Some standard content:
ICS 65.020
Agricultural Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China
NY/T1479--2007
Technical criterion for longan pest control
Technical criterion for longan pest control2007-12-18 Issued
Implemented on 2008-03-01
Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China
S Issued
Appendix A and Appendix B of this standard are informative appendices. This standard is proposed and managed by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China. The drafting unit of this standard is the Institute of Environment and Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences. The main drafters of this standard are Fu Yueguan, Huang Wuren, Han Dongyin, Zhang Fangping, Liu Kui, Chen Wei, and Zhang Jingbao. NY/T1479—2007
1 Scope
Technical Specifications for the Prevention and Control of Longan Diseases and Pests
This standard specifies the principles, measures and recommended use of pesticides and other technologies for the prevention and control of major diseases and pests of longan. This standard applies to the prevention and control of major diseases and pests of longan in longan producing areas in my country. 2 Normative References
NY/T 1479-2007
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard through application to this standard. For any dated referenced document, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this standard. However, the parties that have difficulty in reaching an agreement based on this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For any undated referenced document, the latest version shall apply to this standard. GB1285 Pesticide Safety Use Standard
GB/T8321 (all parts) Guidelines for Rational Use of Pesticides NY/T 354 Longan Seedlings
NY/T5176 Technical Regulations for the Production of Pollution-free Longan Food 3 Instructions for Recommended Use of Agents
The fungicides/insecticides recommended in this standard are registered by my country's pesticide management department and are allowed to be used on longan or other fruits. Pesticides that are strictly prohibited by the state from being used on fruit trees and those that are not registered should not be used. When new effective pesticides appear or new management regulations are introduced, the latest regulations shall prevail:
4 Main diseases and pests of longan and their prevention and control
4.1 Main diseases and pests and their occurrence and damage characteristics, see Appendix A and Appendix B4.2 Principles of prevention and control of main diseases and pests
The plant protection policy of "color prevention as life, comprehensive prevention and control" should be implemented. Take longan crops as the unit. According to the types and occurrence characteristics of the main diseases and pests of longan during harvest and after harvest, comprehensively consider the various factors that affect the occurrence and harm of diseases and pests, take bag industry prevention and control as the basis, coordinate the application of quarantine, biological prevention and control, Physical and chemical control methods are used to safely and effectively control pests and diseases. 4.2.1 Select high-quality varieties that are adapted to the local climate and have strong disease resistance, and strictly select healthy seedlings. The quality of fennel should meet the requirements of VY/T354.
4.2.2 Carry out concentrated planting of the same variety to make the plants uniform during the shoot period and implement systematic disease and insect control. 4.2.3 Strengthen daytime inspections and monitoring, grasp the dynamics of disease and pest occurrence, and take control measures in time according to empirical prevention and control indicators. 4.2.4 Add water and fertilizer, manage trees and flowers and fruits, improve plant resistance and create an environment that is not conducive to the occurrence of diseases and pests. Water, fertilizer, tree and flower and fruit management refer to NY/T 5176 4.2.5 Keep the orchard clean. In conjunction with orchard pruning, timely cut off severely damaged or dried branches and leaves, flower (fruit) ears (branches) and fruits on the plants, promptly remove fallen leaves and fruits on the ground of the orchard, and burn or bury them in a centralized manner. Pruning or winter garden cleaning should be carried out in a timely manner. Use pesticides to disinfect the orchard in reverse order.
4.2.6 Encourage the use of artificially bred flat-bellied wasps and other major changes, as well as insect traps, color plates, insect-proof nets and other pollution-free measures: 4. 2.7 Give priority to the use of low-toxic pesticides from microbial, plant and mineral sources that have little impact on natural enemies, beneficial insects such as pollinators, the environment and products.
