Transformation guidelines of geographical names from foreign languages into Chinese --English
Some standard content:
GB/T 17693.1—1999
The standardization of the Chinese translation of English place names is an important part of place name standardization. This standard is specially formulated to achieve the unification and standardization of the Chinese translation of place names and promote the exchange of science and culture at home and abroad. This standard is revised on the basis of the "Rules for the Chinese Translation of English Place Names" formulated by the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping. The "Guidelines for the Chinese Translation of Foreign Place Names" series of national standards include the following parts: Part 1: English;
Part 2: French;
Part 3: German;
Part 4: Russian;
Part 5: Spanish;
Part 6: Arabic;
This standard is Part 1: English.
Appendix A, Appendix B and Appendix C of this standard are all appendices to the standard. The original "Rules for the Chinese Translation of English Place Names" will be automatically abolished from the date of implementation of this standard. This standard is proposed by the Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China. This standard is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for the Standardization of Geographical Names. This standard was drafted by the Institute of Geographical Names of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, and the Institute of Geographical Names of the National Administration of Surveying and Mapping, China Cartographic Publishing House, Xinhua News Agency Reference News Editorial Department, and the General Staff Mapping Bureau participated in the drafting. The main drafters of this standard are: Wang Shuping, Wang Jitong, Chen Youming, Zhao Xiaoyang, Xing Weilin, Li Chongling, and Zhang Yanling. This standard is interpreted by the National Technical Committee for the Standardization of Geographical Names. 290
1 Scope
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Transformation guidelines of geographical names from foreign languages into ChineseEnglish
This standard specifies the rules for the translation of English geographical names into Chinese. This standard applies to the translation of English geographical names into Chinese characters. 2 Definitions
This standard adopts the following definitions.
2.1 Geographical names
Proper names given by people to various geographical entities. 2.2Specific terms
Words used to distinguish geographical entities in geographical names. 2.3Generic termsWords used to distinguish categories of geographical entities in geographical names. 2.4Generic tems used as specific tenmsGeneric terms converted into specific tenms.
GB/T 17693.11999
2.5Transfomation of geographical names from foreign languages into ChineseWriting geographical names in other languages in Chinese characters.
3General principles
3.1Proper terms of geographical names are generally transliterated; generic terms of geographical names are generally translated. 3.2 The names of places named after common names (see Appendix A) are still used: the place names derived from them shall, in principle, be translated in the same way as the names of the same names. 3.3 The translation of place names shall adopt the standard place names in the maps, place name directories, place name dictionaries, place name annals and other documents published by the government of the country. 3.4 The Chinese characters used in the translation of place names shall be based on the Chinese characters selected in the English-Chinese transliteration table in Table 1. 4 Details
4.1 Place names
4.1.1 Proper names (including general names converted into proper names) are generally transliterated. For example: Glenfield
Snow Hill
Great Island
Approved by the State Administration of Quality and Technical Supervision on March 4, 1999 as “Glenfield”
Translated as “Snow Hill”
Translated as “Great Island”
Translated as “North”
Implemented on September 1, 1999
GB/T 17693.1—1999
For a proper noun consisting of two words, the adjacent homophonic consonants between the two words are transliterated as one consonant. For example: Bishop's Stortford['bifaps 'sta: fad]4.1.2 The article in a proper noun is transliterated, but it is omitted when it is at the beginning of a word. For example: Barton in the Clay
The Binns
4.1.3 Prepositions in proper names
Translated as "Bishop's Stortford"
Translated as "Barton in Clay"
Translated as "Bins"
4.1.3.1 Prepositions in proper names are transliterated, but the consonant at the end of the previous word and the vowel at the beginning of the following word are spelled. For example: Path of CondieL pa:e av' kondi]Isle of Palms[ ail av pa: mz]Translated as "Passerfu Kangdi"
