This standard specifies the safety technical requirements for operators and other relevant personnel when entering cargo holds and other closed compartments where hypoxia and suffocation accidents may occur. This standard applies to ships and closed compartments used for transporting, loading, unloading and storing goods that may cause hypoxia and suffocation accidents. GB 16993-1997 Safety regulations for preventing hypoxia and dangerous operations in cargo holds and closed compartments of ships GB16993-1997 Standard download decompression password: www.bzxz.net

GB 16993-1997
This standard refers to the safety guidelines of the regulations "Rules for the Prevention of Oxygen Deficiency, etc." issued by the Ministry of Labor of Japan and the relevant standard GB8958-88 "Safety Regulations for Dangerous Operations with Hypoxia" of my country. It is compiled based on long-term scientific research and practice and in accordance with the characteristics and actual situation of my country's transportation industry.
The division of labor between the competent authorities and functional departments involved in the implementation of this standard has been clearly stipulated in the documents No. 62 of the Ministry of Communications (86) Jiao Lao Zi and No. 755 of the Ministry of Communications (86) Jiao Shui Jian Zi. From the date of entry into force, this standard will replace JT135--94. Appendix A, Appendix B and Appendix C of this standard are all informative appendices. This standard is proposed and managed by the Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China. The drafting units of this standard are: Standard Metrology Institute of the Ministry of Communications, Yantai Port Authority. The main drafters of this standard are: Hu Huanxiu, Duan Lijun, Guo Qigui, Li Wei, and Wang Desheng. 17
1 Scope
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Prevention of oxygen deficiency in cargo holds and closed compartments of ships
Safety regulations for working under hazardous conditions of the oxygen deficiency in the cargohoids and closed compartments of shipsGB 16993-1997
This standard specifies the safety technical requirements for operators and other relevant personnel when entering cargo holds and other closed compartments prone to oxygen deficiency asphyxiation accidents.
This standard applies to ships and closed compartments engaged in the transportation, loading and unloading and storage of goods prone to oxygen deficiency asphyxiation accidents. 2 Referenced standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard. When this standard is published, the versions shown are valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards. GB12301-91 Detection method of harmful gases generated by non-dangerous goods in the cabin 3 Definitions
This standard adopts the following definitions.
3.1 Oxygen deficiency
Refers to the state where the oxygen concentration in the air is less than 18%. (2.1 in GB8958-88) 3.2 Symptom of oxygen deficiency refers to the symptoms caused by inhaling oxygen-deficient air [The main symptoms of hypoxia are shown in Appendix A (Suggestive Appendix) of this standard). 4 Safety requirements
4.1 Air quality requirements
4.1.1 The oxygen concentration in the cabin air shall not be less than 18% at all times. 4.1.2 The carbon dioxide concentration in the cabin air shall not be higher than 1% at all times. 4.2 Ventilation
4.2.1 The ship shall effectively ventilate the cargo holds and related places (such as manholes, etc.) containing dangerous goods that are prone to cause hypoxia, so as to provide a safe working environment for the personnel entering the holds. For common types of dangerous goods that are prone to cause hypoxia, please refer to Appendix B (Reminder Appendix). 4.2.2 Before resuming operations, effective ventilation must be carried out for cargo holds that have been suspended or sealed for some reason. 4.2.3 For ships with multi-layer cargo holds, ventilation must be carried out separately when entering different cargo holds for operations. Deep cargo holds must be fully ventilated in particular.
4.2.4 Mechanical ventilation must be used when entering cabins with poor natural ventilation or cabins that have been closed for a long time (such as empty cabins, water tanks, chain lockers, side tanks, double bottom tanks, oil tanks and floating tanks, etc.). Approved by the State Administration of Technical Supervision on September 19, 1997, 18
Implemented on May 1, 1998
4.2.5 Ventilation should be carried out before cleaning the cabin. GB 16993—1997
4.2.6 It is strictly forbidden to use pure oxygen for ventilation. When mechanical ventilation is used for cabins where flammable and explosive gases may exist, explosion-proof ventilation machinery should be used.
