Some standard content:
1 Scope
Machinery Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China
Penetrant Flaw Detection Method
Approval Department: State Machinery Industry Bureau
Approval Date: 1999-06-28
Implementation Date: 2000-01-01
JB/T 9218--1999
Replaces ZBJ04005--1987
This standard specifies the penetrant flaw detection method for inspecting surface opening defects and the grade classification of defect display traces. 2 Referenced Standards
The provisions contained in the following standards constitute the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard. When this standard is released, the versions shown are all valid. All standards are subject to revision. Parties using this standard should explore the possibility of using the latest versions of the following standards: GB/T5097-1985 Indirect evaluation of black light sources GB/T12604.3-1990 Nondestructive testing terminology Penetrant testing JB/T9216--1990 Methods for controlling the quality of penetrant testing materials 3 General matters
3.1 Before testing, the types and sizes of defects that may appear on the surface of the object to be tested, the purpose of the object to be tested, the surface roughness, quantity and size, and the properties of the flaw detection agent should be considered in advance, and then the appropriate method and operating details should be selected. 3.2 The grade classification in this standard applies to the display traces of defects on the final processed surface. The qualified grade should be determined in advance by negotiation between the supply and demand parties.
3.3 Personnel engaged in flaw detection or defect grade assessment must hold a nondestructive testing personnel technical qualification certificate issued by the relevant national competent authorities and suitable for their work.
3.4 Penetrant flaw detection agents should be used in combination, and different types of penetrant flaw detection agents cannot be mixed. 4 Definition of terms
The following definitions are used in this standard.
4.1 Penetration time
The time between the application of the penetrant and the start of the emulsification treatment or cleaning treatment, including the time required for drainage. 4.2 Emulsification treatment The operation of applying the emulsifier to the surface of the object under test. 4.3 Emulsification time The time from the application of the emulsifier to the start of the cleaning treatment. 4.4 Removal treatment The operation of wiping off the solvent-removable penetrant attached to the surface of the object under test. 4.5 Development time In dry development method, it refers to the time from the application of the developer to the start of observation; in wet development method, it refers to the time from the drying of the developer to the start of observation.
4.6 Defect display trace The trace that appears when the penetrant in the defect is precipitated on the surface of the object under test. 4.7 False defect display The display trace that is not caused by the defect. 4.8 For other definitions of terms, please refer to GB/T 12604.3. 5 Flaw detection methods
5.1 Classification of flaw detection methods
Depending on the type of penetrant and developer, the penetrant testing methods are classified as shown in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1 Penetrant testing methods classified by type of penetrant Method name
Fluorescent penetrant
Colored penetrant
Type of penetrant
Water-washable fluorescent penetrant
Post-emulsified fluorescent penetrant
Solvent-removable fluorescent penetrant
Water-washable colored penetrant
Post-emulsified colored penetrant
Solvent-removable colored penetrant
Note: There are two types of emulsifiers used for post-emulsified fluorescent penetrants: oil-based and water-based. Table 2 Penetrant testing methods classified by developing method Method name
Dry developing method
Wet developer
Developing method without developer
5.2 Testing steps
Type of developer
Use dry developer
Use wet developing method
Use quick-drying developer
No developer
According to the combination of the methods in Table 1 and Table 2, the testing steps are shown in the order of Table 3. 5.3 Flaw detection operation
JB/T 9218--1999
Method code
Method code
5.3.1 Pretreatment
5.3.1.1 Before applying penetrant to the surface of the object to be inspected, the attached materials such as grease, paint, rust, scale and dirt that prevent the penetrant from penetrating into the defects, as well as the grease and moisture remaining in the defects must be thoroughly removed. 5.3.1.2 According to the type of attachments, the degree of contamination and the different materials of the object to be inspected, solvent cleaning, steam cleaning, film stripping, alkali cleaning and acid cleaning can be used for cleaning. Sand blasting, shot blasting and other methods that may block the defect opening are not allowed. 5.3.1.3 When performing local flaw detection on the surface of the object to be inspected, the preparation work range should be extended 25mm from the periphery of the flaw detection area. 5.3.1.4 After the preparation work, the solvent, cleaning agent and moisture remaining in the pre-cleaning process on the surface of the object to be inspected must be fully dried. 5.3.1.5 It must be confirmed that the flaw detection agent meets the requirements according to JB/T9216. 5.3.2 Penetrant treatment
