Micrographics—Inspection of silver-gelatin microforms for evidence of deterioration
Some standard content:
ICS 37. 080. 00
National Standardization Guiding Technical Documents of the People's Republic of China GB/Z 19737--2005/IS0/TR 12031:200C Micrographics-Inspection of silver-gelatin microforms for evidenceof deterioration
(ISO/TR 12031:2000.IDT)
Issued on April 19, 2005
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China Administration of Standardization of the People's Republic of China
Implemented on October 1, 2005
1 Model Drawings
Normative Reference Documents
Terms and Definitions
Inspection Environment
Equipment and Consumables
16 mm and 35 mm mrm film light box and film balance magnifier
microscope
unidirectional light source
black velvet
inspection for sets
sampling method
division of inspection team
inspection method for all microforms
inspection content for all microforms
additional inspection of rolls
additional inspection of envelopes
additional inspection of image cards
8 Inspection report
Classification
Data collection overview
History and description of the group or nest
Inspection report for each microform
Data analysis (optional)
Type of defects
Microbiological growth
Ammoniated microspots
Residual chemicals
Adhesion of emulsion layer
Separation of emulsion from substrate
GB/Z 19737--2005/IS0/TR 12031:200D1
GB/Z19737—2005/ISO/TR 12031.20009.8 Film base shrinkage
10 Remedial measures-
10.1 Overview
10.2 Subsequent review
Appendix A (informative)
Determination of film base type
Appendix B (informative) Factors affecting deterioration B.1 Overview
B.2 Improper selection of film material
B.3 Handling
B. 3. 1 Improper fixing
B. 3. 2 Improper washing
Insufficient blasting
P, 4 Improper environmental conditions during storage period
Appendix C (informative appendix) Indications of various types of defects C.1 Microbial growth
C, 2 Oxidation microspots
C 2, 1
Has been film header,
Silver bright spots
C.3 Separation of emulsion layer from film base
GB/Z19737—2005/IS0/TR120312000 This guiding technical document adopts the technical content of I50/TR12031:2000(E) "Micrographic technology - Inspection for signs of deterioration of silver gelatin microforms" (English version). The main differences between this guidance technical document and ISO)/T1203t:2000(E) are as follows: "Foreword" is added:
- The international standards in the normative reference documents are changed to the corresponding national standards or currently valid international standards. Appendix A, Appendix R and Appendix C of this guidance technical document are informative appendices: This guidance technical document is for reference only. Suggestions and opinions on this guidance technical document should be submitted to the standardization administrative department of the State Council.
This guidance technical document is proposed and organized by the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Document Imaging Technology (SAC/TC8G): This guidance technical document is drafted by the Second Branch of the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Document Imaging Technology. The main drafters of this guidance technical document are: Li Sanyang, Sun Jijun, Li Ming, and Huang Yafei. GB/Z19737-2005/IS0/TK12031-2000 Introduction
This guidance document aims to provide a uniform method for sampling and examining silver-gelatin microforms for signs of deterioration. It has long been recognized that poor rinsing, drying and storage conditions can promote microbial attack and various other types of image deterioration. In the examination of some large collections of microforms in the last decade, many examples of oxidation microspots have been found, which may be the result of age or the different processing conditions used. These examples draw attention to the fact that, although films may be processed and stored under the best conditions achievable, the only guarantee of the good preservation of these microforms is the implementation of a systematic and careful inspection program. Silver gelatin microforms that have been produced, exposed, developed and stored in accordance with current standards and have a long life expectancy may not require extensive inspection.