4.2.8 When using pesticides for prevention and control, refer to the relevant provisions in (GB4283 and GB/T8321) and strictly control the concentration or dosage, number of uses, application method and safe interval. The pesticides should be used in a systematic rotation. 4.3 Prevention and control of major diseases and pests
4.3.1 Longan ghost emperor disease
4.3.1.1 Prevention and control measures
4.3.1.1.1 Quarantine and prevention. In accordance with the relevant provisions of my country's quarantine, quarantine and quarantine treatment shall be carried out on the transported longan seeds, seed nodes and scions
4.3.1.1.2 Remove diseased seedlings from the disease-free areas and cultivate disease-free seedlings. Select high-quality disease-free individual plants from disease-free areas or disease-free orchards in diseased areas as trees, and take their seeds. 4.3.1.1.3 Timely treatment of diseased plants. In nurseries and newly built orchards, when diseased plants are found by remote inspection, pesticides should be used immediately to kill vector insects such as stink bugs, longan horn cheek lice and longan mites. After the pests appear, they should be cut down and burned in time. In old diseased areas, spray pesticides at the bottom of sub-disease trees to kill the vector insects and then burn them. For lightly diseased trees, diseased branches and ears should be cut off as soon as possible, and water and fertilizer management should be strengthened to alleviate the disease and extend the fruiting period. 4.3.1.1.4 Chemical control. Use insecticides to control vector insects such as litchi fig bugs, longan horn cheek wood mice and longan mites to control the spread of the disease through vector insects; use anti-virus drugs to treat lightly diseased trees. 4.3.1.2 Recommended control drugs and methods Use drugs such as VirusBike or Plant Disease Ling to spray lightly diseased trees. Use trichlorfon, cis-cypermethrin, cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, cypermethrin or cypermethrin to spray and control the twig lice.
Use acetamiprid, acetamiprid, carbosulfan, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, trihalothrin, avermectin, cis-cypermethrin or emulsion to spray and control the horn lice. Use vegetable sulfonate suspension, chlorpyrifos, avermectin and cypermethrin to spray and control the horn lice. 4.3.2 Downy mildew
4.3.2.1 Prevention and control measures
4.3.2.1.1 Focus on the prevention and control of diseases during the flowering and fruiting periods. During the flowering and storage period: spray the ground and tree bodies (crown and trunk) of the orchard for disinfection and prevention, spray once at the beginning of flowering, and spray every 10d~-15d after fruit setting. Before the fruit matures and when the weather conditions are favorable for the disease, spray pesticides for prevention and control as soon as the disease occurs. 4.3.2.1.2 Antiseptic treatment of fruits during storage and transportation after harvesting. After picking the fruits, first remove the fruits that are diseased and damaged by insect pests, and then use preservatives to treat them in combination with the prevention and control of litchi anthracnose and sour rot. 4.3.2.2 Recommended main fungicides and methods Use 0.5% equivalent Bordeaux mixture, copper oxychloride or copper hydroxide for disinfection and cleaning. Use agents such as fenthion, pyraclostrobin, metalaxyl, metalaxyl·mancozeb, oxazolidinone·mancozeb, frost porphyrin, mancozeb, frost mancozeb, chlorothalonil, mancozeb or diethylphosphonate to spray flower spikes, fruits, leaves and branches. Mancozeb can also prevent tumor mites. Use thiabendazim or isoprodinil solution to soak the fruit for 2min to 3min after harvest, or use sec-butylamine solution to soak the fruit [0min4.3.3 Sour rot
4.3.3.1 Prevention and control measures
4.3.3.1.1 Protect the fruit before harvest, and do a good job in preventing and controlling branch frogworms, noctuids, fruit-sucking moths, etc.: reduce insect damage to fruit; strengthen management, prevent or reduce physiological fruit cracking and fruit dissolution; when the fruit is nearly mature or before the fruit is cracked, combine the inactivation of blight and charcoal disease, and select fungicides to prevent it under the condition of ensuring the full interval. 4.3.3.1.2 Pay attention to harvesting and carry out post-harvest treatment in time. Minimize damage to the fruit during harvesting: After harvesting, promptly remove the fruit with pests and diseases and mechanical damage, and then treat the longan frost disease and anthracnose with preservatives. 4.3.3.2 Recommended main soft fungicide and method Use methyl thiophanate, thiophanate-methyl or copper oxychloride to spray the fruit for prevention before harvesting. 2
After harvesting, soak the fruit with biguanide octane phenyl sulfonate or azole for】min~2min. 4.3.4 Leaf spot
4.3.4.1 Prevention and control measures
NY/T14792007
4.3.4.1.1 For seriously diseased areas, remove the diseased residues and plant diseased leaves on the ground of orchards and seedlings according to the requirements of 4.2.5, and use alkali-free infection sources. 4.3.4.1.2 Pay attention to prevention and control in the early stage of the disease. For seriously diseased gardens, focus on spraying during the summer and autumn shoots. Once the disease is found in the field, pesticides should be applied in time. 4.3.4.2 Recommended main fungicides and methods Use copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, carbendazim, methyl thiophanate, rutinibacterium, polysulfide suspension or cyprodinil as foliar spray. 4.3.5 Anthracnose
4.3.5.1 Prevention and control measures
4.3.5.1.1 Focus on the tender shoot period.Disease control during the flowering and fruiting stages: spray pesticides for prevention when the leaves of the shoots unfold in spring, summer and autumn, during the bud stage and fruiting stage. Spray pesticides every 10-15 days during the early stage, every 7-10 days during the wet stage, and once a month during the fruiting stage. The last use of pesticides should meet the safety interval. Once the disease is found during the tender shoots, flowering and fruiting stages, especially when acute lesions appear, if it rains continuously, spray pesticides in time to prevent and control it. In summer, high humidity should be avoided at noon and the concentration should be controlled to avoid pesticide damage to the fruit. When carrying out disease control during the shoots, flowering and fruiting stages, pay attention to preventing pests such as the lychee sharp moth.