5.3.2.1 Penetrant treatment can be selected according to the number, size, shape of the inspected object and the type of penetrant, such as dipping, spraying and brushing, and the penetrant should be kept to wet the surface of the flaw detection area within the specified time. 5.3.2.2 The penetration time depends on the type of penetrant, the material of the inspected object, the type and size of the predicted defects, and the temperature of the inspected object and the penetrant. Generally, the time listed in Table 4 is used as the basis within the range of 15~~~50℃. In the range of 3~15℃, the penetration time should be appropriately increased according to the temperature; when it exceeds 50℃ or is lower than 3℃, it should be determined separately according to the type of penetrant and the temperature of the inspected object. The penetration time of some special penetrants may not be limited by Table 4, but it must be explained in the test report. 1049
JB/T9218—1999
Aluminum, magnesium, steel, brass, bronze, titanium, heat-resistant alloys
Tools with carbide blades
Table 4 Penetration time and development time (minimum time) Shape
Castings, welded parts
Rolled bars, forgings, plates
Various forms
Various forms
Various forms
Defect types
Cold scars, pores, poor fusion, cracks
Scaly defects, cracks
Poor fusion, pores, cracks
Note: The penetration time and development time of other defect types not listed in the table are not subject to the restrictions of Table 4. JB/T9218—1999
Penetrants of various methods
Penetration time
Development time
5.3.2.3 Before emulsification or cleaning, the residual penetrant attached to the surface of the object to be inspected should be dripped off as much as possible. When using a water-based emulsifier, the excess penetrant should be removed by water spraying; if there is no special provision, the water pressure is generally around 14MPa. 5.3.3 Emulsification treatment
5.3.3.1 The emulsifier can be applied to the surface of the object to be inspected by dipping, pouring, spraying, etc., and the emulsification must be uniform. 5.3.3.2 The emulsification time depends on the performance of the emulsifier and penetrant and the surface roughness of the object to be inspected. In principle, the emulsification time for oil-based emulsifiers is within 2 minutes, and the emulsification time for water-based emulsifiers is within 5 minutes. 5.3.4 Cleaning and Removal
5.3.4.1 Cleaning and removal are to remove the residual penetrant attached to the surface of the object to be inspected. During the treatment process, it is necessary to prevent insufficient treatment that makes it difficult to identify the defect display traces, and to prevent excessive treatment that causes the penetrant that has penetrated into the defect to be washed away. When using fluorescent penetrants, the treatment degree can be observed under ultraviolet light while the operation is carried out. 5.3.4.2 Water-washable and post-emulsified penetrants are all washed with water. The water pressure when using the nozzle should not exceed 34 MPa unless otherwise specified.
5.3.4.3 Solvent-removable penetrants are removed with a cleaning agent. Except for occasions where removal is particularly difficult, it is generally wiped with cloth and paper dipped in cleaning agent. Do not wipe back and forth, immerse the object to be inspected in the cleaning agent, or use excessive amounts of cleaning agent. 5.3.5 Drying treatment
5.3.5.1 When using wet developer, the developer attached to the surface of the object to be tested should be dried quickly after treatment in 5.3.6.2. When using dry or quick-drying developer, drying treatment should be carried out before development treatment. The drying temperature of the surface of the object to be tested should be controlled within a range of no more than 52°C. 5.3.5.2 When removing with a cleaning agent, it should be dried naturally or wiped with cloth or paper, and heating and drying is not allowed. 5.3.6 Development treatment
5.3.6.1 When using dry development method, after treatment in 5.3.5.1, use appropriate methods to evenly cover the entire surface of the object to be tested with the developer and keep it for a certain period of time.
5.3.6.2 When using wet developer, the object to be inspected can be directly immersed in the wet developer after being cleaned or removed, or the developer can be sprayed or brushed on the object to be inspected, and then the residual developer is quickly removed and then processed according to 5.3.5.1. 5.3.6.3 When using quick-drying developer, it must first be processed according to 5.3.5.1 treatment, and then spray or brush the developer, but the object to be inspected must not be immersed in the developer. After spraying the developer, it should be dried naturally or blown dry with low-temperature air. 5.3.6.4 When using wet and quick-drying developers, the developer should be sprayed thinly and evenly, so that the surface of the object to be inspected can be slightly seen. Do not apply it repeatedly on the same part.