4.2.7 Cargo holds that use carbon dioxide gas for fire extinguishing should be effectively ventilated. 4.3 Air detection
4.3.1 Types of detection methods
a) On-site detection can be carried out using portable oxygen detectors and carbon dioxide detectors, b) Laboratory detection should be carried out using GB12301 gas chromatography analysis method. 4.3.2 For cargo holds containing logs, grains, etc. that are prone to hypoxia and suffocation accidents, the air quality in the hold should be tested before workers enter the hold and during their work in the hold.
4.3.3 After the cabin is ventilated, the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the cabin air should be tested. In particular, attention should be paid to testing the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the bottom and corners of the cabin. When the test results do not meet the requirements of 4.1, ventilation should be continued until the test results meet the standards, and the operators can go down to the cabin to work. It is strictly forbidden for personnel to enter the cabin to work before confirming that the air in the cabin meets the requirements of 4.1. 4.3.4 Inspection personnel should try to use inspection methods that do not require going down to the cabin. When it is necessary to enter the cabin or the manhole for inspection or sampling, the inspection personnel must wear a self-contained air respirator to enter the cabin, and it is strictly forbidden to wear a filter-type gas mask. 4.3.5 Inspection records should be kept, and the records should include the following: a) ship name, nationality, route, arrival port, arrival date and time, b) cargo name, quantity, cargo loading in the cabin, and ventilation when the cabin is opened; c) inspection date, time, meteorological conditions, instruments, inspection methods, inspection point location, cabin capacity and number of the inspected cabin, d) inspection results, name of the inspector,
e) safety protection measures for cabin entry operations based on the inspection results. 4.3.6 The selection of inspection points should be reasonably arranged according to the actual situation such as cabin structure and cargo loading conditions. a) The principle of the arrangement of inspection points when the cargo hatch cover is not opened is to arrange three inspection points in the front and rear entrance and exit ladder openings (manholes) from the ladder opening to the cargo in the vertical direction of the upper, middle and lower directions. The location of the inspection point before opening the cabin is shown in Figure 1.
Entry and exit ladder opening
Figure 1 Position of detection points in the manhole when the cargo hold cover is not opened b) Principles for the layout of detection points after the hatch is opened
In the plane operation direction in the cabin, the detection points are arranged according to Figure 2 (a) or Figure 2 (b). Each detection point is arranged at three detection points in the vertical direction of the upper, middle and lower directions (same as Figure 1) for detection. When personnel enter the cargo hold manhole, they are still tested according to the detection points in Figure 1. 19
口Entry and exit ladder opening
Entry and exit ladder opening
(a) Plum blossom shape
GB16993—1997
口Entry and exit ladder opening
Entry and exit ladder opening
(b) Interchangeable interval shape
4.4 General safety protection measures
4.4.1 Port and shipping units should be equipped with accurate and reliable testing instruments, and the dedicated departments and personnel should be clearly identified. The instruments should be calibrated and maintained regularly to ensure that the test data is accurate and reliable.
4.4.2 The operating unit should be equipped with self-contained air breathing apparatus, and the dedicated departments and personnel should be clearly identified. The air breathing apparatus should be carefully checked before each use, and replaced immediately if any abnormality is found, and it should not be used. 4.4.3 The testing personnel entering the cabin should be equipped with necessary self-contained air breathing apparatus and safety belts, ropes and other safety protection supplies. Careful inspection should be carried out before each use. If any abnormality is found, it should be replaced immediately and should not be used. 4.5 Safety protection measures at the operation site
4.5.1 When entering the cabin for operation or inspection, a supervisor must be arranged. The operator and the supervisor should stipulate clear contact signals in advance. The supervisor must not leave the work point at all times and contact the operator at any time according to the specified contact signals. 4.5.2 For cabins where oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations are prone to change during the operation and cabins with long operation processes, the concentration changes of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air should be monitored at any time, and the necessary number of tests or continuous tests should be maintained. And take corresponding ventilation measures according to the test results.