1 Scope
Microfilming Technology
GB/Z19737-—2005/I50/TR12031:2000 Inspection of silver-gelatin microforms for signs of deterioration This guidance document applies to all forms of silver-gelatin microforms, including rolls, image cards, envelopes and microfilms: it describes the equipment and methods required to inspect and detect signs of deterioration. This information will help to determine the nature and extent of the problem and will ultimately provide a solid basis for any remedial measures that may be required. 2 Normative References
The provisions in the listed documents become provisions of this guidance document through reference in this guidance document. For all dated references, their subsequent amendments (excluding the contents or revisions of the dated documents) are applicable to this guidance technical document. However, the parties who reach an agreement based on this guidance technical document are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For all undated references, their latest versions are applicable to this guidance technical document. GB/T6159.12003 Microfilm Vocabulary Part 1: General Terms (ISO6196-1:1993, M0D) GB/T6159.3-2003 Microfilm Photographic Technology Training Part 3: Film Processing (ISO006196-3: 1997, M0D) GB/T6159.4-2003 Microfilm Technology Training Part 4: Materials and Packaging (ISO006196-4.1998, M0D) 1ISO2859-0: 1995 Sampling Inspection Procedures Part 0: Introduction to 1ISO2859 Sampling Systems GB/T2828.1-2003 Counting and Deletion Inspection Procedures Part 1: Batch Inspection with Acceptance Quality Limit (AQL) Retrieval Sample Allowance (ISO 2859-1:1999,IDT)
IS02859-2:1985 Sampling inspection procedures Part 2: Sampling plan for individual inspection with limit quality (LQ) index 1S028593:1991 Sampling inspection procedures Part 3: Skip batch and drag sampling procedures 1S018901:2002 or imaging materials have been added. E. Silver gelatin type black and white film stability technical specifications pool IS018906:2000 Imaging materials photographic film safety film current specification IS01 8911:2000 Imaging materials Processed photographic film storage methods TS018917:1999 Photographic materials Determination of residual thiosulfate and other related chemicals in photographic materials Iodine amylose method, methylene blue method and silver sulfide method 3 Terms and definitions
GB/T6159.2003, GB/T6159.3-2003 and GB/T6159.4-2003 and the following terms and definitions apply to this technical guide.
Processing Frilling
The separation of the emulsion layer from the film base during the original processing of the microform. 4 Inspection environment
The room or place used to inspect microforms should be clean and dust-free, and the temperature should not exceed 23°C and the relative humidity should not exceed 50%. The work surface should be clean and free of objects and substances that can damage the microforms. During the inspection and during the transportation from the film warehouse to the inspection room, it is advisable to avoid changes in ambient temperature and humidity. 1
GB/Z19737-2005/IS0/TR12031:20005 Equipment and consumables
5.1 Overview
The inspection equipment should not damage the film during the inspection process. 5. Light boxes and film samplers for 216 mm and 35 Mam films The light source of the light box for this purpose is usually covered with translucent glass or plastic. In order to minimize the heat accumulation on the inspection table, fluorescent lamps can be used. Tungsten filament lamps or halogen lamps can also be used. 5.3 Magnifiers
Two magnifiers of approximately 5× and 15× are preferred. The low-power magnifier provides a wider field of view, the higher-power magnifier is used for more detailed inspection.
5.4 Microscopes
A microscope of at least 2× and 50× magnification is required for occasional close inspection. A brighter stage illuminator is required to be able to see through the high-density areas of the header and film: a microscope with a surface illuminator is very useful in evaluating surface characteristics, and microphotographs of defects taken with a camera will help to record the progression of any deterioration of the microform. 5.5 Unidirectional Light Source
A light source other than the room ambient light is preferred for inspection of the film surface with or without the aid of a magnifier for image degradation, scratches, or other defects. This light source is essential for inspection of rolls, image cards, envelopes, and microfilms. 5.6 Black velvet
Placing a piece of black velvet behind the microform will help to detect scratches, water marks and abrasions. 5.7 Examination gloves
White, clean, lint-free cotton or nylon gloves should be used to avoid leaving fingerprints on the microform. The gloves are only used for film examination and should be replaced regularly.
