This part was first issued in 1988 and revised for the first time in 1990. This is the second revision. GB/T9851 "Printing Technology Terms" is divided into 7 parts. This part is the first part of GB/T9851. This part replaces GB/T9851.1-1990 "Printing Technology Terms Part 1: Basic Terms". This part of GB/T9851 stipulates the basic professional terms of printing technology to ensure the correct application of professional concepts in production, teaching and academic activities. This part is applicable to the use of the printing industry and its related professions in the compilation of standards, publication, teaching, scientific research and domestic and foreign technical exchanges. Compared with GB/T9851.1-1990, this part has the following major changes: - The original terminology standard classification and item structure are adjusted, and the original 9 categories are uniformly divided into three categories of pre-press, printing and post-press processing according to international standards, namely basic terms, pre-press terms, lithographic printing terms, letterpress printing terms, gravure printing terms, stencil printing terms, and post-press processing terms, a total of 7 parts. ———Delete outdated items, add new technical terms, and increase the total number of items. ———Modify the English equivalents of terms to make them consistent with the English terms of international standards. ———Most of the newly added items are equivalent to the items of "Basic Terms" in ISO international standards, combined with the actual situation of my country's printing technology, and defined with reference to ISO standard terminology concepts. At the same time, some items of the original standard are retained, and some items of the original "Special Printing Terms" standard are merged into the "Basic Terms". ———The revised "Basic Terms" standard highlights the concept of new technology. Due to the rapid development of new technologies, the concept of traditional printing has been fundamentally changed. For example, the concept and definition of the item "printing" in the basic terms of international standards have been greatly modified. Due to the emergence of digital technology, the traditional single mode of printing technology has been broken. Therefore, the definition of "printing" has been changed to "using analog or digital...", highlighting the concept of new technology and describing the characteristics of printing in a relatively comprehensive manner. GB/T 9851.1-2008 Printing Technology Terminology Part 1: Basic Terminology GB/T9851.1-2008 Standard Download Decompression Password: www.bzxz.net
This part was first published in 1988 and revised for the first time in 1990. This is the second revision. GB/T9851 "Printing Technology Terminology" is divided into 7 parts. This part is the first part of GB/T9851. This part replaces GB/T9851.1-1990 "Printing Technology Terminology Part 1: Basic Terminology". This part of GB/T9851 specifies the basic professional terms of printing technology to ensure the correct application of professional concepts in production, teaching and academic activities. This part is applicable to the printing industry and its related professions in the preparation of standards, publication, teaching, scientific research and domestic and foreign technical exchanges. Compared with GB/T 9851.1-1990, this part has the following major revisions: ———The original terminology standard has been adjusted in terms of categories and item structure, and the original 9 categories have been uniformly divided into three categories of prepress, printing and postpress processing according to international standards, namely basic terms, prepress terms, lithographic printing terms, relief printing terms, gravure printing terms, stencil printing terms, and postpress processing terms, a total of 7 parts. ———Obsolete items have been deleted, new technical terms have been added, and the total number of items has been increased. ———The English equivalents of terms have been revised to make them consistent with the English terms of international standards. ———Most of the newly added items are equivalent to the items of "Basic Terms" in ISO international standards, and are defined in accordance with the actual situation of my country's printing technology and with reference to the terminology concepts of ISO standards. At the same time, some items of the original standard are retained, and some items of the original "Special Printing Terms" standard are merged into the "Basic Terms". ———The revised "Basic Terms" standard highlights new technical concepts. The rapid development of new technologies has fundamentally changed the concept of traditional printing. For example, the concept and definition of "printing" in the basic terminology of international standards have been greatly modified. The emergence of digital technology has broken the traditional single mode of printing technology. Therefore, the definition of "printing" has been changed to "using analog or digital...", highlighting the concept of new technologies and describing the characteristics of printing in a more comprehensive way.

ICS 37. 100. 01
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T 9851.12008
Replaces GB/T9851.1—1990
Terminology of graphic technology-Part 1 : Fundamental terms
Published on 2008-07-02
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China Standardization Administration of China
Digital anti-counterfeiting
Implemented on 2008-12-01
GB/T985I "Printing Technology Terms" is divided into the following 7 parts: Part 1: Basic terms;
Part 2: Prepress terms:
Part 3: Letterpress printing terms;
Part 4: Lithographic printing terms;
Part 5: Gravure printing terms;
Part 6: Stencil printing terms;
Part 7: Post-press processing terms.