4.3.5.1.2 Handle the fruit in time after harvesting. After the fruit is picked, first remove the fruit with diseases and insect pests and mechanical damage, and then use preservatives to treat it in combination with the prevention and control of downy mildew, acid rot, etc. 4.3.5.2 Recommended main fungicides and methods Use 1% Bordeaux mixture to spray the plants before pruning to prevent infection and dieback at the cut ends. Use prochloraz, prochloraz manganese chloranil, copper hydroxide, carbendazim, methyl thiophanate, Baiyinqing or polysulfide suspension to spray on tender shoots, leaves, flower (fruit) ears and fruits.
Use pesticides such as isobacterium, thiabendazole, imazalil, prochloraz or prochloraz manganese complex to kill the stink bugs after harvesting. 4.3.6 Litchi stink bugs
4.3.6.1 Prevention and control measures
4.3.6.1.1 Killing by humans: Take advantage of the poor activity of adults in winter (temperature below 10℃), shake the tree suddenly to make the adults fall to the ground, collect and kill them; from March to May, pick the egg masses and place them in a homemade bee protector, let the parasitic wasps hatched from the eggs fly back to the orchard, and kill the young insects hatched from the orchard. 4.3.6.1.2 Biological control: Release the flat-bellied wasp Antastatus japonicus for control, especially for old orchards with high crowns, dense branches and leaves, and difficult to control thoroughly by spraying. During the egg-laying period of the fig bugs from March to April, release flat-bellied wasps once every 10 days, for a total of 1 to 2 times. The release amount depends on the age of the tree or the density of stink bugs, generally 300/(time/tree) to 500? (1 time, 1 application) If the insect population is large, you should first spray the insecticide Dichlorvos 710d shield before Rufeng.
4.3.6.1.3 Chemical control: focus on early spring (mid-March to early April) to prevent overwintering adults and tender shoots and nymphs before the third instar during the fruiting period (March to May). Carry out daytime inspections, and carry out timely pick-up or comprehensive anti-slip treatment when the local overwintering adults resume activities and eggs hatch.
4.3.6.2 Recommended main insecticides and methods Use trichlorfon, cis-chlorfenapyr, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, dichlorvos, cyanamide, pyrethrin or cypermethrin to spray flowers, fruits and leaves.
4.3.7 Litchi frogworm
4.3.7.1 Prevention and control measures
4.3.7.1.1 Protect and utilize natural enemies. Choose insecticides with low effects on natural enemies, use less or even no pesticides before the second physiological fruit drop and after fruit picking, reduce the damage of pesticides to natural enemies, and play a role in controlling natural enemies. 4.3.7.1.2 Strengthen inspections and master the appropriate pesticide control period. Start control from the flowering period, spray once during the flowering period, young fruit period, middle fruit period and fruit color change period. At the same time, check whether there is fruit drop and the emergence of pupae on the leaves. When the cumulative emergence rate of pupae reaches 40%, control once every 7 days to 10 days. d Spray once more 4.3.7.2 Recommended main insecticides and methods Use trichlorfon, cypermethrin·cis-cypermethrin·methylenetetracycline, cypermethrin, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos or cypermethrin·chlorpyrifos for tree crown spraying:
4.3.8 Litchi tip moth
4.3.8.1 Prevention and control measures
Focus on regular spraying from the beginning of new shoots to the time when new shoots turn green. For orchards with serious outbreaks, spray every 7d~-10d to maintain the tops, and spray 2~3 times in a row
4.3.8.2 Recommended main insecticides and methods Use dimethoate, trichlorfon, dichlorvos, cypermethrin, cypermethrin or cyhalothrin to spray tender buds, shoots and leaves. 4.3.9 Lychee small gray butterfly
4.3.9.1 Prevention and control measures
4.3.9.1.1 Remove the infested fruits in time to reduce the source; according to the pupation habits of mature larvae, you can also conduct diligent field inspections and manually kill the pupae in the cracks of tree trunks.
