This standard introduces the multi-part standard for ergonomic requirements for office work using visual display terminals, provides guidance on the user performance approach, gives an overview of the expected content of GB/T 18978, provides some guidance on how to use GB/T 18978, and explains how to report compliance with GB/T 18978. GB/T 18978.1-2003 Ergonomic requirements for office work using visual display terminals (VDTs) Part 1: Overview GB/T18978.1-2003 Standard download decompression password: www.bzxz.net
This standard introduces the multi-part standard for ergonomic requirements for office work using visual display terminals, provides guidance on the user performance approach, gives an overview of the expected content of GB/T 18978, provides some guidance on how to use GB/T 18978, and explains how to report compliance with GB/T 18978.

ICS13.180
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/R 18978. 1--2003/1S0 9241-1: 1997 Ergonomic requirements for office workwith visual display terminals (VDTs)Part 1, General introduction(1S09241-1:1997.1DI)
Published on February 21, 2003
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China
Implementation on August 1, 2003
GB/T18978.1--2003/IS0 9241-1:1997 GB/T18978 "Human ergonomic requirements for office work using visual display terminals (VDTs)" covers the ergonomic requirements for hardware and software involved in the use of visual display terminals, and is intended to be divided into the following 17 parts: - Part 1 Part: Overview
Part 2: Guide to service requirements
--·-Part 3: Visual display requirements
Part 4: Keyboard requirements
Part 5: Workstation layout and posture requirements Part 6; Work environment guidelines
·Part 7: Requirements for displays with reflection
…·Part 8: Color requirements for displays
Part 9; Requirements for non-keyboard input devices
Part 10: Dialog principles
.—·-Part 11: Usability guidelines
----Part 12: Information display
--Part 13: User guidelines
-·Part 14: Single dialog
-Part 15: Command dialog
Part 16: Direct manipulation dialog
Part 1? Part: Filling in forms for activities
This part is the first part of GB/T 18978. The purpose of formulating this part is to summarize the various parts of GB/T 18978 and their interrelationships, as well as the target users of each part. This part is equivalent to IS092411:1997 Ergonomic requirements for office work using visual display terminals (VD)TS) Part [Part: Overview] (English version), including its amendment 1S092411:1997/Amd.1:2001. This part was drafted based on the translation of ISO 9241-1:1997, and the following amendments were made according to the amendment ISO 9241-1:1997/Atml.1:2001:
Appendix A of ISO 9241-1:1997 is adjusted as a reference to this part; Appendix A of amendment ISO 92411:1997/Amd.1:20014 is used as Appendix A to this part; The parts referring to Appendix A in ISO 9211-1:1997 are adjusted accordingly: A paragraph -· is added at the end of Chapter 6 of this part: Text Appendix A provides guidance on the use of GB/T 18978 Parts [0 to 17 in application software development, and guidance on the selection and combination of dialogue technologies involved in GB/T 18978 Parts 14 to 17. ”.
Appendix A of this part is informative. This part is proposed by China Standard Research Center. This part is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Standardization of Ergonomics. Drafting units of this part: China Standard Research Center, the Fourth Air Force Research Institute, Qingdao Haier Group Corporation, Dalian Maritime University, Shenyang Neusoft Software Co., Ltd., Beijing University, Zhuhai Tongsoft Management Technology Co., Ltd., main drafters of this part: Chen Yuanqiao, Guo Xiaochao, Zhang Hanqi, Liu Zhengjie, Jing Xiangdong, Gong Sheng, Zhao Chaoyi, Chen Yue. TKAoNiKAca-
GB/T 18978.1—2003/IS0 9241-1:1997 Introduction
One of the main tasks of ergonomics is to ensure that products and systems are fit for use by users, that is, to match the design of the product or system (including displays, input devices, software, workplace, working environment and tasks) to the characteristics, abilities and limitations of the intended users. Improvements in the ergonomics of a system will reduce errors and discomfort, minimize the risk of harm to health and safety, and improve work efficiency.