This part is the first part of GB/T 9851. This part replaces GB/T9851.1-1990 "Printing Technology Terms Part 1: Basic Terms". Compared with CB/T9851.1-1990, this part has been revised as follows: The classification and article structure of the original terminology standard have been adjusted, and the original 9 categories have been uniformly divided into three categories of prepress, printing and post-press processing according to international standards, namely basic terms, prepress terms, lithographic printing terms, letterpress printing terms, gravure printing terms, stencil printing terms, and post-press processing terms, a total of 7 parts. Obsolete items have been deleted, new technical terms have been added, and the total number of items has been increased. The English equivalents of the terms have been revised to make them consistent with the English terms of the international standards. Most of the newly added items are equivalent to the items of the "Basic Terms" in the ISO international standard, and are defined in combination with the actual situation of my country's printing technology and with reference to the terminology concepts of the ISO standard. At the same time, some items of the original standard are retained, and some items of the original "Special Printing Terms" standard are merged into the basic terms. The revised "Basic Terms" standard highlights the new technical concepts. The rapid development of new technologies has fundamentally changed the concept of traditional printing. For example, the concept and definition of the entry "printing" in the basic terms of international standards have been greatly modified. The emergence of digital technology has broken the traditional single mode of printing technology. Therefore, the definition of "printing" has been changed to "using analog or digital...", highlighting the concept of new technology and describing the characteristics of printing in a relatively comprehensive manner. This part was proposed by the General Administration of Press and Publication.
This part is under the jurisdiction of the National Printing Standardization Technical Committee. The drafting units of this part: China Printing Science and Technology Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Shanghai Printing Science and Technology Research Institute. The drafters of this part: Xu Shiyuan, Li Jiaxiang. This part was first issued in 1988, revised for the first time in 1990, and this is the second revision. I
1 Scope
Printing Technology Terminology Part 1: Basic Terminology GB/T 9851.1—2008
This part of GB/T9851 specifies the basic professional terms of printing technology to ensure the correct application of professional concepts in production, teaching and academic activities.
This part is applicable to the printing industry and its related professions in the preparation of standards, publication, teaching, scientific research and for domestic and foreign technical exchanges. 2 Printing
Printing
The reproduction process of transferring colorants/colorants (such as ink) to substrates using analog or digital image carriers. 2.2
Digital technology
The reproduction, transmission and replication of vector and non-vector data. Note: In general applications, digital processing is different from analog processing. Its original image can be processed or stored multiple times and a batch of printed copies can be obtained through printing with, without or without printing.
[ISO12637-1:2006,A.12]
Digital printing
The reproduction process of transferring colorants/colorants (such as ink) directly to substrates using data files to control the corresponding equipment. 2.4
data filedata file
A digital collection of images and texts in a logical arrangement of data. 2.5
analog technologyanalog technology
The technology of reproducing, transmitting and copying continuous visual information (such as continuous-tone originals, films and photographic images). 2.6
analog printinganalog printing
The process of copying the image and text information on the original manuscript onto the substrate using a printing plate as a carrier and a colorant/colorant (such as ink)2.7
image carrierimage carrier, image storeA medium (such as a printing plate, film, electronic media, etc.) that can transmit the original visual information to be printed (such as images and text, etc.)2.8
image elementimage element
The basic component unit that can carry or transmit printed visual information (such as text, lines, dots, cells, etc.). 2.9
Computer to plate Computer to plate The process of recording images and texts directly onto a printing plate through a computer and corresponding equipment. 1
GB/T 9851.1—2008
3 Graphic technology
Graphic technology
All ways of reproducing visual information, including pre-press, printing, post-press processing and distribution. 3.2
Printability
The overall performance of the substrate, printing ink and other printing materials that match the printing conditions and are suitable for the printing operation. 3.3
Substrate
The final body that receives the image of the colorant/colorant (such as ink). 3.4
Printing ink
Substance used to color the substrate during the printing process. 3.5
printing pressure
printing pressure
The interaction force between the printing plate, the transfer body and the imprint body by mechanical means during the printing process. 3.6
register
In multi-color printing, the accuracy of the corresponding positions of any two color images. 3.7
colorream
Printing measurement unit. 500 full sheets of paper are printed on one side with one color. 4Prepress
Prepress
The entire process of designing, inputting, processing and outputting graphic information before printing. 4.2
image preparation (analog) imagepreparation (analog) FKAMiKAca-
Prepare and combine the graphic originals through analog technology to make printing plates to meet the selected printing technology and post-press processing needs.
