Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Fur--Raw mink skin
1 Subject content and scope of application
GB/T 14789-93
This standard specifies the initial processing, quality standards, inspection methods, inspection rules, storage and packaging and transportation of mink skin. This standard applies to the initial processing of mink skin and the inspection quality of purchase and sale. 2 Terms and terms
2.1 The skin in season The skin with mature fur, hair quality and board quality, generally produced from late November to mid-December. 2.2 Form whole of skin Tube skin with standard grafting board and grafted according to uniform leather type, with complete head, ears, nose, tail and hind paws. See Appendix A. 2.3 Clear color
The color of fur, in line with the color characteristics.
2.4 Nice hide
The hide is flexible and elastic, with good oiliness, strong luster and no obvious pigment. 2.5 Damaged
Various defects that affect the quality of the hair and hide.
2.6 Hair top crooked
The tip of the needle hair is bent.
2.7 Stretched
When the hide is stretched, it is stretched forcibly, resulting in loose hair. 2.8 Damaged
Due to self-bite disease and hair eating disease, the hair and hide are damaged. 2.9 Rubbed
The mink rubs against the cage and the house, causing the hair to be damaged. 2.10 Scar
The hide is hardened and the hair is poorly developed at the place where the mink suffers from sores and herpes. 2.11 hole
A hole in a leather board.
2.12 white spot hairA small area of white needles and down on the hair cover. 2.13 shed hair
Hair loss caused by humidity, heat and stuffiness.
2.14 hair slip
The needles fall off and the down floats
Approved by the State Administration of Technical Supervision on December 2, 1993, 16
Implemented on June 1, 1994
2.15 singe skin
Single skin is scorched.
2.16 cut open
Leather cut into slices and air-dried.
2.17 Cotton
GB/T 14789
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The standard color mink fur has gray or white fur. 2.18 Matted hair
The hair is tangled and in bundles or felt.
2.19 Color type
The type is classified according to the basic color of the fur (the color types of domestic mink fur are: standard color, silver blue, beige, coffee, sapphire and white, etc.).
2.20 Irregular crotching The skin of the crotch is not cut according to the crotch line (the dividing line between long and short hairs on the inner side of the thigh). 2.21 Bald crotch
The crotch has no hair.
2.22 Shopworn skin
The skin is not produced in the same year.
2.23 Unusual form of skin Skins that are not shaped according to the standard plate. 2.24 Stained skin
Various types of hair pollution caused during the breeding, production and processing. 2.25 Spring culled skins
Skins that are slaughtered and peeled after breeding.
2.26 The skin in unseason The skin of minks that died in the non-peeling season.
2.27 Thin hair
The hair is obviously sparse.
2.28 Mixed colour
Except for special types (such as cross mink), skins with mixed colors. 3 Technical requirements
3.1 Quality standards
3.1.1 Quality grades of mink skins, see Table 1. Table 1
Quality requirements
Seasonal skin, complete skin type; flat and flexible hair, pure and shiny hair color, basically the same on the back and abdomen; moderate length ratio of needle hair, good coverage of needle hair; good board quality, no damage. Seasonal skin, complete skin type, hair quality, structure and board quality slightly worse than the first-grade skin standard; or with first-grade skin quality, it may have one of the following damages and defects:
1. The hair edge is slightly curled or stretched too much during processing. 2. Self-bite wounds, abrasions, small scars, holes or white hair are concentrated in one place, with an area not exceeding 2 cm. 3. The skin has a hole, the total length does not exceed 2 cm317
GB/T 14789 ---93
Continued Table 1
Leather that does not meet the second-level quality requirements (such as hair loss, needle flow and flying hair, burnt board skin, cracked skin, gray and white hair, hair edge hook or heavy tangled hair, etc.)
Colored mink skin (including cross mink skin) is subject to this quality requirement3.1.2
The following situations are graded according to the use value: missing material, broken ears, broken nose, irregular skin shape, oil scraping and washing skin, contaminated skin, spring discarded skin, non-seasonal dead skin, tangled hair, loose hair and poorly preserved tangerine peel.
