Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Basic terms of surveying and mapping
Basie ferms of surveying and mapping 1 Subject content and scope of application
GB/T 14911—94
This standard specifies the basic and common terms and their definitions of surveying and mapping disciplines, and is accompanied by English equivalents and Chinese and English indexes. This standard is used to promote the formulation of standards, the compilation of technical documents, and the compilation of teaching materials, books and documents in various surveying and mapping disciplines. 2 GENERALS OF SURVEYING ANI) MAPPING 2.1 Surveying and mapping: A discipline that studies the acquisition, processing, description and application of geographic information. It includes the study, determination, and description of the shape, size, gravity field, surface morphology and their various changes of the earth, the spatial location and attributes of natural and artificial objects and artificial facilities, and the production of various maps and the establishment of relevant information systems. Modern surveying and mapping techniques have been partially applied to other planets and the moon. 2.2 Geodesy
Study the shape, size and gravity field of the earth and its changes, and the theory and technology of measuring the various motions of the earth by establishing regional and global three-dimensional control networks, gravity networks, and using methods such as geodesy and very long baseline interferometry. 2-3 Physigramnetry and Remote Sensing Study the theory and technology of using electromagnetic wave sensors to obtain the geometric and physical information of solar objects, to measure the shape, size, spatial position of lunar objects, to interpret their properties and mutual relations, and to express them in graphics, images and mathematical forms. Cartography
Study the theory and technology of map information transmission, spatial cognition, projection principles, cartographic synthesis, and map design, compilation, replication, and establishment of map databases.
Synonym: Cartography
2.5 Engineering Surveying The discipline that studies the theories and technologies of control surveying, topographic surveying, construction setting out, deformation monitoring and establishment of corresponding information systems at various stages of engineering construction and natural resource development. 2.6 Marine Surveying and L churting The discipline that studies the theories and technologies of marine positioning, surveying the ocean geoid and mean sea level, bottom and sea surface topography, ocean gravity, magnetism, marine environment and other natural and social information, and compiling various nautical charts. 2.7 Cadlastral Xurveying and Mapping The technology of investigating and determining cadastral elements, compiling cadastral maps, and establishing and managing cadastral information systems. Synonym: (Cadastral Surveying)
2.B Surveying Instruments End mapping Instruments and devices designed and manufactured for surveying, data collection, processing, output, etc. 2-9 Standards of surveying and mapping Technical documents on surveying and mapping techniques, product measurements, varieties and specifications issued by competent authorities to meet the needs of the development of surveying and mapping disciplines, rational organization of production, and unified product specifications and quality management. 2.10 Specifications of surveys Unified provisions on the quality and specifications of survey products and technical items of surveying operations are one of the standards for surveying and mapping. 2.11
The unified provisions for the design, compilation and reproduction of maps in the process of map making are one of the surveying and mapping standards. 2.12 Cartographic symbols The unified provisions for the style, specifications, color, use of symbols of features and features on the map, as well as map annotations and decorations are one of the surveying and mapping standards. 2.13 Earth ellipsoid
A mathematical body representing the size and shape of the entire earth, and its first-order approximation is a rotating ellipsoid. 2.14 Reference ellipsoidrefencccllipsoidlA kind of earth ellipsoid with a size close to that of the earth and with certain parameters used by a country or region to process surveying and verification results. 2.15 Geodetic datum
The basic reference basis of the secondary coordinate system, including the reference ellipsoid parameters and positioning parameters as well as the starting data of the large coordinates. Geodetic origin
The starting point of the national horizontal control network.
Synonym: geodetic datum)
2.17 Vertical datum
The starting surface of the elevation measurement determined by the average sea level of a specific tide gauge station and the elevation of the leveling origin determined by this surface, 2.18 Sounding datum
The depth drafting surface of various water depth data on the chart, Synonym: (travel chart datum)
2.19 Gravity datum
A series of ground fixed points with absolute gravity values obtained through rigorous weight measurement and calculation within the global or regional scope. Based on this, the force values of other points can be calculated.
2-20 Level origin lcvelirg (tigi
The starting point of the national height control network.
2.21 1985 National Vertical Datum 1985 Promulgated and named in 1987. The mean surface calculated and determined by the tide data of Qinghai Tide Station from 1952 to 1979 is used as the elevation standard of the datum.