Users of products or systems vary greatly. It is important to understand how users differ and to quantify these differences so that they can be taken into account in the design. Both hardware and software can be used to perform many different tasks and adapt to a variety of working environments, and it is important to consider these factors in the design. Good ergonomic design is very important for any product or system that is intended for use by users, but is particularly important in the following situations: - when it is used frequently; - when the uncertainty or speed of the user's work is important; - when user acceptance is critical. Working with visual display terminals (VIs) is an essential part of many office workers' jobs. Both hardware and software features can greatly affect the performance of the user's work. Users, user representatives, and managers are increasingly concerned with ensuring that systems using VITs are designed to appropriate standards. A product or system that is appropriate in some circumstances may not be appropriate in others; when using ergonomic standards for VITs, it is important to recognize that the potential range of application of the standards is very broad. Therefore, ergonomic standards often take the form of recommendations or requirements and are specific to a particular environment. 1 Scope
GB/T 18978. 1--2003/ISO 9241-1: 1997 Ergonomic requirements for office work using visual display terminals (VDTs) Part 1: Overview
This part of GB/T 18978:
- introduces the multi-part standard for ergonomic requirements for office work using visual display terminals, providing an indication of user performance;
- gives an overview of the intended content of GB/T 18978; provides some guidance on how to use GB/T 18978; - describes how to report conformity with GB/T 18978 For the purpose of GB/T 18978, office tasks include a wide range of general-purpose data processing tasks. Because these tasks are similar to those performed in other environments such as medical, scientific research, telecommunications, control rooms and public service facilities, many of the requirements in GB/T 18978 are also applicable to these environments.
GB/T 18978 does not include the electrical safety of VDTs. For the electrical safety of VDTs, please refer to IEC:950. Note: The ergonomic requirements for flat panel displays are included in ISO13406-1 and ISO13406-2. GB/T18976-2003 provides detailed guidance on the design process of human-centered interactive systems. 2 Normative references
The following documents have been incorporated into this part through reference. For any dated applicable document, all amendments (excluding errata) or revisions accompanying it are not applicable to this part. However, parties to an agreement based on this part are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For any undated referenced document, the latest version applies to this part. GB/T 16251-1996 Ergonomic principles for the design of work systems (VIS06385:1981) 3 Terms and definitions
The terms and definitions established in GB/T [6251-1996] and the following terms and definitions apply to this part of GB/T 16251-1996.
User-performance approach A method of evaluating a system based on the level of performance expected to be achieved by users when performing related tasks and making requirements for a system: 3.2
User-performance test A test that directly measures the performance level of users in order to evaluate the system. Note: The measurable performance parameters include elegance, speed and comfort. GB/T 18978 Overview 4.1 Purpose and Target Users GI3/T 18978 establishes the ergonomic requirements for working with VDTs. Ergonomic design can improve the ability of VDT users to operate visual display devices safely, healthily, effectively, efficiently and comfortably. To this end, it is advisable to carefully design the workplace and environment where VDTs are used, and the way to organize and manage and perform VDT work. GB/T 18978. 1—2003/IS0 9241-1:1997 In practice, the parties may be responsible for many different people or organizations. GB/Ti8978 is intended to help designers and manufacturers develop visual display terminals and software systems that comply with ergonomic principles. T1898 is also relevant to purchasers who wish to evaluate the suitability of existing equipment, work environments and practices when they are looking to customize VDT systems for their organizations.
4.2 Product specifications, technical changes and user performance methods (B/118978 contains different types of information that need to be considered and used when designing systems for ergonomics or assessing the ergonomic attributes of systems. Some parts provide general guidance that needs to be considered when designing equipment, software and tasks, while other parts contain more specific design guidance and requirements related to current technologies. (H13/T18978 emphasizes the need to determine the factors that affect user performance and to use the user performance method to evaluate the system. The user performance method directly involves the ergonomic requirements of using VDTs. Using this method, it is possible to evaluate a system that uses a new technology (its technology Whether the equipment with different attributes (characteristics specified in specific parts of GB/T18978) is acceptable in terms of ergonomics. This method can be used even if there are no specific design guidelines available and there is no large amount of data to provide such guidelines. The performance method relies on reliable and valid test methods, and the measurements can be based on absolute evaluation criteria or a reference system. The test method is based on the use context and includes detailed specifications of usability evaluation criteria and measurements, how to measure (including the test equipment used if necessary), what test samples are suitable, what experimental conditions are relevant, and what performance levels are expected. When GB/T18978 partially clarifies the use of performance When performing a performance test, this section will provide information related to the above points: Typical VDTs consist of a display component, a keypad, and the associated electronic and control circuits. VDTs may also include other input devices (such as positioning devices) and output devices (such as audio equipment). A VDT can be either a terminal in a larger system or an independent computer. Other equipment (including printers and communications equipment) can be connected to the VDT's workplace or remotely. Although the technology used in the design and development of a working environment is changing with each passing day, the negotiation process to establish a unified standard is relatively flexible. Therefore, when the standard is implemented, the commonly used technology may have already been Outdated. To solve this problem, GB/T118978 is based on a non-product specification and provides alternative methods for evaluating compliance with specific requirements as much as possible.