4.3.9.1.2 Focus on the pesticide control during the young fruit stage. Use the first pesticide spray two weeks after the flowers wither, and spray the fruit ears, trunks and branches during the peak hatching period of eggs or at intervals of 7d~10d. Spray the pesticides in the afternoon or evening to kill the larvae that crawl out at night and turn to fruit to cause damage.
4.3.9.2 Recommended insecticides and methods Use cypermethrin, dichlorvos, cypermethrin, cypermethrin or flumethrin and apply to young fruits, which can also control peduncle borers. 4.3.10 Leaf rollers
4.3.10.1 Prevention and control measures
4.3.10.1.1 Human control: During the flowering and small fruiting period of longan, strengthen field inspections and remove eggs and insect buds in time. 4.3.10.1.2 Physical control: Use black light to lure and kill; or use the sugar and vinegar solution prepared by human (brown sugar: yellow wine: vinegar: water = 21:1:4, add appropriate amount of trichlorfon and other pesticides) to lure and kill adults during the fruiting period of longan. 4.3.10.1.3 Biological control: In areas with serious insect pests, release pine caterpillar trichogrammatids or corn spider trichogrammatids at the beginning and peak stages of pest eggs.
4.3.10.1.4 Chemical control: Focus on chemical control during the longan shoot growth period, before flowering, and from the end of flowering to the young fruit stage; strengthen daytime inspections, and spray pesticides during the peak hatching period of larvae.
4.3.10.2 Recommended main insecticides and methods Use Bacillus thuringiensis, insecticidal virus preparations, trichlorfon, aminopyrimidine, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, avermectin or chlorpyrifos, etc. Spray young leaves, shoots, flower candies and fruit ears during the peak hatching period of larvae. 4.3.11 Longan moth
4.3.11.1 Prevention and control measures
4.3.11.1.1 Strengthen inspections. Inspections should be started when longan moths are sporadically spreading. When infestations are found, timely cut off the affected branches and then burn them in batches. When cutting off the affected branches, the insects should be kept in the branches when they are boring. 4.3.11.1.2 Focus on prevention and control during the tender shoot period. For orchards where the lower general pursuit is seriously affected, chemical agents should be used for prevention and control at the beginning of each new shoot of longan, especially in spring or the beginning of flower spikes. Then, according to the insect situation, spray again every 7-10 days. 4.3.11.2 Recommended main insecticides and methods NY/T 1479--2007
Use highly effective chlorfenapyr, cypermethrin, bromethrin, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate or dimethoate to spray tender shoots and initial flower, which can also control pests such as dragon horn cheek psyllids.
4.3.12 Longan horn cheek wood surface
4.3.12.1 Prevention and control measures
Use pesticides for prevention and control during the shoot and initial flower spike growth period: special attention should be paid to the protection of spring and autumn shoots. Strengthen field inspections, start from the beginning of new shoots, and master the application of pesticides during the peak period of nymph hatching. For orchards with serious outbreaks, spray pesticides every 7-10 days, and spray 2-3 times in a row. For other orchards, select and treat. 4.3.12.2 Recommended pesticides and methods Use imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, bromelain, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, sulphur threphrin, triflumuron, avermectin, cis-flumuron or high-methylene-abamectin benzyl salt to spray tender leaves and shoots. 4.3.13 Mites
4.3.13.1 Prevention and control measures
4.3.13.1.1 Biological control: Keep appropriate benign weeds such as grapes in and around the orchard. When using pesticides in the orchard, use pesticides with low toxicity to natural enemies, and protect and utilize natural enemies such as predatory mites. 4.3.13.1.2 Pesticide control: For example, strengthen field inspections, focus on pesticide control during the tender shoots, flowering and young fruit stages. 4.3.13.2 Recommended main insecticides and methods Use sulfur-based suspensions, cypermethrin, fenpyroximate, avermectin or pyraclostrobin for spraying. 4.3.14 Grapes
4.3.14.1 Prevention and control measures
4.3.14.1.1 Control winter shoots and reduce their food sources. 4.3.14.1.2 Strengthen field inspections, focus on pesticide control during the flowering and tender shoots stages. For orchards with serious infestations, spray pesticides during the tender shoots, buds, and young fruits. At the same time, use pesticides during the peak period of low-age nymphs, spray 2-3 times every 7-10 days: 4.3.14.2 Recommended main insecticides and methods Use imidacloprid, acetamiprid, avermectin, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, bromocyanate, etc. to focus on spraying shoots, tender leaves, anthocyanins, and young fruits.