Image preparation (digital) Image preparation (digital) The preparation and combination of graphic manuscripts through digital technology to produce digital files that can be used for printing and reproduction to adapt to the selected printing technology and post-press processing requirements.
Image processing (analog) Image processing (analag) Through analog technology, the quality of negative or positive images is changed or improved by the process of plate repair, positioning, color correction, etc., in order to make printing plates.
Image processing (digital) Image processing (digital) Through digital technology, using specific hardware equipment and software programs, various processing methods are used to change or optimize the quality of images. 2
Original
The original graphic information based on which the reproduction is completed. Layout layout
The layout requirements of the graphics and text on the page, including the spatial position and size, are the basis for printing and reproduction. Printing plate printingplale
A carrier for transferring colorants/pigment (such as ink) to the printed image on the substrate. Density density
The logarithm of the reciprocal of the transmittance or reflectance coefficient with base 10. 4.10
Relative densityrelative densily
Density value after subtracting the density of the base or unprinted substrate. [GB/T 18722-2002,3.24]
Core density
(halftone film)Transmitted density at the center of a single opaque image element (such as a dot or line). [GB/T 17934.1--1999,3.46]
Tonegradation
The visual expression of the change in lightness or color depth of an image. 4. 13
Halftone
The gradation of an image composed of dots.
Screen
A tool for decomposing a continuous tone image into halftone elements in order to reproduce the gradation of tones. 4.15
halftone value
Measure of halftone measured by geometric or effective (equivalent) dot coverage 4.16
cuntinoustone
An unscreened image with an infinite number of gradations in brightness and gradation. 4. 17
continuous tone value
Continuous tone value
Measure of continuous tone measured, usually expressed as density value. 4.18
color separation
GB/T 9851.1--2008
The process of decomposing an original image into its corresponding printing ink color components in order to produce a set of color plates for multi-color printing. 4.19
scanning
The process of collecting original information using photoelectric conversion devices. 3
GB/T 9851.1—2008
capying
The process of reproducing a copy of the original image.
?analog proofing
Analog proofing
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A method of checking the quality of prepress processing and providing reference samples for printing by analog technology, usually using mechanical proofing machines or offline proofing equipment.
Digital proofing
A method of checking the quality of prepress processing and providing reference samples for printing by digital technology, usually using inkjet, thermal transfer, electrostatic or other imaging technologies, and "soft proofing" on color monitors. 4.23
Dot area coverage
The ratio of the dot double coverage area to the total area. Usually expressed as a percentage. 4.24
screen frequency
The number of dots or lines per unit length in the direction of the highest value. Unit: cm-1. 4.25
#screen ruling
The number of screen rulings
Specially refers to the screen ruling frequency of amplitude modulation screening.
Screen angle
The smallest angle between the screen axis and the reference axis of different color plates. 4.27
Dot shape
The geometric shape of the dot outline, usually square, spaced, chain, etc. 4.28
Forme making
The process of making a printed form. 4.29
Electronic engravingThe use of mechanical and electronic methods to produce image and non-image areas on a relief or gravure plate. 5 Printing method
Printing methodprintingprocess; printingmethodThe types of printing processes that are distinguished according to technical functions. Printing methods are mainly divided into two categories: analog printing and digital printing. 5.2
Forme-based printingForme-based printing is a printing method that directly or indirectly transfers the image and text on the printing plate to the substrate. According to the type of printing plate, it is often divided into relief printing, gravure printing, flat printing, and perforation printing.