6 Axis Sample Method
6.1 Overview
The thumbprint of the microform should be examined. If this is not possible, an appropriate sampling method given in ISO 2859-0:1995 (B/T 2828.1--2003.1S0128592:1985 or IS02859-3:1991) should be used to provide representative data for the whole group or batch of samples:
6.2 Division of inspection groups
Microform collections should be divided into groups of similar types. The so-called similarity can be several groups stored under the same conditions: the same size, such as 16 mm and B5 mm; same specifications and film types, such as envelopes, image cards, polyester and acetate films, series records, and their types. Since some types of deterioration are progressive over time, it may be useful to group them by age. In a library or archival environment, a collection of newspaper archives, a series of books or private documents microfilmed over a period of time may be considered an important batch or group. 7 Inspection
7.1 General
The microform inspector should be fully familiar with the defects commonly associated with microform handling and should be fully familiar with the various ageing defects (see Chapter 9). Microforms should be handled with care until it is confirmed that normal handling has not damaged older microforms. 7.2 Methods of Inspection of All Microforms
The film surface should be inspected.
Rotate the film - so that light is reflected from the film surface. Inspect the back of the film. Some forms of deterioration can be detected by the naked eye during this initial inspection. Some defects are Microfilms with a higher reduction ratio require more rigorous inspection. GB/Z19737--2005/IS0/TR12031:2000 personnel should carefully inspect the film using both transmitted and reflected light. In order to find out whether there are scratches, it is advisable to illuminate from the film surface and inspect with black velvet as the backing. 7.3 All microfilms should be inspected carefully. Contents of inspection of micro products
Make sure that the film base is not cellulose nitrate (see Appendix A). In the past, some older films may be cellulose nitrate! Smell the film, paper card, envelope and packaging to see if there is any unusual smell. For triacetate film base, check whether there is acid odor, check the surface condition of the film, whether there is scratches, covering, mold or coating shedding, etc. Check whether there is any change in the storage (such as film box storage cabinet and other packaging). 7. 4 Additional Inspection of Film
Pinch the center of the film reel between thumb and index finger and use the other hand to rotate the reel so that the film leader can be pulled out. If the film leader cannot be pulled out, the cause should be carefully investigated. It is not uncommon for a film that has not been unwound for a long time to be slightly stuck. If the film leader and the following film turns cannot be unwound without a ring, the inspector should consult an expert. Holding the reel with one hand, pull a long enough film leader. Check the film's photosensitive layer under room light to see if there are any signs of silver spots.
Put the film reel on the rewinder with the photosensitive layer facing up and pull the film slowly over the light box. Stop every 3 meters or so and carefully examine the frame with the help of a magnifying glass or microscope. Use transmitted and reflected light to check the emulsion side of the film for signs of deterioration. Check the film roll for loose joints due to improper adhesive tape or improper bonding procedures, and for materials or adhesives that may cause defects.
7.5 Additional inspection of the cover film
Inspect the cover under room light. Observe whether the film path adhesive material has debonded and can no longer hold the image in the correct film path.
Inspect the film path for dust or dirt. The film path and the film should not stick to each other: improper film drying, high humidity in the storage environment, too close contact between the film surface and the cover material, and other reasons may cause adhesion: pay special attention to the bulge on the far right near the film loading port, because this image tape is often exposed to more ambient air. 7.6 Additional inspection of the image card
Inspect the paper card under room light to see if it has deteriorated. Some adhesives used in older paper cards may not have been fully aged. In addition to image quality, it is also advisable to check whether the film edges have deteriorated. 8 Inspection Report
8.1 Classification
The inspector should fill in the inspection report form. It is necessary to make a subjective judgment on the overall condition of the film according to the following classification: a) Excellent: No deterioration is detected; b) Good: Slight physical damage, but no damage to the information; Poor: The film has deteriorated such as discoloration. If the information is not damaged, the film can still be stored. However, the film should be inspected every two years to see if it has further deteriorated; d) Bad: The information has been damaged, and it is advisable to make a silver salt copy to avoid further loss of information. Note: Other films of the same series or of the same production period should also be checked for deterioration. 8.2 Overview of data collection
The most ideal type of report will vary from organization to organization, and as the inspection program progresses, factors of concern will change. It is recommended that at least two report forms be used: the first to record the basic condition and history of a given batch or lot, and the second to record the findings of each inspection of the microforms.