4.3.15 Longhorn beetles
4.3.15.1 Prevention and control measures
4.3.15.1.1 Artificial control: Take advantage of the pseudo-death nature of the adult longhorn beetle, use a bamboo pole to lightly hit the branches during the peak period of emergence and eclosion, and kill the beetles after they fall to the ground. Before the adults lay eggs, wrap the main egg-laying parts of the longhorn beetle with plastic. During the peak egg-laying period of the adults, check the egg-laying parts frequently and use a knife to scrape the eggs under the bark. If you find the damaged branches or trunks, use a knife or hard iron wire to scrape the larvae in the larvae. 4.3.15.1.2 Chemical control: Strengthen the inspection, and if you find branches and trees that are damaged by longhorn beetles and have insect feces, inject chemical agents or insect pathogenic line agents (Steinernemacarpocapsae) into the insect holes, or use chemical agents to wet cotton to block the insect holes and kill the larvae in the larvae. During the peak period of the first batch of longhorn beetles emerging from their holes and the peak period of larvae hatching in the same year: spray the branches and under the tree with insecticides for prevention and control:
4.3.15.2 Recommended main insecticides and methods Use 10% dichlorvos emulsifiable concentrate to extend the borer tunnel or wet cotton to block the sub-holes: Use cypermethrin, dichlorvos or chlorpyrifos to spray branches and trunks.
4.3.16 Moths
4.3.16.1 Prevention and control measures
4. 3.16.1.1 Killing by humans: In March to April and August to September, kill the larvae with wire or use new clay, bamboo sticks, etc. to block the worm tunnels to kill the larvae. Use small moon or bamboo sticks to scrape off the lychee wood moth and other insects on the trunk or branches. They use silk to stick the excrement and sawdust discharged by feeding to form tunnels, killing some larvae. 4.3.16.1.2 Chemical control: Use insecticides or insect pathogenic nematodes for control. The control period should be selected during the low-age larval stage. 4.3.16.2 Recommended main insecticides and methods Use 10 times dichlorvos or premonothion to inject into the borehole tunnels, 0.5mL~1.0mL per tunnel, and use mud or cow dung or cotton thread to clean the boreholes after injection.
Use cotton soaked with dichlorvos to plug the insect holes. Use dichlorvos, deltamethrin, chlorfluthrin, acephate or lanzophos to spray on the tunnel and the epidermis of nearby branches. 4.3.17 Scale insects
4.3.17.1 Prevention and control measures
4.3.17.1.1 Grasp the right period for prevention and control and use chemical agents to prevent and control in time. Through user surveys, use low-toxic and high-efficiency insecticides for prevention and control in time during the incubation period.
4.3.17.1.2 Protect and utilize natural enemies. Ensure the use of parasitic enemies such as aphid wasps, jumping wasps, and predatory natural enemies such as insects and grasses. When controlling, field selection should be adopted as much as possible, and comprehensive spraying should be used less. 4.3.17.2 Recommended main insecticides and methods: Use chlorpyrifos. buprofezin, cis-cypermethrin, high-efficiency cypermethrin, diflumethrin, chlorpyrifos. cypermethrin or engine oil emulsion to spray insect-infested plants and insect-infested parts.
(Informative Appendix)
Main diseases and occurrence characteristics of longan
Main diseases and occurrence characteristics of longan are shown in Table A.I. Table A.1 Main diseases of longan and their occurrence characteristics
Main disease name
Longan ghost disease
Peronuphzhora litchi
Longan fruit sour rot
Sour rot pathogen
Geoirichun candlidun
Obsfuna sp.