Translated as "Elef Palms"
4.1.3.2 When the prepositional phrase in a proper name is used to explain the geographical location of the place name, it is translated in a literal way. For example: Shoreham-by-Sea
Hastings-on-Hudson
Weston-super-Mare
4.1.3.3 The preposition "with" in a proper name is represented by a hyphen. For example: Huyton with Roby
Lewis with Harris Island
4.1.4 Conjunctions in proper names
4.1.4.1 The conjunction "and" in a proper name is represented by a hyphen. For example: Matley and Denny
Sharpness and Gloucester Canal translated as "Shoreham-on-Sea"
translated as "Hastings-on-Hudson"
translated as "Weston-super-Mare"
translated as "Haydon-Robbie"
translated as "Lewis-Harris"
translated as "Martley-Denny"
translated as "Sharpness-Gloucester Canal"
4.1.4.2 Conjunction or in proper nouns When connecting the proper noun and the adverb, the translation of the adverb is enclosed in parentheses. : Truth or Consequences
translated as "Truth (Consequences)"
4.1.5 Proper nouns that clearly reflect the characteristics of geographical entities are generally translated in a literal sense. For example: Red Sea
Three Sisters Mountains
4.1.6 Proper names named after people
Translated as "Red Sea"
Translated as "San Dimei Mountain"
4.1.6.1 Proper names named after people are indicated by a period ".\" between the surname and given name. For example: Francis E.Warren Air ForceBaseFort Benjamin Harrison
Translated as "Francis Warren Air Force Base"
Translated as "Benjamin Harrison Fort"
4.1.6.2 Proper names named after people with titles are translated by the titles. For example: King George Islands
Queen Elizabeth Islands
4.1.6.3 The s before the common name indicates the relationship of affiliation. For example: St. Mary's Bay
translated as "King George Islands"
translated as "Queen Elizabeth Islands"
translated as "St. Mary's Bay"
4.1.7 The proper nouns with a certain meaning or too long for transliteration are generally translated. For example: Great Smoky Mountains National ParkInternational Falls
translated as "Great Smoky Mountains National Park"
translated as "International Falls City"
4.1,8 The proper nouns named with numerals or dates are translated, and the proper nouns are only transliterated with one numeral. For example; Fourteen Mile Point
Fourth of July Ridge
One Hundred and Two River
River Seven
Translated as “Fourteen Mile Point”
Translated as “July 4 Ridge”
Translated as “O Two River”
Translated as “Foster”
Translated as “Severn River”
GB/T 17693.1-1999
4.1.9. Free translation of adjectives that modify proper nouns (such as those indicating location, size, new and old, etc.); translation of common words (see Appendix B). For example:
East Linton
Little Sand Lake
Old Deer
Translation\East Linton"
Translation "Little Sand Lake"
Translation "Old Deer"
4.1.10 Free translation of directional adjectives that modify the common names of administrative regions and natural geographical entities (provinces, regions, islands, reefs, corners, etc.). For example: Northern Province
Northwest Territories
North Island
Western Reef
Southeast Point
4.1.11 Monosyllabic place names
Translate as "Northern Province"
Translate as "Northern Region"
Translate as "North Island"
Translate as "Western Reef"
Translate as "Southeast Corner"
4.1.11.1 For place names consisting of monosyllabic characters, the corresponding common name of the place name shall be added when translating into Chinese characters. For example: Shaw[fo:
Translate as "Xiao Village"
4.1.11.2 Place names consisting of compound vowels shall be transliterated as two unit vowels. For example: Fay[ fei]
Translate as "Fei"
4.1.11.3 For monosyllabic place names ending with the letter r, the character "尔" shall be added when translating into Chinese characters. For example: ParrL pa: J
Translation of "Paar"
4.1.12 For a proper name consisting of two words (or more than two words), if its Chinese translation exceeds eight characters, add a hyphen "" after the word. For example:
Clontivrim Bridge
Lostock Hall Fold
4.2 Common names of place names (see Appendix B)
4.2.1 Common names are generally translated. For example:
Lander County
Indian Peak
Lake Talquin
Pool of Virkie
Translated as "Clontifrim-Bridge"
Translated as "Lostock-Holfold"
Translated as "Rand County"
Translated as "Indian Peak"
Translated as "Lake Talquin"
Translated as "Virkie Bay"
4.2.2 For names of natural geographical entities that only have proper names, the corresponding common names should be added according to the category of the place name when translating into Chinese. For example: Hebrides
The Lizard
Translated as "Hebrides Islands"
Translated as "Lizard Peninsula"
4.2.3 When a common name has multiple meanings, the Chinese translation should be based on the category of the geographical entity referred to by the common name. For example: Loch Ossian