5 Structure of GB/T18978
Taking into account the complexity of ergonomics of VDT and the comprehensive and multi-purpose characteristics of GB/T18978, GB/T18978 adopts a multi-part structure, each part of which involves a different aspect of VDT use (including the workplace and working environment). The requirements and tests described are mainly used for office tasks (see Chapter 1). Table 1 summarizes GB/T18978. Table 1 Overview of each part of GB/T 18978 Task requirements Guidelines Visual display requirements Chain requirements 1. Workbench layout and posture requirements Working environment guidelines Some descriptions of each part Design of tasks and work involving the use of VIs Video hardware design. And recommended as an alternative method for compliance testing. Ergonomic issues including literature, mother and (or) digital keyboard design + and recommended as an alternative method for compliance testing. Note: For more information, see GB/T17171. Allow users to maintain a comfortable and efficient posture while VIJT workstations. 1. Human ergonomics requirements. Prevent visual, auditory and thermal discomfort and stress sources and improve the efficiency of VITE work circulation. Efficiency requirements
Application scope
Requirements for display with reflection
Requirements for color of mouse display
Requirements for non-keyboard input devices
Dialogue principles
Availability guidelines
Information display
Guidelines
Order dialogue
Command dialogue
Automatic operation dialogue
: Form filling
6GB/T18978 User Guide
Table 1 (continued)
G:B/T 1B978.1-2003/1S(9241-1:1997 Ergonomic requirements and measurement methods for reflection of display surface (including treated surface) Ergonomic requirements for color display (as GB/T 18978.3 1.1.2 Human-computer interaction: (i) human-computer interaction: (i) human-computer interaction: (ii) human-computer interaction: (iii) human-computer interaction: (iv) human-computer interaction: (v) human-computer interaction: (vi ... The ergonomic design of the command language includes the structure and creation of the command language, command expression, input and output, feedback and operation dialogue, including: object operation, meaning and object and attribute design; the "graphic user interface" directly operated by the above aspects and aspects not included in other parts of GB/T15978. The ergonomic design of the form dialogue includes: form structure and output considerations, input considerations, special form differences. The following steps should be taken to optimize or evaluate the ergonomic characteristics of the system, and these steps should be repeated when necessary:, application examples. Based on usability standards, health and safety standards, and system usage scenarios (including characteristics of users, tasks and environments), determine ergonomic requirements: ... Design the system using principles, recommendations and standards that meet these ergonomic requirements; Evaluate the system against these ergonomic requirements. In the event that the ergonomic requirements are not met: diagnose the steps taken in order to improve the system. In addition to this step, it is also necessary to continuously communicate information about the ergonomic requirements and characteristics of the system to all parties, such as: ergonomics experts pass it to system developers; system developers pass it to system users. In these activities, different parts of GB/T18978 may be used, such as; when specifying ergonomic requirements: the use of expectations must be clear, otherwise it will be impossible to determine the usability target of a system and make appropriate design choices based on this. GB3/T18978.1 provides a framework and guidelines for describing the use context:
When the use context is understood and the usability target is determined, the next step depends on the users of GB/T18978 and their use of it. System designers get specific guidance on choosing among multiple optional design options. Purchasers can identify appropriate requirements for procurement specifications. Evaluators can evaluate existing systems against ergonomic requirements. All ergonomic requirements should be based on the understanding of the use context. If this understanding is obtained, it can be based on the required TKAOIKACa-