2.22 Geoid
An imaginary gravity equipotential surface that coincides with the ocean surface in a state of static equilibrium (without waves, tides, currents and disturbances caused by atmospheric pressure changes) and extends to the continent and around the entire earth. 2.23 1956 Yellow Sea Elevation System HuanghaiVertical Datum 1956 is based on the data of Qinghai Tide Station from 1950 to 1956- A system for calculating the elevation of ground points based on the mean sea level determined by tide gauge data.
2.24 Geodetic coordinate system A reference system that uses the reference spherical surface as the base surface to represent the position of ground points. 2.25 Geocentric coordinate system A rectangular coordinate system established with the center of mass of the earth as the origin, or a geodetic coordinate system established with the ellipsoid of the earth whose center of the sphere coincides with the center of mass of the earth as the base surface.
2.26 Gaussian coordinate system Planc Coordinate SystemcmGB/T 14911—94
A rectangular coordinate system established based on the Gauss-Krüger projection, with the origin of each projection zone being the intersection of the central meridian of the zone and the equator, the positive direction of the Y axis being the north direction of the central meridian of the zone, and the positive direction of the Y axis being the equator. Synonym: (Gauss-Krüger plane rectangular coordinate system)2.27 Beijing Coordinate System 1954Beijing Gendetic Co0rdinale System 1954The national geodetic coordinate system adopted by my country in 1954 is essentially an extension of the 1942 coordinate system with Pulkovo as the origin in the former Soviet Union.
Local rourclinatesystem2.28
When constructing a surface control network for local geomagnetic wind, a rourclinate system is projected onto any selected surface and/or uses the local meridian as the central meridian as required.
2.29 Independent coordinate system independent coordinate system rectangular coordinate system with arbitrary origin and coordinate axis. 2.30 coordinate grid ruurdintr grid
connect the vertical and horizontal coordinate grid! Select the two coordinate grids on the map. geographic graticule
connect the vertical and horizontal coordinate grids,
2.32 relangulargrici
according to the coordinate grid divided by low rectangular coordinates: public grid)
2.33 map projection mapprojcetivr
according to the mathematical law of climbing the reference sphere 1, the line is projected onto the square on the plane 2.34 Slow-motion zoning projection In a map zoning projection, the reference ellipsoid is divided into zones of constant longitude or latitude along a line or along a line of latitude. 2.35 Gauiss-Krug Projection This is a conformal transverse ellipsoid projection in which the lines in the projection zone are projected as lines of constant length. The projection is also a straight line and does not intersect the central line.
2.36 Transverse Transverse Mapping Projection; UTM - A conformal transverse projection. When projecting, the two lines 1 km east and west of the central meridian are equal in length to the actual field. 7 Geodetic meridian
The line formed by the normal of a point on the reference sphere and the shortest part of the spherical surface. Central merilian
The line in the middle of the central projection zone of the map projection. 2.41f
Magnetic meridian
The line of intersection with the earth's surface made by the north and south magnetic poles of the earth! 2.42
Survey mark
A general name for the stone, gauge mark and other marks used to mark the position of ground control points. 2.43Observation target
Observation target and the survey frame used to place instruments. 2.44 Place names and geographical names have the characteristic of fixed geographical location and are used to identify the names of various geographical objects. 2.45 Geomorphology, terrain, and topography are collectively referred to as the undulating shapes of the earth's surface.
2.46 Ground feature
GB/T 14911—94
Various fixed features on the earth's surface, which can be divided into natural features and artificial features. 2.47 Land form
General term for geomorphology and terrain features.
2.48 Tap scale
The ratio of the length of a line segment on a map to the horizontal distance of the corresponding line segment on the ground. 2.49 Contour contour; contourline The curve formed by connecting adjacent points of equal ground elevation on a map. 2-50 Contour interval
The height difference between adjacent contour lines on a map.
2.51 Map elements
Constitute the basic content of a map. They include mathematical elements, geographical elements and decorative elements. 2.52 Map sheets: a system of lines
Divide a map of a large area into a number of individual maps of a certain size according to a certain specification. 2.53 Sheet number: a code for a map sheet.