4.5.3 Operations in the cargo hold should strictly comply with the unloading procedures. For operations that must be positioned, separated, and stacked, a step-by-step disassembly method should be adopted, and the oxygen concentration at the operation point should be tested.
4.5.4 During the operation, it is not allowed to leave the work surface, leave the post, go to other posts, or enter the depths of the cargo hold without authorization for any reason. If the operating tools fall into the cabin, it is not allowed to go down to the cabin to pick them up privately, and they must be picked up again for use. 4.5.5 Before workers enter and leave the cabin, they should count the number of people. 4.6 Accident emergency measures
4.6.1 When abnormal conditions or the possibility of hypoxia (such as sudden fainting or falling due to unknown reasons) are found in the cabin, or hypoxia asphyxiation occurs, the operation must be stopped immediately, the workers should be organized to evacuate the scene quickly, the number of people should be counted in a safe place and the relevant authorities should be reported promptly.
4.6.2 When an anoxia ventilated asphyxia accident occurs, both the port and the ship should actively rescue the endangered personnel. For the operating personnel who have suffered from anoxia, on-site rescue (artificial cardiopulmonary resuscitation) should be immediately carried out in a place with fresh air, and the medical unit should be contacted as soon as possible for further rescue and treatment. The steps of on-site artificial cardiopulmonary resuscitation are shown in Appendix C (the appendix of the reminder). 4.6.3 The rescue personnel entering the cabin must wear self-contained air breathing apparatus and other life-saving equipment. It is not allowed to wear filter-type gas masks to rescue people in the cabin. 4.6.4 When an anoxia ventilated asphyxia accident occurs in the cabin, the passage should be blocked. Non-rescue personnel and rescue personnel who are not equipped with safety rescue equipment shall not enter the accident site before the danger is lifted.
4.7 Safety education and training
GB 16993--1997
Each port and shipping unit should provide necessary safety education and technical training on preventing anoxia ventilated asphyxia accidents to the operating personnel and the person in charge of the operation. 4.7.1—Contents of education for general operators
4.7.1.1 The main symptoms of hypoxia, measures to prevent hypoxia-induced suffocation accidents in the cabin and precautions for safe operation. 4.7.1.2 Knowledge of the correct wearing and use of self-contained air breathing apparatus and other safety protection equipment. 4.7.1.3 Knowledge of emergency measures at the accident site and on-site rescue (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). 4.7.2 Contents of training for operators
4.7.2.1 Regulations related to hypoxia-induced operation. Causes of hypoxia-induced suffocation accidents, main symptoms of hypoxia, methods and measures to prevent hypoxia-induced suffocation accidents in the cabin. 4.7.2.2
3 Emergency rescue measures and cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques at the accident site. 4.7.2.3
Techniques for the use, inspection, repair and maintenance of self-contained air breathing apparatus and other safety protection equipment. 4.7.2.4
4.7.2.5 How to use the instrument and how to detect oxygen and carbon dioxide. 21
Oxygen concentration, %
16～12
GB16993--1997
Appendix A
(Indicative Appendix)
Main manifestations of acute hypoxia
Symptoms
Increased respiratory volume and pulse, decreased concentration, falling, headache, dizziness, nausea, hot face, tinnitus, irregular breathing, excitement or inaccurate movements, drunkenness, no pain in hand and foot injuries and bleeding, mood swings, hair (purple lips, dark purple nails), short-term inhalation of this concentration of oxygen will cause dizziness, leading to high-altitude fall accidents, long-term will fall into unconsciousness
Nausea, vomiting, unable to stand, walk or crawl, black eyes, aware of danger but unable to walk and unable to leave, can be on the verge of death in a short time
Falling after taking a breath. Breathing is spasmodic and gasping, resulting in cessation of breathing. If sufficient oxygen is not supplied in time, the vascular motor center will be paralyzed, the heart will stop beating and death will occur. Appendix B
(Reminder Appendix)
Examples of common non-dangerous goods that are prone to cause hypoxia accidents B1 Logs, boards and sawdust processed from logs, etc. B2 Food
B2.1 Cereals: rice, millet, corn, paddy, wheat, barley, barley, etc. B2.2 Legumes: soybeans, broad beans, peanuts, etc. B3 Metal materials, steel, copper, scrap steel, etc. B4 Coal
B5 Metal raw materials, iron ore, zinc ore, copper ore, etc. B6 Sugar
B7 Fertilizer
B8 Fruits, vegetables, bagasse
B9 Inert gas
B10 Dry ice (for refrigeration)
Poultry and livestock feed
Wine, soy sauce, etc.
