlead
2.4.3.1 Openlead: basically a long and narrow opening in the sea ice. 2.4.3.2 Ice cave: a larger opening in the sea ice. 2.4.3.3 Refrozen lead: a frozen lead but with relatively smooth ice. The thickness of the ice varies from a few inches to several feet. 2.4.3.4 Slot: a human-shaped opening in the ice. A slot can be wet (completely penetrated), partially frozen or solid (partially penetrated).
2.4.4 Ice distributed in an area
2.4.4.1 Gngerrding: overlapping ice that is alternately reselected along the common boundary of two thin single layers of ice. 2.4.4.2 Floesorpans: Floesorpans are large ice sheets connected to different seas, and floesorpans are small ice sheets. 3
SY/T10031-2000
2.4.4.3 Iceberg: a huge ice body originating from a glacier or continental shelf ice source (freely broken from an ice source). 2.4.4.4 Iceland: a flat iceberg from a continental shelf ice source. 2.4.4.5 Multi-year floes: a large ice sheet that has experienced one or more melting seasons. Human ice may include intercalated ice ridges with weathered rounded, consolidated sails and relatively strong keels. 2.4.4.6 Rafted ice: An ice row formed by the overlapping of two or more layers of single ice. 2.4.4.7 Ruhhle field: An area of rubble ice floating together as a continuous body. A rubble ice field may contain several adjacently formed ice ridges. A rubble ice field may contain several floating rubble piles. 2.4.4.8 Rubble pile: A grounded ice body composed of rubble ice of different shapes distributed over an area rather than in a linear distribution. 2.4.4.9 Sheet ice: First-year ice that grows continuously throughout the winter and is relatively undisturbed and flat. 2.4.5 Linear distribution of ice
2.4.5.1 Compression ridge: First-year ice ridge formed mainly by the compression and bending of two colliding sheets of ice. The direction of relative movement between the sheets of ice is perpendicular to their common boundaries. Ice ridges are usually made up of loosely packed angular ice blocks, tending to form a sinusoidal linear distribution.
2.4.5.2 First-year ridge: First-year ice ridge formed by angular broken ice blocks and existing only in the first year. 2.4.5.3 Ice ridge: A linear distribution of ice produced by the relative movement between two sheets of ice. Depending on the direction of relative movement of the boundaries of the sheets of ice, the ice ridges are usually called compression ridges or shear ridges. 2.4.5.4 Multi-year ridge: A ridge that has undergone one or more melting seasons: 2.4.5.5 Ridge keel: The portion of an ice ridge that extends below the waterline. The keel may freeze (solidify) to a certain depth: 2.4.5.6 Ridge bail: The portion of an ice ridge that extends above the sea surface: The sails of a multi-year ridge are usually made of loosely packed ice. In a multi-year ridge, the sails become smooth and upright due to the melting in summer and the refreezing in winter. 2.4.5.7 Shearridge: A multi-year ridge formed by the sliding of two single layers of ice squeezed together along their common boundary. The sliding saw of the ice grinds the ice and forms a distribution that is straight rather than sinusoidal. 4
3.1 Design Method
SY/T 10031-2000
Chapter 3 Overall Design
Design is the process of selecting the shape, size, material and construction method of the structure based on environmental standards so that it can reliably and economically achieve the required functions. Design specifications and recommended practices can assist engineers in finding methods to achieve the designed safety level. This recommended practice provides considerations for the environment, sea ice and permafrost in the design of structures and pipelines in cold regions. Whenever possible, in order to obtain a consistent safety standard, this recommended practice recommends the use of load resistance design method and modified limit state design method. This recommended practice also recognizes the use of other design methods including the working stress method and the limit state method, so that the designer can use practices and specifications suitable for his design. When different design methods are used simultaneously, care should be taken to avoid design inconsistencies. For example, when designers use different design methods for the design of foundation and foundation engineering and other work for steel and concrete structures, design inconsistencies may occur. The application of safety factors, load factors, and material factors in different design methods must be correctly understood. This recommended practice is a guidance document. It is the designer's responsibility to make his design have an adequate safety margin. 3.2 General Planning
3.2.1 General