2.54 Map title: a name given to a map sheet.
2.55 Map edge: a line of actual and decorative boundaries of a map sheet. 2.56 Legend 1cgend
Print the symbols and their explanations used in the figure at the appropriate position. INFORMATIONACQUISITKNOFSURVEYINGANDMAPPING3
3.1 Geodetic survey
Technology for measuring the shape and size of the earth, its gravity field and its changes, and establishing a three-dimensional control network for the earth's wind and even the whole world. 3.2 Keodetic astronomy Geodetic survey using instruments to observe the earth to determine the longitude, latitude and azimuth of the ground point. 3.3 Space geodetic survey
High-precision geodetic survey of ground targets in the global or regional scope by observing artificial or natural targets using modern technologies such as laser technology and space technology.
3.4 Satellite geodetic surveyingsalellilegendesy Geodetic surveying using artificial satellites, 3.5 Very long baseline cross-sectional surveyvcrylongbaneline interferometry; VLBl uses radio equipment at both ends of a baseline of arbitrary length to receive the same radio source signal, and uses the correlation method according to the interferometry principle to obtain the signal delay. The technology of determining the length and coordinates of the line based on the time delay observation values of multiple radio sources. 3.6 Marine geodetic survey The geodetic survey of the ocean using artificial satellites and other navigation and positioning systems, including the establishment of a geodetic control network within the ocean, gravity measurement, surface and underwater positioning, and determination of the ocean surface. 3.7 Gravity measurement Gravity measurement The measurement of the gravitational acceleration of a certain point on the earth's surface or near-earth space using instruments. 3.8 Control survey
GB/T 14911.--94
Measurement conducted in a certain area to establish a control network for topographic mapping and engineering measurement. Including control measurement and elevation control measurement. 3.9 Plane control survey Plane control survey Measurement conducted by measuring the plane coordinate values of control points. 3.10 Elevation control measurement xurveyThe measurement to determine the elevation of the control point. Vertical survey
The measurement to determine the elevation of the ground point. Mainly: leveling, angular elevation measurement, pressure elevation measurement or hydrostatic leveling and GP elevation measurement.
3-12 Hydrostatic leveling
The measurement method of determining the height difference between two points based on the principle of horizontal rule line using a level and a leveling rod. 3D trigonomctric leveling3.13
The measurement method of observing the zenith distance between two points and deriving the height difference based on the known distance. 3.14 Triangulation
The measurement method of selecting a series of points on the ground to form a continuous polygon, determining the horizontal angle of each polygon vertex, and then deriving the horizontal position of each vertex based on the starting side length, azimuth, and starting point coordinates. 5 Trilateration
A method of measuring the horizontal position of each point by selecting a series of points in the ground to form a continuous triangle, measuring the side length and starting azimuth of the triangle, and then deriving the horizontal position of each point based on the coordinates of the starting point. 3.16 Triangulaleralion A method of measuring the horizontal position of each vertex by combining angle measurement and side measurement. 3.17 Traversesurvey
A method of measuring the horizontal position of each point by connecting a series of points in adjacent order into a broken line, measuring the length of the broken line side and the turning angle (or measuring the maximum vertex distance at the same time), and then deriving the horizontal position of each point (or deriving the elevation at the same time) based on the starting data. 3.18 Elevation survey hcightttaersurvey connects a series of points in adjacent order into a broken line, measures the length of each broken line side and the zenith distance in turn, and then deduce the elevation of each point based on the starting data.
3-19 Vertital survey by intersection a method of measuring the elevation of a point to be determined based on multiple known elevation points using the intersection method and angular height measurement. 3.20 Electromagnetic distance measurement; E[>M a method of measuring the distance by indirectly measuring the propagation time of an electromagnetic wave between the end points of the measured distance.