8.3 History and description of a group or collection
The following items are ideal data required to identify a group or collection: GB/Z 19737--2005/IS0/TK 12031.2000 Name of the organization. This is often included in the title of the form. For a document centre or archive, it will also include the department or office involved a
;
Identification mark of the record series, group or collection: b)
Microform identification mark, sufficient information to retrieve the microform series or collection; c
Inspector's name and inspection date;
Film carrier (if not roll);
Examples: envelope and manufacturer, image card and manufacturer. h
Year of production!
Examples: 19661970, etc.
Film type:
Examples: photographic negative, copy negative, copy positive. h) Film base:
Examples: polyester, ester acid.
Film size and thickness
Examples: 15mm35mm, thin film, thick film. Film use:
Examples: long-term, intermediate film.
Type of reel, light-proof reel, core. Examples: plastic, metal.
Options:
a) Film specifications;
Examples: roll film, envelope film, image card: Type of film processing department;
Examples: this unit, dealer, unknown.
Film packaging:
Examples: cardboard pins, plastic boxes, metal film boxes, etc. d) Environmental conditions: describe the temperature and humidity ranges and, if known, the contaminants in the environment (see 1S018911:2000): 8.4 Inspection report for each microform
The following are ideal data required for initial inspection and subsequent inspection of each unit in a group or collection: a) Record the identification of the series, group or collection, the microform identification, and sufficient information to retrieve the microform: b
c) Name of inspector and date of inspection:
d) Type of header;
Example: noisy, clear or with joints.
Type of trailer;
Example: obscured, clear or with joints.
Resolution;
Example: .6 pairs,
Number and type of joints:
Example: tape, adhesive,Heat welding, etc.
Types of film fixing supplies;
Examples: restoration of leather, tape, string, plastic paper clips, etc., Types of deterioration: discoloration, silvering, yellowing, bluing and mirtoring, scratches, oxidation spots, delamination, signs of adhesion, etc.;
GB/Z19737-—2005/IS0/TR12031-2000 Deteriorated parts: title, image area background, characters, first track of cover film, upper left corner of image card, header card foot, entire reel tail, etc.:
k) Severity of deterioration (see the classification of inspection levels) Remarks;
Example: Further sampling required + copy required + inspection of other stored films before 1965: Check all microfilms shot in Manassas, etc. m) Overall assessment of physical condition (may include inspector’s comments) 8.5 Data analysis (optional)
The data analysis should include the following information:
Name of batch, group or collection:
b) Inspection period (from start to end):
Name of inspector;
d) Number of units (disks, image cards, envelopes, microfilms) in the batch: bzxz.net
Number of samples inspected:
Type of deterioration detected:
Percentage of samples affected by deterioration;
Severity of deterioration!
Remedial measures:
Only this batch of this agent should be checked in reverse order;
Only this replacement of the film header/film:
Recommend changing the storage facilities or equipment or packaging: 4)
Continue to copy:
Request professional repair#
Recommend vulcanization treatment.
Excellent, paragraph, etc.,
If it is only recommended to check at another specified date without any recommendation to take measures, it is advisable to make a hard copy of the defective microfilm for later comparison.