Cold environments require more and higher planning considerations for structures or structures than warmer areas. These considerations are related to the natural process of frequent extreme low temperatures and the status of systems, equipment, and personnel under these conditions. 3.2.2 Environmental Limitations
Inclement weather or seasons when the ice and frozen overlayer are unstable may limit access to the structure or facility. Consideration should be given to the restricted access to the structure or facility, extremely cold temperatures, and limited sunlight hours. Storage space, equipment reserve rate, and living and recreational facilities may all be increased compared to operations in similar warmer environmental conditions. In addition, the need to avoid snow and ice may also affect the location, orientation, support and other equipment of the structure. 3.2.3 Temperature Design Considerations
Temperature effects are important in the design and planning process. Temperature problems are usually related to the following factors: large temperature differences between the heated parts of the structure and its surroundings: large temperature differences between hot oil in sea pipes and risers and the surrounding permafrost; drilling through permafrost and ice structures in spring; installation and operation of facilities or structures that cause permafrost thickening or thinning; water freezing on supporting pipelines and piles;
permafrost or ice supporting vehicles or other loads; ice used as structural material
The temperature changes caused by shutting down risers, risers or sea pipes will cause them to expand and contract, so appropriate amount and quality of insulation construction is often required.
3.2.4 Leakage and Contamination
Because completely enclosed spaces are often required, methods for safely handling leakage and contamination in such spaces should be considered. The structural design should also propose equipment and process requirements for controlling and clearing crude oil spills: 3.2.5 Maintenance
Generally, there should be corresponding maintenance measures to mitigate the following effects:? Corrosion of steel;
Wear of steel and concrete:
Damage to the foundation supports of structures or pipelines due to melting settlement or freezing arching; Thawing and melting of iceways and ice islands that weaken ice supports; Weakened protection systems due to melting, thawing or erosion of ice barriers; 5
Impact and abrasion of artificial islands or embankment revetments, SY/T 10031—2000
When these effects are large, the design and planning should provide maintenance equipment and procedures for these systems. When an active protection system is used, the system will require reliable maintenance equipment and procedures, and be included in the design of the facility. 3.3 Structural Planning
Cold region structures such as ice or gravel islands may require additional requirements during the design and planning process. 3.3.1 Equipment Layout
The production function (e.g. drilling, production) determines the number, size and arrangement of major equipment supported by the structure. The arrangement of equipment should take into account the appropriate spacing of the surrounding working space to facilitate safe operation. 3.3.2 Transportation and Storage of Equipment and Supplies Special consideration should be given to facilities for handling major equipment and storing supplies during the planning stage. Depending on the design requirements, major equipment handling facilities may include loading docks, ramps for the structure, storage areas, and handling of supplies and equipment. 3.3.3 Ports
Information on ports should be integrated into the planning process. If drilling and production operations are expected or changes in the surrounding soil are expected due to the placement of the structure, special attention should be paid to the interaction of the structure with the casing. For example, allowances must be made for the difference in movement between the structure and the wellbore, and the possibility of vaporization should be considered if gas hydrates are present at the installation location. 3.3.4 Pipeline Risers and Ducts
The number of pipes and ducts required for the pipelines should be considered in the design. If there is ice thawing, the pipes and ducts of the pipelines must be enclosed in the structure and must be entered from below the seabed. 3.3.5 Transportation and Installation
The installation and transportation of the structure, the floating and relocation operations should be considered in the design and planning stages. This includes: ice resistance and wave response during transportation and installation; pipe networks and sealing devices required for water injection or drainage; grouting pipe networks;
Instrumentation and monitoring equipment;
●Towing and installation auxiliary equipment:
Overall stability and damage stability.