Pyrospora leucopsis
Tnrutopsrs candidu
Longan leaf spot
Phurrnpsis gueyuar
Pestatoria spp-
Phonopsis longuru
Asrochyun longan
Occurrence characteristics
NY/T 14792007
Longan ghost broom disease is caused by Ingan witeche's brexm virus, which mainly harms tender shoots and flower spikes
Longan ghost broom disease can be spread through scions, seeds and seedlings. In new longan planting areas, the initial infection source is diseased seedlings or virus-carrying seeds, while in these areas, the initial infection source of the disease is diseased smears in the field. In nature, it can be spread by vector insects. Litchi fig and longan horn trembling psyllid are important vector insects, white dragonfly wax cicada Luruxuna initulu and dragon feeding title end may also be disease vectors, and pollen of diseased plants can carry viruses and also play a role in disease transmission. Long-distance transmission depends on the disease-carrying bacteria. The occurrence of longan ghost hanging disease is closely related to the number of vectors, longan varieties, tree age and general management level. The incidence rate is high in orchards with more Ruzhibangsi and Longan corner cheek psyllids and diseased plants. Red boy and other varieties are susceptible to the disease, while Xindaiben and Dongshui varieties are resistant. Young trees are more susceptible to the disease than adult trees, and the incidence rate of aerial layering seedlings is higher than that of seedlings. Longyan frost disease is caused by litchi sheath disease, which mainly harms the flowers and nearly mature fruits of Longyan. It can also harm young fruits, leaves and fruiting branches. Higher temperature and humidity are conducive to the disease. The temperature is 22℃25℃, and the disease is serious when there is no shade for a long time or hot thunderstorms. The flowering period of the plant, the nearly mature period of the fruit and the tender leaf period are conducive to the disease. The fruit that is nearly mature is the most seriously affected. The trees with lush branches and leaves and many fruits are more seriously affected. For the same tree, the fruit in the shaded lower part of the crown will be affected earlier and more seriously. The disease is serious in orchards with low land and poor drainage. In addition to longan, this pathogen is also harmful to litchi. Longan sour rot is caused by a variety of fungi such as spore rot, arthrospora and torculin. It mainly occurs during the storage, transportation and sales of longan fruits after harvest. The pathogen overwinters in rotten fruits or in organic matter in the soil as mycelium. When the longan fruit skin is ripe the following year, the spores produced by the pathogen are transmitted to the fruit by wind, rain or insects, causing the disease. The diseased part produces a large number of spores for re-infection. The contact between diseased and healthy fruits during storage and transportation can cause the disease to spread. The pathogens can easily enter the wounds of fruits. Fruits seriously damaged by pests such as frogworms and mechanical injuries during harvesting will be seriously affected. High temperature and high coagulation are conducive to the occurrence of the disease. The longan leaf spot disease is caused by a variety of pathogenic bacteria, mainly including Phomopsis guiensis, Phomopsis chinensis, Ascochyta brown spot disease and Discoidea tricholoma leaf spot disease. The pathogens of longan leaf spot disease all overwinter in the form of mycelium or fruiting bodies on diseased leaves or diseased fallen leaves in longan orchards and seedlings. After the arrival of spring, the conidia produced by the pathogens are spread to healthy leaves with rain and wind, causing infection. Longan leaf spot occurs throughout the year, but it mainly occurs during the spring season. Orchards with poor management, low-lying areas, dense vegetation, excessive shade and serious insect pests are conducive to the occurrence of leaf spot.
NY/T1479—2007
Main disease names
Longan anthracnose
Calerotrichuem litchi
Table A.1 (continued)
Occurrence characteristics
Longan leaf spot is caused by Gloeosporium gloeosporium, which harms the leaves, branches, flowers and fruits of longan, causing long-term leaf spots, branch blight, fallen leaves, fallen flowers and fruits, and fruit rot during storage, but it mainly harms the leaves of longan in the seedling stage.
The pathogen mainly overwinters in the form of mycelium and conidia on the diseased drums, leaves and fruits of the plant or in the soil with the fallen diseased branches, leaves and fruits. In the spring of the following year, the diseased tissues or the diseased residues on the plants produce conidia. The spores are spread by wind, rain and insects. The spores germinate in the flowers and spring shoots, causing primary infection: Longan anthracnose can occur at 13℃～38℃, but the most suitable temperature is 22℃～20℃. Longan anthracnose is prone to disease in high humidity. High temperature weather with continuous rainfall is conducive to the occurrence of the disease, but unfavorable to its occurrence. Plants are most susceptible to the disease during the tender shoots, flowering, young fruits and fruit ripening periods. Nearly mature fruits are more susceptible than green fruits; young trees are more seriously affected than old trees. Fruits with extensive management, young leaves damaged by insects during the picking period, wounds caused by storms, and plants with weak tree vigor are prone to disease Appendix B