Colored mink skin and mixed color skin without color characteristics are treated as secondary skin. 3.1.3 Quality Difference
3.1.3.1 Grade Difference: Grade 1 100%, Grade 2 80%, and sub-grade below 60% are priced according to quality. 3.1.3.2 Male-Female Difference: Male 100%, Female 70%. 3.1.3.3 Length specifications and differences, see Table 2. Table 2
Size Number
3.1.3.4 Fur Color Difference
Degrees, cm
Standard mink fur color difference, below brown 95%, brown 100%, above brown 105%. Colored mink fur does not have a fur color difference, and all are implemented at 100%. b.
4 Inspection method
4.1 Equipment
4.1.1 Inspection room: a clean room that is not disturbed by direct natural light, poor, %
4.1.2 Inspection table: height 87cm, width 95cm (or customized height according to work conditions), length as required. Table top painted with light color.
4.1.3 Tools: leather measuring board, see Figure 1. Tape measure or wooden ruler. 518
GB/T 14789--93
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Leather measuring board
Figure 1 Leather measuring board
4.1.4 Lighting: Four 40W fluorescent tubes or two 80W fluorescent tubes are set up parallel to the table, and the distance between the light source and the inspection table is 70 cm.
4.2 Operation method
4.2.1 Separation
Standard color and colored mink skins are separated.
Colored mink skins are separated by color type.
Mink skins of different colors are separated by gender.
On the basis of the above color separation, separate according to quality grade and length (size). Standard color mink skins are separated according to the color samples with difference. Quality inspection and grading
First touch, second shake, third visual inspection, comprehensive assessment based on the quality of the fur, color of the skin board, and degree of disability. a.
Pinch the head of the mink skin with one hand, and pass the other hand from the neck to the tail root to feel the density of the fur, the elasticity of the needle hair, and the condition of the board. Hold the mink skin in your hand, or press it on the inspection table, and shake the wrist of your right hand naturally to restore the fur to its natural state, and self-test the whole body. b.
The maturity of the fur (including the density of the fur, the proportion of needle hair, the covering ability of needle hair, the glossiness, the cross hair, whether the fur is flat and flexible, etc. Check the edges of the mouth, eyes, and ears, the shedding of summer hair, and the color of the head skin board to determine the skinning season. c.
Turn over the skin body, visually inspect the development of the abdominal fur, and compare whether there are differences in the fur on the back and abdomen and the number and location of injuries. Use your hands to wipe or use your fingers to move the local hair (you can blow with your mouth if necessary) to determine the degree of damage to the inconspicuous needle hair, gray and white hair, slightly tangled hair, small holes, and small hair loss. f. Use both hands to spread the two hind legs outwards and visually inspect the pigment depth of the exposed leather, the leather processing, and whether there is mildew and insect damage. 4.2.3 Identification of male and female leather
Lift the nose with one hand and the buttocks with the other hand to visually inspect the leather type and hair characteristics. At the same time, wipe the genital marks between the legs on the lower abdomen to distinguish between male and female leather.
4.2.4 Length measurement, see Figure 2.
GB/T 14789—93
Figure 2 Length measurement diagram
Put the skin flat on the inspection table, measure the length from the nose tip to the tail root, and determine the size grade. For mink skins with improper back crotch cut, measure the length from the nose tip to the nearest point of the buttocks. When the length of the mink skin is between the two grades (i.e. the intersection of the upper and lower size numbers), it is either down or up. 5 Inspection rules
5.1 Standard color mink fur color identification
5.1.1 Select the brown standard color sample.
5.1.2 Shake the fur of each skin using the shaking method in 4.2.2h, compare with the color sample, and divide it into three categories: brown, above brown, and below brown. The following situations are not considered as defects
The missing tail does not exceed 50% of the whole tail.
There is a vertical white line in the middle of the abdomen, and the width does not exceed 0.5cm. Male skin has bald spots, with an area not exceeding 5cm.
There are a few scattered white needle hairs on the skin.
The tail and melon surface are slightly gray.
The area of white spots on the lower jaw does not exceed 5cm.
The edges of the ears, eyes and nose are slightly covered with summer hair.
Well-preserved tangerine peel.