GB/T 18978. 1--2003/ISO 9241-1: 1997 product attributes or the desired level of user performance to clarify the ergonomic requirements. Many different design solutions, although they must comply with the specific guidelines given by the standard (see GB/T18978.11), can still achieve the required level of user performance. For this reason,Determining ergonomic requirements based on performance allows for greater flexibility in design. Each part of GB/T 18978 has some general guidance for its specific area, and the following parts provide broad general guidance:
Part 2: Guidance on service requirements
Part 10: Dialogue principles
Part 11: Usability guidelines
The following parts contain specific requirements and recommendations that can be used in design and evaluation. Equipment:
Part 3, Visual display requirements
Part 1: Keyboard requirements
Part 7: Display requirements with reflection
Part 8: Display color requirements
Part 9 Requirements for non-keyboard input devices
Environment:
Part 5: 1 Workstation layout and posture requirements Part 6: Guidance for the working environment
Software:
Part 12: Information displaywww.bzxz.net
Part 13 Part: User Guide
Part 14: Menu Dialogs
Part 15: Command Dialogs
Part 16: Automated Operation Dialogs
Part 17: Form Filling Dialogs
The following parts contain user performance tests related to the test methods:Part 3: Visual Display Requirements
Part 4: Keyboard Requirements
Part 5: Workstation Layout and Posture RequirementsPart 8: Display Color Requirements
Part 9: Non-Keyboard Input Device Requirements
Part 1 provides guidance on the implementation of user performance tests to evaluate the effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction of the system in the context of use.
Appendix A provides guidance on the selection and combination of dialog technologies covered in Parts 10 and 17 of GR/T 18978 in the development of application software. 7 Reporting conformity with the various parts of GB/T 18978 3/T 18978 is a multi-part national standard. Therefore, conformity is related to individual parts, not to the national standard as a whole. Any statement of conformity shall state which parts of the VIT, workplace or VDT work conform to which parts of GR/T 18978.
GB/T 18978 Parts 12 to 17 require that if a product claims to meet the applicable requirements of these parts, the procedures used to establish product requirements, develop and (or) evaluate the product shall be described in detail. The level of detail of the procedures shall be determined by negotiation between the parties concerned. Appendix
(Informative Appendix)
GB/T 18978.1—2003/ISO 9241-1:1997 Description and application of software parts (GB/T 18978 Parts 10 to 17) 4.1 Structure of GB/T 18978 Parts 10 to 17 A.1.T Introduction
GB/T 18978 Parts 10 to 17 cover software ergonomics issues, such as: - principles of human-computer dialogue (GB/T 18978.10); - relevance of the use context (user, task, environment) and usability definitions in terms of effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction (GB/T 18978.11);
- recommendations for the characteristics of information displayed and the presentation of information (GB/T 18978.12); recommendations for user guidance: these recommendations apply to all interactive technologies (GB/T 18978.13); - recommendations for the use of interactive technologies (GB/T 18978.14); 18978.14 to GB/T 18978. 17) The specification and design of human-computer dialogue is subject to the understanding of the requirements of users, their tasks, environment and applicable technology. There are usually multiple options, and the final choice may be influenced by the requirement of consistency (for example, consistency with existing organizational practices or consistency across a series of systems). By referring to the standard (i.e. GB/T 18978.10) that contains general principles for active design, it can help to make decisions on the overall suitability of human-computer dialogue. (13/T 18978 Parts 14 to 17 set out specific recommendations for dialogue design. A.1.2 Relationship diagram between Parts 10 to 17 of GB/T 18978 A.1 The structure of Part 10 and Part 17 of GB/T18978 reflects the nature of each part in terms of principles and recommendations.