The temperature difference between the fabrication site and the installation site usually places great stress on metals, liquids, lubricants and other materials. This is an important consideration: 3.3.6 Waves and ice clearance
Due to the arrangement of structures in certain cold regions, special consideration needs to be given to deck clearance during wave surges and ice climbing. 3.3.7 Safety
Under severe climatic conditions and enclosed working spaces, structures have limited external access, which requires special provisions to ensure structural integrity and personnel safety in the event of a fire or explosion: In order to ensure the integrity of structures in cold regions, provisions should be made to isolate explosion fires with protective baffles. In some cases, there should be a blowout control console to control the explosive force and its effects. There should also be procedures for smoke control and personnel evacuation. Even when sea ice appears around the structure, the fire protection design should take into account that there is always an adequate supply of water.
3.4 Massive ice bodies
3.4.1 Overview
Massive ice bodies may represent unusual levels of loads: decisions may need to be made as to the risks of damage or destruction to structures and equipment without endangering human life or environmental damage. A complete emergency and response plan should be developed in the event of such an event. Such a plan should include organizational structure, personnel responsibilities and detailed procedures. The plan should include increased monitoring of possible ice damage, active protection systems and the establishment of closure and abandonment facilities:
3.4.2 Monitoring
It is beneficial to carry out routine monitoring of large ice bodies to predict their future movements and to identify their number, location and speed.5 Maintenance
Generally, there should be appropriate maintenance measures to mitigate the following effects:? Corrosion of steel;
Wear of steel and concrete;
Damage to the foundation supports of structures or pipelines due to melting settlement or freezing arching; Thawing and melting of iceways and ice islands that weaken ice supports; Weakened protection systems due to melting, thawing or erosion of ice barriers; 5
Scouring and abrasion of artificial islands or embankment revetments, SY/T 10031—2000
When these effects are significant, the design and planning should provide maintenance equipment and procedures for these systems. When an active protection system is used, the system will require reliable maintenance equipment and procedures, and be included in the design of the facility. 3.3 Structural Planning
Cold region structures such as ice or gravel islands may require additional requirements during the design and planning process. 3.3.1 Equipment Layout
The production function (e.g. drilling, production) determines the number, size and arrangement of major equipment supported by the structure. The arrangement of equipment should take into account the appropriate spacing of the surrounding working space to facilitate safe operation. 3.3.2 Transportation and Storage of Equipment and Supplies Special consideration should be given to facilities for handling major equipment and storing supplies during the planning stage. Depending on the design requirements, major equipment handling facilities may include loading docks, ramps for the structure, storage areas, and handling of supplies and equipment. 3.3.3 Ports
Information on ports should be integrated into the planning process. If drilling and production operations are expected or changes in the surrounding soil are expected due to the placement of the structure, special attention should be paid to the interaction of the structure with the casing. For example, allowances must be made for the difference in movement between the structure and the wellbore, and the possibility of vaporization should be considered if gas hydrates are present at the installation location. 3.3.4 Pipeline Risers and Ducts
The number of pipes and ducts required for the pipelines should be considered in the design. If there is ice thawing, the pipes and ducts of the pipelines must be enclosed in the structure and must be entered from below the seabed. 3.3.5 Transportation and Installation
The installation and transportation of the structure, the floating and relocation operations should be considered in the design and planning stages. This includes: ice resistance and wave response during transportation and installation; pipe networks and sealing devices required for water injection or drainage; grouting pipe networks;
Instrumentation and monitoring equipment;
●Towing and installation auxiliary equipment:
Overall stability and damage stability.
The temperature difference between the fabrication site and the installation site usually places great stress on metals, liquids, lubricants and other materials. This is an important consideration: 3.3.6 Waves and ice clearance
Due to the arrangement of structures in certain cold regions, special consideration needs to be given to deck clearance during wave surges and ice climbing. 3.3.7 Safety
Under severe climatic conditions and enclosed working spaces, structures have limited external access, which requires special provisions to ensure structural integrity and personnel safety in the event of a fire or explosion: In order to ensure the integrity of structures in cold regions, provisions should be made to isolate explosion fires with protective baffles. In some cases, there should be a blowout control console to control the explosive force and its effects. There should also be procedures for smoke control and personnel evacuation. Even when sea ice appears around the structure, the fire protection design should take into account that there is always an adequate supply of water.