(Informative Appendix]
Main pests and occurrence characteristics of longan
Main pests and occurrence characteristics of longan are shown in Table B1. Table B.1 Main pests of longan and their occurrence characteristics Main pests
Teskaraimn papitiosa
Coropnorphea sineneis
Lychee stink bug
Cmopornor pha litehielte
Lychee small gray butterfly
Deudorirepijrarbas
Occurrence characteristics
NY/T 1479 -2007
Lychee stink bug uses adult skin nymphs to suck the lychee ridges, branches, leaves, flower spikes and juice. The newly hatched glycosidic insect-like nests are harmful. In addition to longan, stink bugs also harm more than 20 kinds of plants such as lychee, orange, papaya, banana, coffee, etc. It takes 84-107 days for stink bugs to complete a generation, and the life span of adults is 203-371 days. There is one generation every year. The immature adults overwinter on twigs, longan or other host plants, and start activities in the middle of the next year to feed, mate and lay eggs. Each male can lay eggs 5-10 times, with a total of about 140 eggs, 14 to 28 eggs each time, which are laid on the leaf surface or the back of the leaf. The eggs are usually concentrated on the scallion branches. Stink bugs feed on tender plants, flowering plants and young fruits. They are mostly distributed in lychee trees with many flowers, fruits or young shoots. When the new shoots age and the fruits mature, the adults will migrate to longan or other plants with young shoots or young fruits. The litchi stink bug also has the property of feigning death. If the tree is shocked or disturbed by human intervention, it may feign death and fall to the ground. The larvae of the insect feed on the fruit, flower spike, tender shoots and new leaves of litchi. Among them, the insect is the most harmful to the fruit and flower. The generation period of the litchi pedicle bug is 20 days to 24 days, and the average life span of the adult is 13 days. In the Guangdong Delta area, there is one generation per year, and the generations in the field are repeated. The larvae of the insect hibernate in the winter branches or the axis near the top of the flower spike of early-maturing varieties, and pupate after the warm weather. The overwintering generation of adults appears in the flowering period or young fruit period of early-maturing litchi and the flower pedicle period of late-maturing varieties. The insect lays eggs in shaded and humid trees with poor ventilation and air permeability, and has obvious fruit-seeking and tender-seeking characteristics. When infesting young fruits, eggs are laid in the lower part of the young fruits. The larvae eat the pits. Before the fruits mature, the eggs are separated and laid between the lobes near the fruit pedicle. The larvae eat the seed stalks in the fruit band. Most of the eggs are laid on the petioles and slightly concave places between the petioles. Each male can lay an average of 133 to 157 eggs, and as many as 223. The young fruits are small and the insect feces are also coiled in the sexual canal. The mature larvae bite a hole and crawl out of the fruit or leaves, and pupate in a nearly round or round silky film-like cocoon on the leaf surface or the back of the leaf: the litchi forest planted with mixed early, medium and late varieties is conducive to the occurrence of this insect. The larvae of the litchi sharp moth damage the tender leaves, tender shoots and flower spikes, but not the fruits. This is the essential difference from the damage characteristics of the stamen borer. The moth has about 10 generations per year in Guangdong and Hainan, with intergenerational overlaps: it hibernates in the winter buds, flower spikes and leaf veins of longan, and the adults lay eggs on both sides of the midrib of young leaves and on the male leaves. The larvae hatch from the bottom of the egg shell, and several small excrement holes can be seen on the outside of the damaged veins. The larvae can spin silk and fall to the tips and leaves to cause damage. The mature insects crawl out of the borer and spin cocoons on the leaves near the damaged leaves. The insects harm longan fruits and eat the pits, but do not harm the fruits whose flesh has developed or whose pits are completely covered. The generation of the snail lasts for 28-36 days, and the larvae mostly overwinter in the cracks of the tree. The adults lay eggs at the base of the young fruit pedicles, and after hatching, they enter from the middle or shoulder of the fruit. When eating the pits, they often use duck shells to make holes and directly enter the ground from the hole. The larvae have the habit of coming out at night to harm the fruits. Each larva can harm 2-3 fruits, but When the pulp is full of the core, it cannot cause harm. The mature larvae crawl out of the fruit and pupate in the double seams of the tree's epidermis. A few pupate inside the fruit. In addition to harming dragon feed, the onion and lychee butterfly also harms crops such as steamed taro, macadamia, and guava. 9
NY/T1479—2007
Key issuesbZxz.net
Leafrollers
Black-spotted brown leafroller
Cryhtaphrtebia omtradelte
Yi-banded long-leaf-roller
Homonc euffearier
Pseudo-small yellow leaf-roller
Ada.ruphgw. cyrtnsem!