5.3 Purchase and handover inspection regulations
5.3.1 Both sporadic purchases and batch handovers must be inspected piece by piece. 5.3.2
The technical grade of batch handovers shall be increased or decreased by 5% of the number of pieces. 5.3.3 If there is a dispute over the quality of the grade during the handover, the disputed part can be re-inspected. If there is still a dispute after the re-inspection, the two parties shall negotiate to resolve it. 6 Storage and packaging and transportation
6.1 Storage and storage in a special warehouse
6.1.1 Storage conditions: Use a special warehouse with constant temperature and humidity, control the temperature at 5-10℃, and the relative humidity is less than 65%. 520
6.1.2 Storage requirements
GB/T14789-93
Use a thin string through the eye holes of the mink skin to tie several skins into a bundle, and hang each skin on a bracket, leaving a gap between each skin; or bundle the mink skin into cartons, leaving a gap between the boxes for ventilation. The warehouse should be kept clean and tidy, and measures should be taken to prevent insects and rodents. b.
6.2 Packaging and transportation
6.2.1 Packaging
a. Use cartons as outer packaging, lined with moisture-proof paper and wrapping paper, seal the gaps in the box lid with tape, and add more than two waist hoops to the outside of the box. Carton specifications for leather from No. 0 to No. 2: 90cm×40cm×36cm. b.
Carton specifications for leather below No. 3: 70cm×40cm×36cm. c.bZxz.net
d. Before sealing the box, fill in three copies of the packing list, one in the box, another on the outside of the box, and the third for future reference. The contents of the packing list include: box number, variety, gender, grade, length, color and number of sheets. 6.2.2 Transportation
Avoid moisture, high temperature and fire during transportation. 521
A1 Killing
GB/T14789—93
Appendix A
Technical requirements for processing raw mink skin
(Supplement)
Air injection method: Inject 5~～10mL of air into the heart of the mink. a.
Cervical vertebra breaking method: Turn the head and neck of the mink backwards, push forward and downward, and break the cervical vertebra. b.
Anesthesia method: Inject succinylcholine chloride aqueous solution into the heart, chest cavity, or abdominal cavity of the mink, with a dose of 0.7~~1mg/head. c.
A2 Carcass washing
Use fat-free, clean, dry, millet-sized hardwood sawdust to clean the hair and dirt. A3 Skinning
A3.1 Cutting the front paws: Cut off the two front paws from the wrist joint. A3.2 Pick the back, see Figure A1: Use a sharp knife to pick the back from one back palm to the other, along the dividing line of the long and short hairs on the inner thigh. Remove the hairless small triangle of skin around the anus. Pull out the coccyx. Then pick the tail skin from the rear edge of the anus to the tail end. Figure Al
Schematic diagram of picking the back
A3.3 Skinning: First peel the skin and flesh of the buttocks, hind legs, and tail, and use the backing method to peel the skin into a tube shape, keeping the head, ears, nose, tail and hind paws intact. A4 Scrape the oil
Use a knife or machine to scrape the fat and residual meat on the skin board, use appropriate force, and do not damage the skin board. 2
5 Trim
GB/T 14789-93
From the head to the tail, cut off the fat and residual meat remaining on the skin board. A6
Wash the skin with sawdust (same as A2). Use your hands or a drum to wipe off the grease on the leather first, then replace the sawdust with new sawdust and then rub the velvet until the velvet surface is clean and shiny.