3.4 Massive ice bodies
3.4.1 Overview
Massive ice bodies may represent unusual levels of loads: decisions may need to be made as to the risks of damage or destruction to structures and equipment without endangering human life or environmental damage. A complete emergency and response plan should be developed in the event of such an event. Such a plan should include organizational structure, personnel responsibilities and detailed procedures. The plan should include increased monitoring of possible ice damage, active protection systems and the establishment of closure and abandonment facilities:
3.4.2 Monitoring
It is beneficial to carry out routine monitoring of large ice bodies to predict their future movements and to identify their number, location and speed.5 Maintenance
Generally, there should be appropriate maintenance measures to mitigate the following effects:? Corrosion of steel;
Wear of steel and concrete;
Damage to the foundation supports of structures or pipelines due to melting settlement or freezing arching; Thawing and melting of iceways and ice islands that weaken ice supports; Weakened protection systems due to melting, thawing or erosion of ice barriers; 5
Scouring and abrasion of artificial islands or embankment revetments, SY/T 10031—2000
When these effects are significant, the design and planning should provide maintenance equipment and procedures for these systems. When an active protection system is used, the system will require reliable maintenance equipment and procedures, and be included in the design of the facility. 3.3 Structural Planning
Cold region structures such as ice or gravel islands may require additional requirements during the design and planning process. 3.3.1 Equipment Layout
The production function (e.g. drilling, production) determines the number, size and arrangement of major equipment supported by the structure. The arrangement of equipment should take into account the appropriate spacing of the surrounding working space to facilitate safe operation. 3.3.2 Transportation and Storage of Equipment and Supplies Special consideration should be given to facilities for handling major equipment and storing supplies during the planning stage. Depending on the design requirements, major equipment handling facilities may include loading docks, ramps for the structure, storage areas, and handling of supplies and equipment. 3.3.3 Ports
Information on ports should be integrated into the planning process. If drilling and production operations are expected or changes in the surrounding soil are expected due to the placement of the structure, special attention should be paid to the interaction of the structure with the casing. For example, allowances must be made for the difference in movement between the structure and the wellbore, and the possibility of vaporization should be considered if gas hydrates are present at the installation location. 3.3.4 Pipeline Risers and Ducts
The number of pipes and ducts required for the pipelines should be considered in the design. If there is ice thawing, the pipes and ducts of the pipelines must be enclosed in the structure and must be entered from below the seabed. 3.3.5 Transportation and Installation
The installation and transportation of the structure, the floating and relocation operations should be considered in the design and planning stages. This includes: ice resistance and wave response during transportation and installation; pipe networks and sealing devices required for water injection or drainage; grouting pipe networks;
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●Towing and installation auxiliary equipment:
Overall stability and damage stability.
The temperature difference between the fabrication site and the installation site usually places great stress on metals, liquids, lubricants and other materials. This is an important consideration: 3.3.6 Waves and ice clearance
Due to the arrangement of structures in certain cold regions, special consideration needs to be given to deck clearance during wave surges and ice climbing. 3.3.7 Safety
Under severe climatic conditions and enclosed working spaces, structures have limited external access, which requires special provisions to ensure structural integrity and personnel safety in the event of a fire or explosion: In order to ensure the integrity of structures in cold regions, provisions should be made to isolate explosion fires with protective baffles. In some cases, there should be a blowout control console to control the explosive force and its effects. There should also be procedures for smoke control and personnel evacuation. Even when sea ice appears around the structure, the fire protection design should take into account that there is always an adequate supply of water.
3.4 Massive ice bodies
3.4.1 Overview
Massive ice bodies may represent unusual levels of loads: decisions may need to be made as to the risks of damage or destruction to structures and equipment without endangering human life or environmental damage. A complete emergency and response plan should be developed in the event of such an event. Such a plan should include organizational structure, personnel responsibilities and detailed procedures. The plan should include increased monitoring of possible ice damage, active protection systems and the establishment of closure and abandonment facilities:
3.4.2 Monitoring
It is beneficial to carry out routine monitoring of large ice bodies to predict their future movements and to identify their number, location and speed.
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