GB16993--1997
Appendix C
(Suggested Appendix)
Steps of on-site cardiopulmonary resuscitation
On-site cardiopulmonary resuscitation refers to the use of artificial methods to re-establish and restore the effective output of the heart and lungs and the functional ventilation of the lungs at the work site. It is mainly a bare-handed rescue operation. In many cases, this is the only practical and effective method and a valuable means of saving lives in a race against time. Steps of on-site cardiopulmonary resuscitation:
1. 1. Quickly determine whether the patient is conscious (judge consciousness). 2. Loudly call for others to come and help rescue (call for help). 3. Quickly put the patient in a supine position (position). 4. Clear the airway (open the airway).
5. Determine whether breathing exists.
6. Perform artificial respiration twice (mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose breathing). 7. Determine whether the heartbeat has stopped (touch the carotid artery). 8. Perform external chest compression to establish circulation.
9. Transfer to the hospital and continue rescue.
In order to enable the general public to correctly master and remember the on-site rescue methods, the international community usually uses the English letters A, B, and C to represent the process of on-site cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
A (Assessment + Airway): Determine whether there is consciousness → open the airway → keep the airway clear. It is the above-mentioned 1 to 5. Determine whether there is consciousness: call, take the supine position. If the patient is unconscious, implement clear airway. Clear airway: tilt the head back. Raise the jaw, forehead and neck. Remove airway obstruction. If there is foreign body obstruction: impact the sternum, pat the back, and clamp foreign bodies in the mouth.
B (Breathing): Determine whether there is breathing. If breathing stops, continue to tilt the head back and perform artificial respiration, which is the sixth item mentioned above. Artificial respiration: mouth-to-mouth respiration (adults). Mouth-to-nose respiration (foreign body in the mouth).
C (Circulation): Determine whether there is a pulse. If there is no pulse in the carotid artery, and there is no breathing and no consciousness, external chest compression should be performed. It is the seventh to eighth items mentioned above.
External chest compression: correct compression position, posture, and technique. The ratio of chest compression to artificial respiration is 15:2. The pressing time and relaxation time each account for 50%.
Compression frequency: 80~～100 times/min.
Compression distance: 3.5~5.0cm.1 Cereals: rice, millet, corn, paddy, wheat, barley, rye, etc. B2.2 Legumes: soybeans, broad beans, peanuts, etc. B3 Metal materials, steel, copper, scrap steel, etc. B4 CoalWww.bzxZ.net
B5 Metal raw materials, iron ore, zinc ore, copper ore, etc. B6 Sugar
B7 Fertilizer
B8 Fruits, vegetables, bagasse
B9 Inert gas
B10 Dry ice (for refrigeration)
Poultry and livestock feed
Wine, soy sauce, etc.
GB16993-—1997
Appendix C
(Suggested Appendix)
Steps of on-site artificial cardiopulmonary resuscitation
On-site artificial cardiopulmonary resuscitation refers to the use of artificial methods to re-establish and restore the effective output of the heart and lungs and the functional ventilation of the lungs at the work site. Mainly for bare-handed rescue operation, in many cases this is the only practical and effective method, is a precious means of saving lives in a race against time. On-site cardiopulmonary resuscitation steps:
1. Quickly determine whether the patient is conscious (judge consciousness). 2. Call others loudly to help rescue (call for help). 3. Quickly put the patient in a supine position (position). 4. Clear the airway (open airway).
5. Determine whether breathing exists.
6. Artificial respiration twice (mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose breathing). 7. Determine whether the heartbeat has stopped (touch the carotid artery). 8. Perform external chest compression to establish circulation.