Loch Beg
Norton Sound
Falkland Sound
4.3 Rules for the translation of some letters and pronunciations
Translated as "Ossian Lake"
Translated as "Beg Bay"
Translated as "Norton Sound"
Translated as "Falkland Strait"
4.3.1 The pronunciations of vowels a, e, i, o, and u are relatively complex. They are generally translated according to their phonetic symbols, whether in stressed or unstressed syllables. However, the following exceptions apply:
4.3.1.1 When letters a, e, and o are pronounced [a] in the first and last unstressed syllables, they are translated into Chinese characters according to the [α:][e[] line in Table 1, respectively. For example: Athena[ 'ei: ne]
Selous[ sa'lu: s]
Colusa[ ka'lusa]
Translated as "Athena"
Translated as "Selous\
Translated as "Colusa"
GB/T 17693.1-1999
4.3.1.2 When the letter o is pronounced in the four syllables go, ko, mo, no [5], it is translated as "ge", "ko", "mo", and "no"; when o is at the beginning of a word, it is generally translated as "ao". For example:
Ingot[ 'i ngot 1
Kokomol 'koukamou]
AntinonyE 'aentimani ]
Panoramal pena'ra: me ]
Ois! utis
ze "Ingot"
translate "Kokomo"
translate "Antimony"
translate "Panorama"
translate "Otis"
4.3.2 When the letter combination ai, ay is at the beginning of a word [e] or [ei], it is translated into Chinese characters according to the [ai] line of Table 1. For example: Aicd[eid
Ayrlea]
translate "Aide"
translate "Aier"
4.3.3 "When the letter combination -a is at the end of a word, it is translated into Chinese characters according to the i] line of Table 1 plus "亚". For example: Virginia [Virginia]
Amelia [a'milja]
Translate "Virginia"
Translate "Amelia"
4.3.4 The consonant letter m is translated as [n] before b and p. But when the b after m is silent, it is translated as [ml. For example: Hampton['haemptan]
Combe[ku:m]
Translate "Hampton"
Translate "Combe"
4.3.5 When the syllable ends with a consonant or re, and the phonetic symbol is [oa][ia[aia][auajua][ue[a], [] is translated as "尔\: [sa] is translated as "尔" in the [e] row of the table. For example: Pioneerl paia'nis
Lammermuir['laena'mjua]
Clare[klea]
Translate "Pie'nier"
Translate "Lammermuir"
Translate "Clare"
4.3.6 The consonant s, whether pronounced as [s] or [z], is translated as "尔" in the [s] row of the table. For example: Cooks[ kuks
Flores[ 'fla: riz]
Lisburnt 'lizbe n]
Translate "Kuks"
Translate "Floris"
Translate "Lisburn"
4.3.7 When the pronunciation is [ain!lcin][ju:n], follow the Chinese character in the table [ai[ei]lLju:] and add "En". For example: Kinetonf 'kaintan ]
Blain[blein]
NewnesE nju: nz ]
Translate "Kineton"
Translate "Brian"
Translate "Newnes"
4.3.8 When the pronunciation is [5i], follow the Chinese character in the table 1[5] and add "伊". For example: Floydl loid!
Hoylake[\hoileik]
Translate "Freud"
Translate "Hoylake"
4.3.9 When [}][m][n] and the preceding consonant form a syllable, add [a] between [1][m][n] and the preceding consonant. For example, Ouzelf u: zll
Listen[ 'lisn]
Translate "Uzer"
Translate "Lisen"
4.3.10 When the pronunciation is [tr[dr], add [t[d] and [r] to the Chinese character translation in Table 1. For example, Tracy[ 'treisi]
Dromore[ 'dreumga]
4.3.11 Translation and writing of common word-forming elements in proper names Appendix C. 5 English-Chinese transliteration table (see Table 1)
5.1 The pronunciation of the Chinese characters in Table 1 shall be based on the pronunciation of Mandarin. Translated "Tracy"
Translated "Dromore"
5.2 The writing of the Chinese characters in Table 1 shall be based on the simplified Chinese characters announced by the National Language and Script Working Committee. 29-41
GB/T17693.1—1999
5.3 The Chinese characters at the intersection of the vertical row of consonants and the horizontal row of vowels in Table 1 are the transliterated Chinese characters of the pronunciation of the consonants and vowels. When [n] and [n] form syllables by themselves, they are translated with the Chinese characters in the zero row of vowels in Table 1; and when the consonants other than [n] are pronounced alone, they are translated with the Chinese characters in the zero row of consonants in Table 1. 5.4 If the Chinese character translation results in the phenomenon of literal interpretation, the homophone of the syllable should be used for translation. For example, when "Dong", "Nan" and "Xi" appear at the beginning of a place name, they are translated with "Dong", "Nan" and "Xi"; when "Hai" appears at the end of a place name, it is translated with "Hai". 5.5 The Chinese characters "Ya", "Ma", "Na", "Li", "Li", "Lin", "Ni", "Zhen", "Si", "Sha", "Dai" in Table 1 are used for place names named after female names.