Guide to reliability ((GB/T18978.11)
Principle of dialogue (GB/T:18978.10)
Information display (GB/T18978.12)
Guide to interactive technology (GB/T18978.15)
Direct color interaction (GB/T18978.16)
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Figure A.1 Relationship between software parts of GB/T 18978 TTKAoNKAa
The standard contains principles and
(or) general recommendations
The standard only contains principles
and(or) general recommendations, and also contains specific recommendations
The standard contains specific recommendations
GB/T 18978.1-2003/IS0 9241-1:1997A.1.3 (8/T18978.10 Dialogue original
G13/T 18978. The purpose of GB/T 18978.10 is to present high-level ergonomic principles for the design of dialogues between people and information systems. GB/T 18978.0 provides seven basic principles for the design of good dialogues between users and software interfaces. The seven principles are: suitability for the task; self-description; controllability; conformity with user expectations; compatibility; suitability for personalization; and learning. The principles given in GB/T 18978.10 are the basis for understanding any specific software ergonomics recommendations in other parts of GB/T 18978. Although it is possible to evaluate whether these principles have been generally adopted, it is not possible to strictly verify whether they are met. A.1.4 GB/T 18978.11\Guidelines for Usability" GB/T 18978.11 introduces the concept of usability, It does not contain specific recommendations for product attributes. It is concerned with the extent to which product users can achieve specific performance in a given context of use (user, task and environment). This framework can be used as a partial ergonomic requirements specification: it includes a description of the context in which the system is to be evaluated, the evaluation procedures to be performed and the measurement criteria to be met.
A.1.5 Structure of Parts 12 to 17 of GB/T 18978 A.1.5.1 Structure
Each part of Parts 12 to 17 of GB/T 18978 adopts the following structure: - Foreword;
Introduction;
II - Scope;
III - Normative references;
III - Terms and definitions;
I - Applicability;
I - Recommendations;
III - Appendix.
A. 1.5.2 Applicability clauses
In the applicability clauses of GB/T 18978 Part 12 to Part 17, the applicability of a particular part is described in terms of:
-User and organizational characteristics;
Service characteristics;
System performance.
Note: A.3.2 provides more detailed characteristics.
Applicability clauses also describe modifications given in the application specifications. The applicability of each key item should be evaluated and, if judged to be appropriate, should be implemented in the relevant communication technology unless there is evidence that doing so would result in a deviation from the design specification or a reduction in the level of usability.
In addition, each of GB/T 18978 Part 12 to Part 17 states: "If a product claims to meet the applicable recommendations of this part of GB/T 18978, the procedures used to establish the requirements, develop and/or evaluate the L should be described in detail." The level of detail of the procedure is determined by consultation between the US Departments. A.1.5.3 Construction clauses
GB/T 18978. 1--2003/1S0 9241-1 1997 The recommended clauses in each of Parts 12 to 17 of GB/T 18978 contain recommendations for that particular part of GB/T 18978. Many recommendations are conditional (e.g., statements in the form of "if"), while statements in the form of "if" often mention the context of use [e.g., in GB/T 18978.14 adopts the following "if" form of statement: "If appropriate to the task, in a multi-level menu structure (more than three levels), the user should be provided with the ability to move from one part (node) of the menu structure to another part without having to return to the initial common node".
A. 1. 5. 4 Appendix
Appendix A in Parts 12 to 17 of GB/T 18978 provides a procedure for determining whether the applicable provisions of that particular part of GB/F 18978 are met. It is worth noting that the procedure described is provided as a guide and cannot replace the standard itself as a process that needs to be strictly implemented. The procedure provides a two-stage process for determining which recommendations are relevant and determining whether these relevant provisions are followed.
GB/T Appendix B of GB/T 18978.14 gives application examples. In addition, each part of GB/T 18978 Parts 12 to 17 contains a reference that lists the source documents on which it is based.
A.1.6 GB/T 18978.12 "Information Display" GB/T 18978.12 introduces the characteristics of information display. These characteristics are as follows: ... clarity (the information content is quickly and accurately transmitted); ... distinguishability (the displayed information can be accurately distinguished); ... - Concise (only the information necessary to complete the task is provided to the user); consistency (according to the user's expectations, the same information is presented in the same way throughout the application); perceptibility (the user's attention is directed to the information required at the time); - readability (the information is easy to read);
easy to understand (the meaning is clear and understandable, unambiguous, and can be interpreted and recognized). The characteristics of displayed information given in GB/T 18978. 12 are applicable to the user guide (see A. 1.7) and the established dialog techniques used in software packages (see A.1.8). B/T18978.12 provides guidelines for the construction of information displays: for example: GB/T18978.12 recommends that groups of information items should be perceptually distinguishable from each other by spatial spacing and positional layout without giving exact criteria.