Formeless printingFormeless printing
A printing method that does not use a printing plate but directly or indirectly transfers the image and text to the substrate. 4
Direct printingDirect printing
A printing method in which the ink of the image and text on the printing plate is directly transferred to the surface of the substrate. Indirect printing
Indirect printing
A printing method in which the ink of the image and text on the printing plate is transferred to the surface of the substrate through the transfer of an intermediate carrier. J Sheet-fed printing
Single-sheet printing
Printing method using a single sheet of paper or other single material as the substrate. Web printing
Web printing
Printing method using roll paper or other strip-shaped materials as the substrate. Reliet printing
GB/T 9851.1—2008
Printing method using a printing plate with the image part higher than the non-image part. It is divided into direct relief printing and indirect relief printing. Lelterset printing
Printing method using a relief plate to transfer ink to the substrate through an intermediate transfer body. 5.10
Flexographic printing flexographic printing printing method using a flexible relief plate to transfer ink to the surface of the substrate. 5. 11
Planographic printing printing method in which the image part and the non-image part of the printing plate are almost on the same plane. 5. 11. 1
Offset printing
A lithographic printing method in which the ink on the printing plate is first transferred to the rubber cloth and then transferred to the substrate. 5.12
Metal decuratiun
A printing method using a metal plate as the substrate. 5.13
Recess printing
A printing method in which the image part of the printing plate is lower than the non-image part. 5.14
Permeographic printingA printing method in which the printing plate leaks ink in the image area and does not have ink in the non-image area. 5. 14. 1
Screen printing
Permeographic printing method in which the printing plate has mesh-like openings in the image area. 5.15
Electrostatic printingUsing the principle of attraction between opposite charges, a charged colorant is used to obtain a visible image or text. 5
GB/T 9851.1—2008
Ink jet printing
-KAONiKAca-
A non-contact printing method that directs fine ink droplets to a certain part of the substrate according to the computer's instructions to produce visible text or images.
Thermography
A printing method that simulates embossing. The printed sheet that has not yet dried is sprinkled with resin toner. After heat treatment, the resin powder in the corresponding area is melted to form a relief effect similar to embossing. 5.18
Pad transfer printing uses a flexible print head that can adapt to the surface shape of the substrate to transfer the ink wall from a flat or curved hard plate to the substrate. 5.19
Thermal dye transfer printing Thermal dye transfer printing A plateless printing method that uses a digitally controlled thermal print head and a ribbon coated with dye to heat and sublimate the image onto a substrate with a special coating.
Note: Refer to A, 70 of IS0 12637-1:2006. 5.20
Thermal printing
A plateless printing method that uses a print head composed of heating elements to transfer images to heat-sensitive substrates under digital data control. [ISO 12637-1:2006.A. 71]
Thermal transfer printing A plateless printing method that uses a digitally controlled thermal print head and a ribbon coated with a wax base to heat and melt and transfer the image to the substrate under pressure.
[ISO 12637-1,2006,A.72]
Magnetic printingmagnetographic printing uses a data-controlled recording head to produce a latent image on the surface of a magnetic roller, which is then presented on the roller with a magnetic colorant and transferred or melted onto the substrate. 6Printing machine
Printing machineprinting machine
Equipment for transferring the toner/colorant (such as oil) on the image carrier to the substrate. 6.2
plate cylinder
Plate cylinder
Cylindrical support for the printing plate.
Impression cylinder
Impression cylinder
Cylindrical support for the substrate.
infeedanit
Paper feeder
Mechanism for transporting unprinted substrates to the printing unit. 6
Inking unitinking unit
Mechanism for evenly transferring the ink wall to the printing plate. Delivery
A mechanism for collecting printed sheets or printed sheets on a printing press. Perfecting
A method of printing both sides of the printing plate in one feeding process. 7 Printing trouble
A general term for the phenomenon that affects the normal production process or causes quality defects in printed products during the printing process. 7.2
set-off
Ink that has not been put down on a printed sheet adheres to the back of the adjacent printed sheet. 7.3
Print through
The image printed on the front can be seen on the back.
Fiiling in
Oil and/or paper dust are deposited in the small blank areas of the printing plate. 7.5
Ink piling
Oil and other substances are deposited on the parts of the printing press that transfer ink. 7.6
doubling
A defect in which a graphic element has a double outline. 7.7
mis-register
In the process of multi-color printing, the relative error of the position of the circle images of different color plates exceeds the specified range. 7.8
moire
GB/T9851.1-2008
Interference fringes formed by the cross arrangement of multiple groups of lines or multiple rows of dots at different angles and/or different spatial frequencies. Also known as \moire".