5.6 "弗" in Table 1 is used at the beginning of a translated name; "夫" is used at the middle or end of a translated name. 295
GB/T 17693.1—1999
【Xiao Shuxiu
Suosu
Yi Zuozu
Yi Fufu
Zhang Yiping
uno um un
Gv une
Grae ue uv ua?
nco.no/ca
Some Jianyuan
nu uaua
Bun uno | |Christian| | tt | |tt||GB/T 17693.1-—1999
Appendix A
(Standard Appendix)
Translation table of common English names
Abraham
Albert
Alexander
Alexandria
Anita
Annette
Augusta
Bishop
Boston
Broughton
Charles
Christian
Davis
Dickens
Douglas
Edinburgh
Edison||t t||Edward
Elizabeth
Fayette
Francis
Franklin
Grant
Hamilton
Harris
Hastings
Helena
Henderson
Howard
Irvine
Isabella
Jackson
Jansen
Jasper
Jefferson
Jenner|| tt || Johnson | | tt | tt||Hazel
Helena
Henderson
Haw Ward
Isabella
Jackson
James
Janet
Jasper
Jefferson
Johnson
Catherine
Catlin
Lafayette
Lawrence
Lewis
Louisa
Louise
Madison
MacDonald
Michelle
Nelson
Newton
Nicolas
Nottin gham
Orange
Powell
Powers
Quincy
Richard
Richardson
Riehmond
Roberts
Robinson
Roosevelt
airfield
airport
anchorage
aqueduct|| tt||archipelago||tt ||bank(s)
barrow
GB/T17693.1-1999
Table A1 (end)
Nelson
Nislas
Nottingham
Orange
Powell
Richard
Richardson
Richmond
Roberts
Robinson
Roosevelt
Rosalia
Russell
Somerset
Taylor
Th omas
Thompson
Thomson
Victoria
Washington
William
Williams
Wilson
Appendix B
(Standard Appendix)
Translation table of common names and common words of English place names Table B1
Ditch, channel
Bay, river, tributary
Basin, sea basinbZxz.net
beacon
borough
boum (e)
branch
Rosalea
Rachel
Smith
Somerset
Taft
Thomas
Thompson
Thomson
Thomas
Victoria
Washington
Williams
Wilson
Lake, Bayou
Terrace, Terrace
District, City
bridge
burrow
Canyon
Canyon delta
cascade
castle
cataract
cenetery
center
central
channel
church
clough
college
cordillera
county
crater
department||tt| |depression
desert
peak, mountain
rock, mountain
GB/T 17693.1—1999
Table B1 (continued)
Canal, channel
Canyon, submarine canyon
Deep sea delta
Cave, karst cave
Reef, island
Waterway, strait, deep sea channel
City, municipality
Mound, deep sea cone
Mountain, submarine mountain
County, county
Crater
Delta
Province, state
Depression, sea depression
Desert, wasteland
district
divide
dry valley
dune(s)
eastern
entrance
escarpment
estuary
fall(s)
farm(s)
foreland
forest
fracture zone
garden
glacier
grassland
greaten
ditch, channel
watershed
drainage channel
embankment, ditch
east, eastern
steep cliff, sea cliff
estuary
deep-sea fan
hill, swamp
beach, submarine flat beach
shoal, ferry
forest, woodland
tributary, river
rupture zone
mountain pass, sea ridge rift, trench
wetland, swamp
river valley, valley
grassland, pasture
grassland, pasture
harbo(u)r
headland
height
highland
hillock
hollow
iceberg
icefalls
icefield
ice shelf
ice tongue
Indian reservation
insular shelf
island
isthmus
knoll(s)
knoll group
lagron
GB/T 17693.1--1999
Table B1 (continued)
Flat-topped seamount
Horn, peak
Hole, bay, cave
Spit, bay
Horn, peak, tributary
Indian reservation
Reef, island
Hump, mountain
Hump, dome
Hump, dome group
Dome group
lighthouse
little
lowland
market
massif
meadow
middle
monument
mountain
mountas
narrow
national park
northerm
deep seawall
lake, bay
meadow, pasture
monument
wasteland, swamp
mountain, peak
mountain, mountain range
national park
cape, cape
north, northern
outfall
parish
passage
peninsula
piedmont
pike(s)
pi nnacle
plateau
platform
prairie
promontory