JB/T9218—1999
5.3.6.5 The developing time depends on factors such as the type of developer, the expected type and size of defects, and the temperature of the object to be inspected. Generally, it is appropriate to follow the time listed in Table 4 within the range of 15 to 50°C. The developing time of special developers may not be limited by Table 4, but it must be stated in the test report.
5.3.7 Observation
5.3.7.1 The observation of the displayed trace should be carried out within 7~~30min after the application of the developer. If the size of the displayed trace does not change, the above time can be exceeded.
5.3.7.2 When fluorescent penetrant testing is performed, more than 5min should be allowed for the eyes to adapt to the darkroom before observation. The standard fluorescence intensity on the surface of the object under inspection should be greater than 501x (determined according to GB/T5097). When color penetrant testing is performed, observation should be carried out under visible light of more than 3501x. 5.3.7.3 When a displayed trace appears, it must be determined whether the trace is a true defect or a false defect display. If it cannot be determined, a re-inspection should be carried out or the part should be magnified for observation, or verified by other methods. 5.3.8 Re-inspection
During the process of flaw detection or after the flaw detection, if the following conditions are found, the test piece must be thoroughly cleaned and re-inspected: a) After the flaw detection, use the comparison test block (see Appendix A of JB/T9216-1990) for verification; b) When it is found that the sensitivity is reduced and it is difficult to determine whether the trace is a true defect or a false defect display; c) When there is a dispute between the supply and demand parties or there are other needs; d) If it is difficult to classify the defect display traces according to the provisions of Chapter 8, it must be verified by re-inspection or by a method agreed by the supply and demand parties
5.3.9 Post-processing
After the flaw detection is completed, in order to prevent the residual developer from corroding the surface of the inspected object or affecting its use, the developer should be removed if necessary. The removal method can be brushing, jetting, spraying water, wiping with cloth or paper, etc. 6 Flaw detection agent
6.1 Flaw detection agent includes penetrant, emulsifier, cleaning agent, and developer. 6.2 Flaw detection agent must have good performance. The quality requirements for controlling flaw detection agents can be found in JB/T9216. 6.3 In certain situations with special requirements, such as when the chlorine, fluorine content and sulfur content need to be restricted, the supply and demand parties can negotiate. 7 Comparison test blocks
Comparison test blocks should meet the requirements of Appendix A of JB/T9216. 8 Classification of defect display traces
8.1 Types of defect display traces
Defect display traces can be divided into three types according to their shape and concentration: a) Linear defect display traces whose length is more than three times the width; b) Circular defect display traces. All defects except linear defect display traces are circular defect display traces; c) Dispersed defect display traces have several defect display traces in a certain area. 8.2 Classification of defect display traces
8.2.1 The classification of linear and circular defect display traces is based on their length according to Table 5. 8.2.2 The classification of scattered defect indication traces is based on the values listed in Table 6. The total length of defect indication traces exceeding 1mm in a rectangular area of 2500mm2 (the maximum side length of the rectangle is 150mm). 1052
Table 5 Classification of linear and circular defect indication traces mm Classification
Length of defect indication trace
JB/T 9218--1999
Table 6 Classification of scattered defect indication traces Classification
Total length of defect indication trace
≥128
8.2.3 When there are two or more defect indication traces roughly on the same line and the spacing is less than 2mm, they should be regarded as a continuous linear defect indication trace (including trace length and spacing). When the shortest trace length of the defect display trace is less than 2mm and the spacing is greater than the display trace, it can be regarded as a separate defect display trace; when the spacing is less than the display trace, it can be regarded as a dense defect display trace (refer to 8.2.2, and evaluate the total length level of the defect display trace according to Table 6). 8.2.4 If necessary, other grade standards can be adopted according to the negotiation between the supply and demand parties. 9 Marking and recording of flaw detection results
9.1 Defect display
Defect display traces can be recorded by photography, schematic diagram or drawing as needed. 9.2 Surface of the inspected object
If the surface of the inspected object after flaw detection needs to be specially marked, these marks should be kept forever. 9.2.1 When large-scale flaw detection is performed, each qualified product should be marked with the P symbol by stamping or etching. When the above method is difficult, the P symbol can be marked with color. When it is difficult to mark with the P symbol, the color marking method can be used. When it is impossible to make marks on the surface of the inspected object, other methods can be used for marking.