9 Types of Defects
9. Overview
Described below are some common types of defects that are caused by poor storage conditions or that become apparent only after storage. See Appendix B for information on factors that affect deterioration. 9.2 Microbial Growth
When photographic films are stored for long periods in an atmosphere where relative humidity is generally above 50%, mold growth may occur on the emulsion side of the film or on the film reels. Fungus spores are present in the ambient air and are not harmful in cool, dry conditions. However, in warm conditions with relative humidity above 50% and temperatures above 21°C, the spores become very active, rapidly multiplying and attacking the gelatin in the film. Damage to the film is manifested by deformation of the emulsion layer, which can be best described as a corrosion process, much like etching in printing technology, and ultimately leads to chemical damage, making the gelatin viscous and soluble in water (see Figures 1, 2, and 3). 3, Figure 4). Do not use water or aqueous solution to remove mold, otherwise it will cause image loss and permanent damage to the emulsion. Trace amounts of surface fungi can generally be removed with a soft cotton cloth and a qualified film cleaner. When using the cleaner, refer to the manufacturer's instructions. Some chemical treatment methods that can prevent the spread of mold are currently being tested. If the damage is serious, it is advisable to hand it over to professional photography technicians for treatment. 9.3 Oxidation spots
Oxidation spots are sometimes called aging spots. The phenomenon was first reported in 1963. These spots are very small, with a diameter of 15μm to 150μm, red or yellow in color, and can be ridged in shape with a tiny nucleus in the center. Irregular shape. These spots are caused by local oxidation of the image silver. Local oxidation of silver forms a very small amount of colloidal silver deposition, which appears as red or yellow spots. Ammoniating agents that may cause this deterioration are oxygen, pollutants in the air (such as peroxides, ozone, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen), or other substances present in the industrial atmosphere. Peroxides can be present in certain woods, or they can be formed by the aging of the backing paper and cardboard commonly used to store film. Depending on the storage conditions, such as high brightness and warm environments, micro spots may appear in less than a year of storage. Oxidation microspots appear within a short time, and the combination of these conditions will accelerate the rate of microspot formation. Studies in the 1960s showed that these microspots exist on microfilm negatives and positive films with joints, but are not limited to these films. Although most observations were made on reels, some cases have been reported on microfilm envelopes and image-cards mixed with certain index cards. Although due to many different factors. Oxidation microspots can form in different areas of the film, but they usually first swell up on the film header of the reel that has been flashed (see Figure C.5). In some cases, silvery bright spots may be observed on the emulsion side with the naked eye under internal lighting (see Figure C.6). Individual spots can be seen from the emulsion side or film base with the help of a magnifying glass. Films with gray edges are particularly susceptible to oxidation microspots because they provide a convenient path for the microspots to migrate to the image area of the film. Scratches in the emulsion layer may provide an excellent environment for the oxidation process to form. If damaged, the film may be most susceptible to oxidation microspots.
Common Characteristics of Oxidation Microspots Each spot has a reddish or yellowish color, which is caused by colloidal silver. In severe cases, the color is bright and can be identified without magnification. Other types of spots other than oxidation microspots may appear on film at any time, but they are usually colored.
Note that it is not necessary to report the different types of spots, only their presence. 9. 4 Residual Chemicals
During the fixing stage, the unexposed silver halide crystals in the emulsion layer are converted into water-soluble silver compounds that can be washed away with water. The most common chemicals used for fixing are sodium thiosulfate (known as "hypo") or ammonium thiosulfate. Other chemicals may also be present in the fixer to maintain the desired pH, provide film hardening, stabilize the solution, or trap oxidized microspots in the positive image. Adequate fixing and washing are essential for the performance of the microform. After all the undeveloped silver halide has been converted, the emulsion is still saturated with the chemicals of the fixer and some dissolved silver compounds. If the residue is not removed by washing, it will slowly decompose and attack the image, causing discoloration, band formation, and other problems. The forms are yellowing/browning, irregular shaped spots and fading of the image due to dirt. High humidity and temperature will greatly accelerate this effect. Also, the smaller the silver grains of the film, the faster it reacts. Since the silver grains of most microfilms are very small, they are very sensitive to this effect. White powder on the outer circle of the roll has not formed, indicating that harmful acids may be present, or if these are likely to be caused by the decomposition of rubber bands and paper or triacetyl cellulose film base: if black particles or dark streaks appear on the entire roll, it means that the frame used for the back coating may not have been completely removed, and this film was not used in the 1950s and 1960s. The era was very commonly used. 9.5 Emulsion layer adhesion strength
Polyethylene terephthalate (polyester) film needs to consider the adhesion strength of the photosensitive layer and the coating to the film base. This is because under very low relative humidity, the photosensitive layer and the backing layer with gelatin as the main component will shrink, thereby generating strong stress. The periodic change of relative humidity from moderate to very low (below 30%) causes the alternating expansion and contraction of the gelatin layer, which seriously affects the adhesion. The extent of the influence of this stress on the adhesion is greatly related to the thickness and physical properties of the gelatin layer, and the thickness and physical properties of the gelatin layer vary depending on the film type.