A.1.7 GB/T18978.13\User Guide
G13/T18978.[3 provides recommendations on the user guidance provided by the software user interface and its evaluation. The user guidance specified in GB/T18978.13 refers to the user guidance provided in response to user requirements or automatically by the system in addition to the conventional human-computer dialogue. The additional information provided, such as status information, feedback messages and online help, user guidance is always applicable and helps users to use the system to achieve their goals. Adequate user guidance should be provided so that users can complete the tasks supported by the system without excessive effort and stress. Any specific access technology (see A.1.8) integrates user guidance through, for example, highlighting the options menu items or underlining the labels of the sections that require access. Therefore, when designing a specific access technology, the recommendations given in CB/T 18978,13 should always be considered. A.1.8 GB/T 18978 Part 14 to Part 17 (Dialogue Technology) In GB/T 18978, since Part 14 to Part 17 describe "recommendations for specific dialogue technologies", the recommendations provided are more detailed than Part 10 and Part 13. In order to adapt to various user skill levels and various task characteristics, a user interface often adopts multiple dialogue technologies. A.3 describes the appropriate selection and combination of dialogue technologies. The dialogue technologies are as follows:
"Menu dialogue\(GB/T 18978.14): -\Command dialogue\(CB/T 18978.15)TTKANIKAca
GB/T 18978. 1--2003/ISO 9241-1: 1997——\Direct operation dialogue*(GB/T18978.16): -\Form filling dialogue\(GB/T18978.17). G13/T18978.14 is concerned with the ergonomic design of menu interactions (e.g., drop-down menus, pop-up menus). In a menu dialog, the dialog system presents one or more groups of options to the user, the user selects one or more options, and the computer then performs the process the user expects represented by the option.
GB/T18978.15 is concerned with the ergonomic design of command dialogs. In a command dialog, the user (from memory) enters a complete or abbreviated command phrase required by the command language syntax, and the computer then performs actions related to the command and its parameters. GB/T18978.16 is concerned with the ergonomic design of direct manipulation dialogs. In this method, the user performs operations by manipulating displayed objects in a manner similar to manipulating physical entities. GB/T 18978.17 is concerned with the ergonomic design of form-filling dialogs. In a form-filling dialog, the user fills in a form in a display area, selects an item, or modifies a label field.
A.2 Use of Parts 10 to 17 of GB/T 18978 in Analysis, Design and Evaluation A.2.1 Introduction
Interface design depends on tasks, users, environment and applicable technologies. Therefore, the application of Parts 10 to 17 of GB/T 18978 cannot be separated from the understanding of the design context and the context of interface use, and is not intended to be applied in its entirety as a set of specified rules. On the contrary, it is assumed that the designer has access to appropriate information about the tasks and user requirements and understands how to use the applicable technology (this may require consulting a qualified ergonomics professional or empirical testing with real users). GB/T 18978 Parts 10 to 17 are applied at all stages of the development process (see (B/T 18976, Human-centered interactive system design process). In the early stages of the process, GB/T 18978.[1] can be used to identify usability issues, while GB/T 18978.10 can provide information about the overall requirements for dialogue design. In addition, GB/T 18978.12 can be used to provide general guidance on information presentation, while GB/T 18978.13 provides information about the user guidance requirements of the interface. The following describes the target users of software parts and the usage of specific parts during analysis, design and evaluation. A.2.2 User types
The user types of GB/T 18978 are as follows t
2) User interface designers who use GB/T 18978 during the development process; h) Designers who provide user interface development tools to user interface designers. When designing user interface development tools, in order to ensure that the user interface is developed in a tool that can generate user interfaces that conform to the recommendations of GB/118978, it is advisable to adopt the applicable recommendations of GB/118978 (especially Parts 14 to 17 of GB/T18978); provide user interface style guides for user interface designers. Parts 10 to 17 of GB/T18978 are not user interface style guides. User interface style guides are particularly applicable to a given operating system or a particular software concurrent project. (GB/T 18978 does not take into account a specific operating system or application area. However, when developing a user interface style guide for a specific operating system or software, it is advisable to incorporate the applicable recommendations of GB/T 18978 (especially GB/T 18978 Part 14 and Part 17). Any recommendations given in the user interface style guide should be consistent with the corresponding recommendations in GB/T 18978;
Purchasers who will refer to GB/T 18978 Parts 0 to 17 during the product purchasing process: e) Evaluators who are responsible for ensuring that the product complies with the recommendations of GB/T 18978 Parts 10 to 17:) End users who will gain potential benefits from GB/T 18978. Designers who use GB/T 18978 Parts 10 to 17 need to understand that the interfaces they are developing specifically embody the principles set forth in each part of GB/T 18978 and comply with the recommendations provided in each part of GB/T 18978. Similarly, buyers and evaluators need a method to determine whether a product meets the relevant recommendations. This does not mean that every recommendation should be adopted, but only those relevant recommendations should be adopted.