9.2.2 During sampling inspection, batches of qualified products shall be marked with P symbol or color marking method according to the method in 9.2.1. 9.2.3 On the defective inspected objects, the defect position shall be marked with paint or chalk. 9.3 Inspection record
Inspection record shall be recorded in accordance with the requirements of test report. The format and content of test report are as follows (see Table 7). 1053
JB/T 9218—1999
Commissioning unit:
Name and number of workpiece:
Purpose of inspection:
Inspected area:
Penetrant flaw detection test report
Flaw detection environment temperature (must be recorded if it is below 15℃ or above 50℃):Penetrant temperature (must be recorded if it is below 15℃ or above 50℃):Test piece shape and size, material, surface condition:Type of flaw detection method:
Name of penetrant, emulsifier, cleaning agent and developer:Operation method:
Pre-flaw detection treatment method;
b) Penetrant application method;
Emulsifier application method;
Cleaning method or removal method;
Drying method;
f) Developer application method.
Operation conditions:
a) penetration time;
b) emulsification time;
water pressure of cleaning water;
drying temperature and time;
e) imaging time and observation time.
Non-defect detection results:
a) presence or absence of defects;
b) point out the location and shape of defect indication traces in accordance with 9.1, and attach a sketch or photograph; c) record the grade classification of defect indication traces in accordance with Chapter 8. Name of the inspector, technical qualifications, and inspection date 10549 Post-processing
After the flaw detection is completed, in order to prevent the residual developer from corroding the surface of the inspected object or affecting its use, the developer should be removed if necessary. The removal method can be brushing, jetting, spraying water, wiping with cloth or paper, etc. 6 Flaw detection agent
6.1 Flaw detection agents include penetrants, emulsifiers, cleaning agents, and developers. 6.2 Flaw detection agents must have good performance. For quality requirements for controlling flaw detection agents, see JB/T9216. 6.3 In certain occasions with special requirements, such as when the chlorine, fluorine content and sulfur content need to be restricted, the supply and demand parties can negotiate. 7 Comparison test blocks
Comparison test blocks should meet the requirements of Appendix A of JB/T9216. 8 Classification of defect indication traces
8.1 Types of defect indication traces
Defect indication traces can be divided into three types according to their shape and concentration: a) Linear defect indication traces are defect traces whose length is more than three times the width; b) Circular defect indication traces are defect indication traces other than linear defect indication traces; c) Dispersed defect indication traces are defect indication traces with several defect indication traces in a certain area. 8.2 Classification of defect indication traces
8.2.1 The classification of linear and circular defect indication traces is carried out according to their length in accordance with Table 5. 8.2.2 The classification of dispersed defect indication traces is carried out according to the values listed in Table 6, which is the sum of defect indication traces with a length exceeding 1mm within a rectangular area of 2500mm2 (the maximum side length of the rectangle is 150mm). 1052
Table 5 Classification of linear and circular defect indication traces mm Classification
Length of defect indication trace
JB/T 9218--1999
Table 6 Classification of scattered defect indication traces Classification
Total length of defect indication traces
≥128
8.2.3 When there are two or more defect indication traces roughly on the same line and the spacing is less than 2mm, they should be regarded as a continuous linear defect indication trace (including trace length and spacing). When the shortest trace length of the defect indication trace is less than 2mm and the spacing is greater than the indication trace, it can be regarded as a separate defect indication trace; when the spacing is less than the indication trace, it can be regarded as a dense defect indication trace (refer to 8.2.2, and evaluate the total length of the defect indication trace according to Table 6). 8.2.4 If necessary, other grade standards may be adopted according to the negotiation between the supply and demand parties. 9 Marking and recording of flaw detection results
9.1 Defect display
Defect display traces can be recorded by photography, schematic diagram or drawing as needed. 9.2 Surface of the inspected object
If the surface of the inspected object after flaw detection needs to be specially marked, these marks should be kept forever. 9.2.1 When inspecting in large quantities, each qualified product shall be marked with the P symbol by stamping or etching method. When the above methods are difficult, the P symbol can be marked with color. When it is difficult to mark with the P symbol, the color marking method can be used. When it is impossible to make marks on the surface of the inspected object, other methods can be used for marking.