9. Transfer to the hospital and continue rescue.
In order to enable general personnel to correctly master and remember the on-site rescue methods, the English letters A, B, and C are usually used internationally to represent the process of on-site cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
A (Assessment + Airway): Determine whether there is consciousness → Open airway → Keep airway clear. It is the above items 1 to 5. Determine whether there is consciousness: call, and take the patient to the supine position. If the patient is unconscious, clear the airway. Clear the airway: tilt the head back. Lift the jaw, forehead, and neck. Relieve airway obstruction. If there is foreign body obstruction: impact the sternum, pat the back, and clamp the foreign body in the mouth.
B (Breathing): Determine whether there is breathing. If breathing stops, continue to tilt the head back and perform artificial respiration, which is the above item 6. Artificial respiration: mouth-to-mouth respiration (adults). Mouth-to-nose respiration (foreign body in the mouth).
C (Circulation): Determine whether there is a pulse. If there is no pulse in the carotid artery, and there is no breathing and no consciousness, external chest compression should be performed. It is the above items 7 to 8.
External chest compression: correct compression position, posture, and technique. The ratio of chest compression to artificial respiration is 15:2. The pressing time and relaxation time each account for 50%.
Pressing frequency: 80~～100 times/min.
Pressing distance: 3.5~5.0cm.1 Cereals: rice, millet, corn, paddy, wheat, barley, rye, etc. B2.2 Legumes: soybeans, broad beans, peanuts, etc. B3 Metal materials, steel, copper, scrap steel, etc. B4 Coal
B5 Metal raw materials, iron ore, zinc ore, copper ore, etc. B6 Sugar
B7 Fertilizer
B8 Fruits, vegetables, bagasse
B9 Inert gas
B10 Dry ice (for refrigeration)
Poultry and livestock feed
Wine, soy sauce, etc.
GB16993-—1997
Appendix C
(Suggested Appendix)
Steps of on-site artificial cardiopulmonary resuscitation
On-site artificial cardiopulmonary resuscitation refers to the use of artificial methods to re-establish and restore the effective output of the heart and lungs and the functional ventilation of the lungs at the work site. Mainly for bare-handed rescue operation, in many cases this is the only practical and effective method, is a precious means of saving lives in a race against time. On-site cardiopulmonary resuscitation steps:
1. Quickly determine whether the patient is conscious (judge consciousness). 2. Call others loudly to help rescue (call for help). 3. Quickly put the patient in a supine position (position). 4. Clear the airway (open airway).
5. Determine whether breathing exists.
6. Artificial respiration twice (mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose breathing). 7. Determine whether the heartbeat has stopped (touch the carotid artery). 8. Perform external chest compression to establish circulation.
9. Transfer to the hospital and continue rescue.
In order to enable general personnel to correctly master and remember the on-site rescue methods, the English letters A, B, and C are usually used internationally to represent the process of on-site cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
A (Assessment + Airway): Determine whether there is consciousness → Open airway → Keep airway clear. It is the above items 1 to 5. Determine whether there is consciousness: call, and take the patient to the supine position. If the patient is unconscious, clear the airway. Clear the airway: tilt the head back. Lift the jaw, forehead, and neck. Relieve airway obstruction. If there is foreign body obstruction: impact the sternum, pat the back, and clamp the foreign body in the mouth.
B (Breathing): Determine whether there is breathing. If breathing stops, continue to tilt the head back and perform artificial respiration, which is the above item 6. Artificial respiration: mouth-to-mouth respiration (adults). Mouth-to-nose respiration (foreign body in the mouth).
C (Circulation): Determine whether there is a pulse. If there is no pulse in the carotid artery, and there is no breathing and no consciousness, external chest compression should be performed. It is the above items 7 to 8.
External chest compression: correct compression position, posture, and technique. The ratio of chest compression to artificial respiration is 15:2. The pressing time and relaxation time each account for 50%.
Pressing frequency: 80~～100 times/min.
Pressing distance: 3.5~5.0cm.
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