8 Postpress
Postpress
The subsequent processing to make the printed matter obtain the required shape and performance and product distribution. GB/T 9851.1—2008
finishing
Surface finishing
The general term for the process of glazing, laminating, hot foiling, embossing or other decorative processing of printed matter. 8.3
Paper product processing
converting
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Products other than loose-leaf white paper or printed sheets are produced by post-press processing including die-cutting, gluing, binding and other methods. [IS012637-1:2006,A.9]
9Distributing
distributing
Labeling, packaging and delivering printed materials to their destination through online or offline processing. Q
References
[1]ISO12637-1:2 006 Printing technology
Terminology Part 1; Basic termswww.bzxz.net
GB/T9851.1-2008
［2]GB/T17934.1—1999 Printing technology Process control of halftone color separation sheets, samples and printed products: parameters and test methods,
GB/T18722—2002
Application of reflection density measurement and colorimetry in printing process control, Printing technology
GB/T 9851.1—2008
Surface finishing
Substrate·
Magnetic printing
Sheet-fed printing·
Electronic engraving
Dry offset printing
Computer-to-plate printing
Indirect printing·
Metal printing
Electrostatic printing
Roll paper printing…
Stencil printing
Continuous tone
Chinese index
Continuous tone value
Analog proofing
Analog technology
Analog printing
Moiré fringes·
Inkjet printing
Lithographic printing Printing
Thermal printing
Thermal dye transfer printing
Hot melt printing
Thermal transfer printing
Flexographic printing
Paper delivery device
Inking device
Paper delivery device
Data file·
Digital proofing
Digital technology
Digital printing…
Double-sided printing·
Misregistration
Through printing·
Relief printing
Image processing (analog)…
Image processing (digital)
Image elements·
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9Distribution
distributing
By online or offline processing, labeling, packaging and delivering printed materials to the destination. Q
References
[1]ISO12637-1:2006Printing technology
Terms Part 1: Basic terms
GB/T9851.1-2008
［2]GB/T17934.1—1999Printing technology—Process control of halftone color separations, samples and printed products: parameters and test methods,
GB/T18722—2002
Application of reflection density measurement and colorimetry in printing process control, Printing technology
GB/T 9851.1—2008
Surface finishing
Substrate·
Magnetic printing
Sheet-fed printing·
Electronic engraving
Dry offset printing
Computer-to-plate printing
Indirect printing·
Metal printing
Electrostatic printing
Roll paper printing…
Stencil printing
Continuous tone
Chinese index
Continuous tone value
Analog proofing
Analog technology
Analog printing
Moiré fringes·
Inkjet printing
Lithographic printing Printing
Thermal printing
Thermal dye transfer printing
Hot melt printing
Thermal transfer printing
Flexographic printing
Paper delivery device
Inking device
Paper delivery device
Data file·
Digital proofing
Digital technology
Digital printing…
Double-sided printing·
Misregistration
Through printing·
Relief printing
Image processing (analog)…
Image processing (digital)
Image elements·
iiKAoNiKAca9]
9Distribution
distributing
By online or offline processing, labeling, packaging and delivering printed materials to the destination. Q
References
[1]ISO12637-1:2006Printing technology
Terms Part 1: Basic terms
GB/T9851.1-2008
［2]GB/T17934.1—1999Printing technology—Process control of halftone color separations, samples and printed products: parameters and test methods,
GB/T18722—2002
Application of reflection density measurement and colorimetry in printing process control, Printing technology
GB/T 9851.1—2008
Surface finishing
Substrate·
Magnetic printing
Sheet-fed printing·
Electronic engraving
Dry offset printing
Computer-to-plate printing
Indirect printing·
Metal printing
Electrostatic printing
Roll paper printing…
Stencil printing
Continuous tone
Chinese index
Continuous tone value
Analog proofing
Analog technology
Analog printing
Moiré fringes·
Inkjet printing
Lithographic printing Printing
Thermal printing
Thermal dye transfer printing
Hot melt printing
Thermal transfer printing
Flexographic printing
Paper delivery device
Inking device
Paper delivery device
Data file·
Digital proofing
Digital technology
Digital printing…
Double-sided printing·
Misregistration
Through printing·
Relief printing
Image processing (analog)…
Image processing (digital)
Image elements·
iiKAoNiKAca
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