9.2.2 When sampling flaw detection, batches of qualified products shall be marked with the P symbol or color marking method according to the method in 9.2.1. 9.2.3 Mark the defect position on the defective inspected object with paint or chalk. 9.3 NDT records
NDT records should be recorded in accordance with the test report requirements. The test report format is as follows (see Table 7). 1053
JB/T 9218—1999
Commissioning unit:
Name and number of workpiece:
Purpose of inspection:
Inspected area:
Penetrant flaw detection test report
Flaw detection environment temperature (must be recorded if it is below 15℃ or above 50℃):Penetrant temperature (must be recorded if it is below 15℃ or above 50℃):Test piece shape and size, material, surface condition:Type of flaw detection method:
Name of penetrant, emulsifier, cleaning agent and developer:Operation method:
Pre-flaw detection treatment method;
b) Penetrant application method;
Emulsifier application method;
Cleaning method or removal method;
Drying method;
f) Developer application method.
Operation conditions:
a) penetration time;
b) emulsification time;
water pressure of cleaning water;
drying temperature and time;
e) imaging time and observation time.
Non-defect detection results:
a) presence or absence of defects;
b) point out the location and shape of defect indication traces in accordance with 9.1, and attach a sketch or photograph; c) record the grade classification of defect indication traces in accordance with Chapter 8. Name of the inspector, technical qualifications, and inspection date 10549 Post-processing
After the flaw detection is completed, in order to prevent the residual developer from corroding the surface of the inspected object or affecting its use, the developer should be removed if necessary. The removal method can be brushing, jetting, spraying water, wiping with cloth or paper, etc. 6 Flaw detection agent
6.1 Flaw detection agents include penetrants, emulsifiers, cleaning agents, and developers. 6.2 Flaw detection agents must have good performance. For quality requirements for controlling flaw detection agents, see JB/T9216. 6.3 In certain occasions with special requirements, such as when the chlorine, fluorine content and sulfur content need to be restricted, the supply and demand parties can negotiate. 7 Comparison test blocks
Comparison test blocks should meet the requirements of Appendix A of JB/T9216. 8 Classification of defect indication traces
8.1 Types of defect indication traces
Defect indication traces can be divided into three types according to their shape and concentration: a) Linear defect indication traces are defect traces whose length is more than three times the width; b) Circular defect indication traces are defect indication traces other than linear defect indication traces; c) Dispersed defect indication traces are defect indication traces with several defect indication traces in a certain area. 8.2 Classification of defect indication traces
8.2.1 The classification of linear and circular defect indication traces is carried out according to their length in accordance with Table 5. 8.2.2 The classification of dispersed defect indication traces is carried out according to the values listed in Table 6, which is the sum of defect indication traces with a length exceeding 1mm within a rectangular area of 2500mm2 (the maximum side length of the rectangle is 150mm). 1052
Table 5 Classification of linear and circular defect indication traces mm Classification
Length of defect indication trace
JB/T 9218--1999
Table 6 Classification of scattered defect indication traces Classification
Total length of defect indication traces
≥128
8.2.3 When there are two or more defect indication traces roughly on the same line and the spacing is less than 2mm, they should be regarded as a continuous linear defect indication trace (including trace length and spacing). When the shortest trace length of the defect indication trace is less than 2mm and the spacing is greater than the indication trace, it can be regarded as a separate defect indication trace; when the spacing is less than the indication trace, it can be regarded as a dense defect indication trace (refer to 8.2.2, and evaluate the total length of the defect indication trace according to Table 6). 8.2.4 If necessary, other grade standards may be adopted according to the negotiation between the supply and demand parties. 9 Marking and recording of flaw detection results
9.1 Defect display
Defect display traces can be recorded by photography, schematic diagram or drawing as needed. 9.2 Surface of the inspected object
If the surface of the inspected object after flaw detection needs to be specially marked, these marks should be kept forever. 9.2.1 When inspecting in large quantities, each qualified product shall be marked with the P symbol by stamping or etching method. When the above methods are difficult, the P symbol can be marked with color. When it is difficult to mark with the P symbol, the color marking method can be used. When it is impossible to make marks on the surface of the inspected object, other methods can be used for marking.