Under extreme conditions of temperature rise and fall or relative humidity cycles, the gelatin photosensitive layer and backing layer on the polyester base sometimes produce some defects, such as slight edge peeling, flaky peeling, emulsion cracking, etc.: the same coating on the cellulose ester base will not have such defects under the same conditions, or the degree is not so serious. For this reason, relative humidity is extremely important for long-term archival preservation. The recommended environmental conditions for archival microform storage are shown in 15018906:2000. Polyester base microforms that are stored for a long time must be stored under appropriate recommended conditions.
9. 6. Emulsion separation from the film base
This effect usually occurs on the film roll. It is caused by film adhesion. The causes include: 6
-- Improperly dried film is wound on the film plate and then stored in a high temperature environment:
GB/Z19737-2005/1S0/TR12031:2000--The growth of residual microorganisms after drying. When untrained personnel try to separate the wound film in the case of severe adhesion: the band will cause separation (see Figure 7 and Figure C, 8). Method: The separation of the emulsion layer from the film base may also occur during the original process. This separation is called "processing delamination". 9.7 Brittleness
Brittleness is usually caused by the storage of microforms at high temperatures and low temperatures, which results in the loss of moisture from the film. Under these conditions, if the microform is bent, it is easy to cause breakage or cracking. Usually, the microform can be placed at a relative humidity of 45% to 50% for 48 hours to readjust the film. In severe cases, it may take 5 to 10 days to restore the appropriate moisture content. 9.8 Film base shrinkage
Film base shrinkage mainly occurs on acetate film bases and occurs when the plasticizer has been released from the film base. The inspector should inspect for signs of emulsion shrinkage or a sour odor (see Figure (.7). 10 Remedial Actions
10.1 General
The remedial action to be taken should depend on the extent of deterioration found during the initial inspection. Film in "excellent" condition and films stored under long-term storage conditions will not require remedial action and will not need to be re-inspected as frequently or extensively as films that were found to be deteriorating during the first inspection or that have not been stored under long-term storage conditions. In either case, subsequent inspections should include some of the films that have been previously inspected to determine whether the condition of the films shows new signs of deterioration. Some films that have not been previously inspected should also be inspected. Films that are rated as having a fair spread of oxidation microspots may have their headers and trailers replaced to slow the spread of oxidation microspots, or some chemical treatment may be used to slow the spread of oxidation microspots. Films that are rated as having a fair amount of deterioration may be remedied with appropriate cleaning materials, but it is recommended that they be re-inspected. When using cleaning materials, follow the manufacturer's precautions. Information lost on films rated "good" cannot be recovered, and all films of the same quality should be immediately checked and rated as good, poor, or bad. "Poor" films should be immediately copied to reveal any remaining information. "Poor" films should be checked every two years to see if they have deteriorated further. The solution to these problems can be found in preventive measures: If any form of deterioration as described in this document is detected, it should be interpreted as improper handling, unsafe storage conditions, or inferior packaging materials, etc., and the storage facilities and equipment should be evaluated and the films transferred to long-term storage facilities and equipment as soon as possible. Any remedial measures should be implemented immediately. If nitrate-based films are stored in the shelves, copies should be made and the originals should be properly destroyed. If the film has deteriorated and copies are not made, the originals must be stored separately from the other stocks collected and all necessary safety measures should be taken. 10, 2 Subsequent review
The condition of the films in the group under inspection will determine the subsequent measures and review. For example, films in the group under inspection that do not show any deformation and are stored under ideal conditions do not need to be reviewed within two years; also, when a sample is found to be "poor", it is advisable to immediately draw the most efficient sample from the batch of films stored under acceptable conditions, or from the entire batch.
Tip: This standard content only shows part of the intercepted content of the complete standard. If you need the complete standard, please go to the top to download the complete standard document for free.