A.2.3 Analysis
GB/T 18978.1--2003/ISO 9241-1:1997 An important prerequisite for analysis is to determine the target user and the *use context of the interface. GI3/T18978.11 provides guidance on how to determine the use context. The analysis also includes the identification of user activities (task analysis, see GB/T18978.2) required to achieve the various application functions identified during the final design. GB/T18978.10 is useful for determining the potential impact of initial dialog decisions on user performance. In this section, knowledge of various dialog techniques (ISO/IEC 18978 Parts 14 to 17) and user guidance (ISO/IEC 18978.13) is useful in identifying factors that affect user performance. A.2.4 Design
Based on the analysis 1: ISO/IEC 18978 Parts 10 to 17 can be used for the following user interface design. The dialog principles in ISO/IEC 18978.10 can be used to determine the suitability of a particular dialog technology and the trade-offs made between options to optimize user performance. In addition, the usability criteria established in the analysis (based on ISO/IEC 18978.11) can be used to guide the design. Guidance for selecting dialog technology is given in A.3 below and in the introduction to ISO/IEC 18978 Parts 13 to 17. Parts 12 to 17 of ISO 9001 are used as a source of information for making design trade-offs and resolving design issues. Each part contains recommendations for detailed dialog design that should be adopted during the design of each specific dialog. The applicability of individual recommendations should be evaluated and, if determined to be applicable, should be implemented unless there is evidence that doing so would result in a deviation from the design objective or an overall reduction in usability. In determining compliance with applicable recommendations: The design should be conducted in the context of completing user tasks through the dialog system. The product should not be evaluated or observed with representative users of the product. The sampling procedures used to determine applicability and to determine whether a recommendation is followed are presented in the informative annex A to parts 12 to 17 of ISO 9001. ISO 9001.13 should be used for the design of user-specific product guidance to support a variety of dialogs in an application. A.2.5 Evaluation
The evaluation procedure should be based on an analysis of typical users, their typical and key tasks, and other components of their usage context. GB/T18978.11 gives a broad guide on how to determine and measure the overall usability of a product. GB/T18978.10 can be used to identify common usability defects and usability problems with poor user interfaces. The evaluation can be based on the application software and the examples given in GB/T18978.10. GB/T18978 Parts 12 to 17 can be used for a more detailed evaluation by checking whether the applicable recommendations in the appropriate parts are met. Applicability can be determined by considering any conditional "if" statements in the recommendations and appropriate restrictions in the design environment. Its applicability can also be determined by using system file analysis, documented evidence, observation, analytical evaluation and (or) empirical evaluation. When the guidelines are applicable, it is necessary to determine whether they have been followed. Compliance can be determined by using measurement, testing, documented evidence, analytical evaluation and (or) empirical evaluation. Sample programs for evaluating a user interface in relation to the recommendations given in these parts are described in detail in Annex A (informative) to Part 12 and Part 17 of B/1'18978, respectively. A.3 Selection and combination of dialog techniques
A.3.1 Introduction
Designers need to be able to select dialog techniques that are appropriate to support the various interaction requirements between users and the system. In some cases, a particular technology may be appropriate to support an entire task or group of tasks. However, a combination of dialog techniques is often more appropriate to support the various user activities involved in an application. In addition, it is useful to provide a variety of user interaction technologies to take into account individual differences and preferences. To help determine which dialog technology is appropriate for a particular task, user group, and system configuration, Table A.1 provides a list of dialog technologies.
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