9.2.2 When sampling flaw detection, batches of qualified products shall be marked with the P symbol or color marking method according to the method in 9.2.1. 9.2.3 Mark the defect position on the defective inspected object with paint or chalk. 9.3 NDT records
NDT records should be recorded in accordance with the test report requirements. The test report format is as follows (see Table 7). 1053
JB/T 9218—1999
Commissioning unit:
Name and number of workpiece:
Purpose of inspection:
Inspected area:
Penetrant flaw detection test report
Flaw detection environment temperature (must be recorded if it is below 15℃ or above 50℃):Penetrant temperature (must be recorded if it is below 15℃ or above 50℃):Test piece shape and size, material, surface condition:Type of flaw detection method:
Name of penetrant, emulsifier, cleaning agent and developer:Operation method:
Pre-flaw detection treatment method;
b) Penetrant application method;
Emulsifier application method;
Cleaning method or removal method;
Drying method;
f) Developer application method.
Operation conditions:
a) penetration time; bZxz.net
b) emulsification time;
water pressure of cleaning water;
drying temperature and time;
e) imaging time and observation time.
Non-defect detection results:
a) presence or absence of defects;
b) point out the location and shape of defect indication traces in accordance with 9.1, and attach a sketch or photograph; c) record the grade classification of defect indication traces in accordance with Chapter 8. Name of the inspector, technical qualifications, and inspection date 10543 NDT records
NDT records should be recorded in accordance with the test report requirements. The test report format is as follows (see Table 7). 1053
JB/T 9218—1999
Commissioning unit:
Name and number of workpiece:
Purpose of inspection:
Inspected area:
Penetrant flaw detection test report
Flaw detection environment temperature (must be recorded if it is below 15℃ or above 50℃):Penetrant temperature (must be recorded if it is below 15℃ or above 50℃):Test piece shape and size, material, surface condition:Type of flaw detection method:
Name of penetrant, emulsifier, cleaning agent and developer:Operation method:
Pre-flaw detection treatment method;
b) Penetrant application method;
Emulsifier application method;
Cleaning method or removal method;
Drying method;
f) Developer application method.
Operation conditions:
a) penetration time;
b) emulsification time;
water pressure of cleaning water;
drying temperature and time;
e) imaging time and observation time.
Non-defect detection results:
a) presence or absence of defects;
b) point out the location and shape of defect indication traces in accordance with 9.1, and attach a sketch or photograph; c) record the grade classification of defect indication traces in accordance with Chapter 8. Name of the inspector, technical qualifications, and inspection date 10543 NDT records
NDT records should be recorded in accordance with the test report requirements. The test report format is as follows (see Table 7). 1053
JB/T 9218—1999
Commissioning unit:
Name and number of workpiece:
Purpose of inspection:
Inspected area:
Penetrant flaw detection test report
Flaw detection environment temperature (must be recorded if it is below 15℃ or above 50℃):Penetrant temperature (must be recorded if it is below 15℃ or above 50℃):Test piece shape and size, material, surface condition:Type of flaw detection method:
Name of penetrant, emulsifier, cleaning agent and developer:Operation method:
Pre-flaw detection treatment method;
b) Penetrant application method;
Emulsifier application method;
Cleaning method or removal method;
Drying method;
f) Developer application method.
Operation conditions:
a) penetration time;
b) emulsification time;
water pressure of cleaning water;
drying temperature and time;
e) imaging time and observation time.
Non-defect detection results:
a) presence or absence of defects;
b) point out the location and shape of defect indication traces in accordance with 9.1, and attach a sketch or photograph; c) record the grade classification of defect indication traces in accordance with Chapter 8. Name of the inspector, technical qualifications, and inspection date 1054
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