A7 Upper hibiscus
A7.1 Planting board
A7.1.1 Planting board material: It is best to use red pine, white pine, birch or paulownia wood. 2 Specifications of coffin board: see Table A1
Distance from tip
Male sandalwood board
A7.1.3 Grooving of planting board: see Table A2
Grooving position
Front and back sides, between tip and 10 cm, in the middle part, total length 110
Board thickness 1. 1
Front side, 11 cm from tip, starting in the middle
Both sides, starting 13 cm from tip
Front and back sides, starting 11 cm from tip, on both sides of the center through groove
Along the periphery of the planting board (excluding the end)
Female sandalwood board
Opening requirements
Open shallow grooves, 2 cm wide and 0.2 cm deep, and connect with the shallow grooves on both sides of the center through groove
Open through grooves, the groove length is 70 cm and the width is 0.6 cm
Open a through groove, the groove is 15 cm long and 0.2 cm wide. Open one shallow groove each, the groove is 80 cm long and 2 cm wide. Open a shallow groove, the groove width is 0.3cm and the depth is 0.3cm
Mother transplant board
Total length 90
Board thickness 1
GB/T 14789-93
Continued Table A2
Opening position
Front and back sides, between the tip and 10 cm, on the front side of the middle part, 11 cm away from the tip, starting in the middle
Both sides start 11 cm away from the tip
Front and back sides, start 11 cm away from the tip, on both sides of the central through groove
Along the periphery of the transplant board (excluding the end)
Opening requirements
Open a shallow groove, 1.5 cm wide and 0.2 cm deep cm, and connected with the shallow grooves on both sides of the central through groove
Open through groove, groove length 55cm, width 0.6cm
Open through groove, groove length 15cm, width 0.2cm Open shallow grooves one each, groove length 70cm, width 1.5cm Open shallow groove, groove width 0.3cm, depth 0.3cm
A7.1.4 Treatment of new planting board: Boil with alkaline water for 30 minutes to remove, then rinse with clean water, and use after drying. A7.2 See Figure A2 for the requirements of planting.
Figure A2 Schematic diagram of planting mink skin
A7.2.1 Wrap the mink board with paper, and then put the skin on the planting board with the fur facing the outer coat. A7.2.2 Adjust the various parts of the skin body and make it close to the planting board. A7.2.3 Turn the skin of the two front legs along the leg to the inner side of the chest. A7.2.4 Use thumbtacks or staples to fix (the same below) the tail root and the lower edge of the buttocks on both sides so that they are in a straight line. A7.2.5 Stretch the tail skin horizontally to make it a long triangle, lay it flat on the sandalwood board, and fix it. A7.2.6 Stretch the skin of the two hind legs and lay it straight on the planting board so that the abdomen is flush with the edge of the buttocks, and fix it. A8 Drying
A8.1 Equipment
A8.1.1 Drying room: a closed, clean room with air inlet and exhaust ducts installed. A8.1.2 Air blower, see Figure A3: a combination of a wooden rectangular exhaust box and a blower. Several exhaust pipes are installed on the front of the exhaust box, with a length of 8 to 10 cm and an inner diameter of 0.7~~~0.9 cm (tube wall thickness 1 mm). The exhaust volume of each pipe is 0.022~~~0.028 m/min. The horizontal distance between pipes is 13 cm, and the vertical distance is 6 cm.
A8.2 Indoor environmental conditions
1. Exhaust box
GB/T14789-93
Figure A3 Schematic diagram of air dryer
Temperature 15~22℃, relative humidity 55%~~65%. A8.3 Drying method
Insert the mouth of the sandalwood bark into the exhaust pipe, and arrange the sandalwood barks in parallel without touching each other. Comb the sandalwood bark hairs to make them stand upright to facilitate water loss. After blowing for 24~30 hours, remove the male bark, replace the planting board, wrap the paper and put the sandalwood back on, do not fix it, and continue to blow. The sandalwood board of the female bark is not changed during the process. A8.4 Drying time
48~60 hours for male bark and 36~48 hours for female bark, until it is 80% to 90% dry. A9
When the skin is 80% to 90% dry, first remove the fixings, then remove the skin from the planting board, and then use iron wire to pass through the eye holes one by one, and hang it in a ventilated place to dry.
A10 De-ashing and finishing
A10.1 De-ashing
Use rattan or thin bamboo sticks to gently tap the softened hides along the length of the hides, or use a rotating cage to beat them, to remove the sawdust and dust remaining in the fleece.
A10.2 Arrangement
Check each hide. Re-clean the hides that have not been degreased, sawdust or dusted. Untangle the tangled hairs and comb them. Wipe all hides clean along the fleece with a soft cloth.
Additional remarks:
GB/T14789—93
This standard was proposed by the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. This standard was drafted by Shandong Livestock Import & Export Corporation. The main drafters of this standard are Wang Xiufeng, Zhao Qiuhua, Liu Yihong, Zhong Ya and Xu Yuquan. 326
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