Yellow triangle leaf-roller
Statherutis leucospis
Round-horned leaf-roller
Etoda cellerigera
Gray-concave leaf-roller
Dhedu aprohota
Longan Hypitim
Hypitim longuwe
Longan horn cheek psylla
Cormegenapsylla sizita
Table B.1 (continued)
Emergence characteristics
The leaf rollers that harm longan mainly include black-spotted leaf roller, brown-banded long leaf roller, small-leaf roller, round-horned leaf roller, yellow-horned leaf roller, gray-white striped leaf roller, etc. The leaf rollers spin silk to roll the leaves with their larvae, and bite the tender leaves to cause notches. In severe cases, the leaves can be eaten up. Or the larvae feed on the pith of the fruit, flower spikes and tender shoots, causing the young fruits to fall and the tender shoots and flower spikes to die
The black-spotted brown leaf roller often occurs in combination with the litchi peduncle oyster moth, small gray butterfly, brown-banded long leaf roller, etc. In addition to harming longan, this insect also harms plants such as twigs, carambolas, and ox-horn trees. The eggs of this insect are laid on the leaves of crops such as longan, and the newly hatched larvae are scattered in the fruit shell and eat the peel. After the second instar, there is usually only one larva in one fruit. The mature larvae are in the bored fruit or crawl out and pupate in the nearby weeds. This insect also feeds on the tender leaves of longan, citrus, loquat, and other fruit trees. In the early stage of the longan, it is often mixed with the litchi small gray butterfly and the pseudo-small yellow leaf roller, and in the middle and late stages, it is mixed with the frog, small gray butterfly and black spot leaf roller. The larvae of this insect hibernate in the leaf roller or nearby weeds. After the climate warms up, it resumes activity and feeds on flowers or leaves. After the fruit falls, it turns to young fruit. As the fruit develops, the peel and the core change, it turns to young leaves, tender shoots and young longan fruits. The adults mainly lay eggs on the leaves. During the flowering period and before the young fruit, the newly hatched larvae bite the peel of the young fruit, and the 2nd-3rd instar larvae feed silently inside the young fruit. The insect has the habit of turning the fruit and turning the leaf husk to cause damage. The larvae often pupate in the old leaves, and some of the larvae that damage the fruit pupate in the fruit. The insect takes 31-52 days to complete the development of the generation, and there are about 7 generations per year. The larvae of the yellow leaf moth hibernate in the leaves with silk, and a few hibernate in the leaves. The generation of this moth is repeated every day, and there are 8-10 generations per year in the Pearl River Delta region. The eggs are mostly laid in the leaves, which can damage the tender leaves, tender shoots and strong fruits. The larvae are very active and have the habit of turning the fruit to cause damage. When frightened, they will retreat sharply, spin silk and fall to the ground. Adults like to suck sweet and sour food and fermented substances. The round-horned leaf roller mainly harms crops such as longan and litchi in Guangxi. The larvae harm tender shoots, leaves and functional leaves. If found, it harms fruits. In addition to longan, the yellow triangle leaf roller also harms tender leaves, tender leaves and flower sugar on litchi and tangerine. If found, it harms fruits. In Nanning, Guangxi, 9 generations occur in a year, and the generation weight is Shun. The gray-white striped leaf roller mainly harms tender leaves and flowers. In Southwest Ning area, the occurrence is relatively large from July to January. From July to August, it often occurs in the longan. The yellow two-horned leaf roller feeds on the tip, tender stems and inflorescence stalks of longan. The longan wheat moth has 5 generations every year. The mature larvae begin to overwinter in the branch tunnel around mid-November, and the overwintering larvae pupate from December to January of the following year. In the east, the first generation of larvae are harmful to the branches and the second generation of larvae are harmful to the branches and summer and autumn branches. The first generation of larvae are harmful to autumn branches, the second generation of larvae are harmful to autumn branches and winter branches, and the fifth generation of larvae are harmful to winter branches. The eggs of the longan moth are laid in the cracks of the top buds of new branches and the veins on the back of young leaflets, or in the cracks of the epidermis of the small stalks of the flower spikes and young branches. The newly hatched eggs are directly eaten by shrimps, and then transferred to the branches to cause damage. The larvae live in the shrimp ducts all their lives. There is usually one larva on a branch. If the branch is old, the larvae can no longer continue to feed, and they will move to another branch to cause damage. Generally, they move to another branch 1 to 2 times. Orchards that are poorly managed and have irregular seasons are often seriously damaged. The longan horn ...The generations change in the field. This insect overwinters in the depressions of the damaged leaves of longan. In Fujian, the phenomenon of nymph diapause is obvious. The occurrence of horn-cheeked psyllid is closely related to the phenology and variety of longan. The peak period of the occurrence of adults and eggs of horn-cheeked psyllid coincides with the shoot-pulling period of longan. The occurrence peaks every year, but if the emergence temperature is highest in summer, the adults only lay eggs on the back of the purple-red young leaves in the shoot-pulling period, and the eggs are laid scattered. The adults do not lay eggs on the leaves that turn green. Each female can lay up to 100 eggs. The newly hatched psyllids can also crawl, and start feeding when they crawl to the appropriate part of the young leaves: 2d-3d, they will find a depression on the leaf and live in it throughout the nymphal period until they emerge. The larvae are the most vulnerable to insects, and the good varieties have better insect resistance.
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