pmvince
quarter
rariges
rapid(s)
ravine
refuge
region
reservation
reservoir
rid ing
GB/T 17693.1-1999
Table B1 (continued)
Mountain gate, channel, seamount pass
Waterway, strait
Peak, seamount
Mountain, peak
Peak, pinnacle
Pit, basin
Plain, abyssal plain
Plateau, abyssal plateau
Platform, seamount
Ridge, mountain range
Protected area
Region, region
Settlement
Mound, seamount
saddle
saltmarsh
sandbank
seamount
seashore
seamount group
seamount range
settlement
shelf
shoal(s)
skerry
slough
southem
spring
square
station
strait
strath
stream
street
suburb
summit
coast, seashore
seamounts
undersea mountain range
slope, continental slope
swamp, river bay
bay, strait
south, southern part
spit, seamount spit
strait, waterway
valley, river valley1--1999
Table B1 (continued)
Flat-topped seamount
Horn, peak
Hole, bay, cave
Spit, bay
Horn, peak, tributary
Indian reservation
Reef, island
Hump, mountain
Hump, dome
Hump, dome group
Dome group
lighthouse
little
lowland
market
massif
meadow
middle
monument
mountain
mountas
narrow
national park
northerm
deep seawall
lake, bay
meadow, pasture
monument
wasteland, swamp
mountain, peak
mountain, mountain range
national park
cape, cape
north, northern
outfall
parish
passage
peninsula
piedmont
pike(s)
pi nnacle
plateau
platform
prairie
promontory
pmvince
quarter
rariges
rapid(s)
ravine
refuge
region
reservation
reservoir
rid ing
GB/T 17693.1-1999
Table B1 (continued)
Mountain gate, channel, seamount pass
Waterway, strait
Peak, seamount
Mountain, peak
Peak, pinnacle
Pit, basin
Plain, abyssal plain
Plateau, abyssal plateau
Platform, seamount
Ridge, mountain range
Protected area
Region, region
Settlement
Mound, seamount
saddle
saltmarsh
sandbank
seamount
seashore
seamount group
seamount range
settlement
shelf
shoal(s)
skerry
slough
southem
spring
square
station
strait
strath
stream
street
suburb
summit
coast, seashore
seamounts
undersea mountain range
slope, continental slope
swamp, river bay
bay, strait
south, southern part
spit, seamount spit
strait, waterway
valley, river valley1--1999
Table B1 (continued)
Flat-topped seamount
Horn, peak
Hole, bay, cave
Spit, bay
Horn, peak, tributary
Indian reservation
Reef, island
Hump, mountain
Hump, dome
Hump, dome group
Dome group
lighthouse
little
lowland
market
massif
meadow
middle
monument
mountain
mountas
narrow
national park
northerm
deep seawall
lake, bay
meadow, pasture
monument
wasteland, swamp
mountain, peak
mountain, mountain range
national park
cape, cape
north, northern
outfall
parish
passage
peninsula
piedmont
pike(s)
pi nnacle
plateau
platform
prairie
promontory
pmvince
quarter
rariges
rapid(s)
ravine
refuge
region
reservation
reservoir
rid ing
GB/T 17693.1-1999
Table B1 (continued)
Mountain gate, channel, seamount pass
Waterway, strait
Peak, seamount
Mountain, peak
Peak, pinnacle
Pit, basin
Plain, abyssal plain
Plateau, abyssal plateau
Platform, seamount
Ridge, mountain range
Protected area
Region, region
Settlement
Mound, seamount
saddle
saltmarsh
sandbank
seamount
seashore
seamount group
seamount range
settlement
shelf
shoal(s)
skerry
slough
southem
spring
square
station
strait
strath
stream
street
suburb
summit
coast, seashore
seamounts
undersea mountain range
slope, continental slope
swamp, river bay
bay, strait
south, southern part
spit, seamount spit
strait, waterway
valley, river valley
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