Photoelectric distance measurement Electro-optical distance measurement Electro-wave measurement using a light wave with a length of 400nm to 1000mm as a carrier wave 3-22
Microwave distance measurement Electro-wave distance measurement using a microwave with a length of 0.8cm to 10cm as a carrier wave. Stadia survey
A method of measuring distance using the scale device in an optical measuring instrument and the scale on the target point. 3.24Remote sensing; RS
The science and technology of collecting electromagnetic information of the target object with sensors without contacting the object itself, and identifying the target object and revealing the geometric shape, size, relationship and change law of the target object after data processing and analysis. Synonym: remote sensing technology
GB/T14911
3.25Topographic surveyThe technology of measuring and recording landforms, objects and other geographical elements on a certain carrier according to specifications and diagrams. 3.26Photogrammetry
The science and technology of measuring the shape, size, spatial position, properties and relationship of the target object by using photographic image information. Aerial photographyaerophotogranmueiry3.27
Photographic survey or using aerial photographs taken by aircraft. 3.28 Terrestrial photogrammetry Photogrammetry of the objects by using photographs from terrestrial photography 9 Non-topographic photogrammetry 3.29 Photogrammetry not for mapping 3.30 Close-range photogrammetry Photogrammetry using stereo images of the objects not more than 0 m away. 3.31 Eugineering survey Control surveying, topographic mapping, construction stakeout, deformation monitoring and other technologies during the construction and natural resource development stages. 3.32 Tidal surveying and mapping Surveying of the ocean water and seabed, mainly including: marine geodetic surveying, seabed topographic surveying, hydrographic surveying, marine special surveying and charting, etc.
3.33 Cartography
Technology and process of map design, reduction, duplication and establishment of map database, 3.34 Control point tontrolpointbzxz.net
Measure geometric and force data with certain accuracy to provide basis for further surveying and other scientific and technological work, fixed point of control accuracy:
3.35 Geodetic control point gcodetiecurtttalpoint Control point of geodetic coordinates with uniform grade of accuracy standard arranged in a country or a certain area. 3.36 Elevation control point verticalcontrolpoint Control point of elevation value,
3.37 Plane control point ptanecontralpnint Control point of plane coordinate value.
3.38 Gravity point gravitypoint
Ground point of gravity acceleration estimation.
3.39 Benchmark
Height control point measured by leveling method, 3.40 Topographic control point Tougraphiccntrol point Control point other than the national level arranged for topographic survey. Surveying control network3.41
A network structure composed of a series of interconnected excavation points obtained by measuring on the ground according to certain specifications. Astronomical geodetic network3.42
A national high-level water control network established nationwide according to national unified specifications. Synonymous: (Weijia geodetic network)
3.43 Geodetic control network Geodelic cntrol network A surveying control network composed of geodetic control points. Including horizontal control network and elevation control network. 3.44 Vertical control network A survey control network consisting of a series of elevation control points. GB/T 14911--94
3- 45 National leveling network A survey control network consisting of a series of national-level leveling points (or elevation points measured by other methods) throughout the country.
3.46 Horizontal excavation network A survey control network consisting of a series of control points for measuring celestial longitude and latitude. 3.47 Plancrnrolnetwork A survey control network consisting of a series of surface control points. 3.48 GPS control network A survey control network established using the NAVSTAR global positioning system (GPS). 3.49 Gravity control network A survey control network consisting of a series of control points in a gravity control network. 3.50 Triangulation network A survey control network consisting of a series of continuous triangles. 3.51 Raverse network A water (or surface) excavation network formed by traverse measurement Deformation monitoring network 3.52 A special survey control network for deformation observation of engineering buildings (structures). 3.53 Triangulation network A horizontal (or plane) control network consisting of a series of machine-connected structures. 3.54 Observation set A uniformly specified observation unit consisting of a number of single observations. 3.55 station
the point where the instrument is set up during measurement.
3. 56 horizontal anglethe angle of the vertical plane from the station to the two target force lines3.57
zenithal distance
the angle from the vertical line of the station to the direction line of the observed sun mark. 3.58 sighting point
the point where the instrument is sighted.
3. 59 station centrethe process of eliminating the measurement deviation caused by the fact that the center of the instrument and the center of the stone are not on the same plumb line through calculation. 3.60 Reduction to target centrThe process of eliminating the measurement deviation caused by the fact that the sighting point and the center of the benchmark are not on the same line by trial calculation. 3.61 Triangle of errorA triangle formed when the three intersection lines do not intersect at the same point when determining a point to be determined by the intersection method due to the influence of observation error.
Junction point of truverstA survey control point connecting at least three traverses in a traverse network. 3.63 Closed traverseA traverse formed by a traverse.
3.64 Connecting traverseA traverse laid between known control points. 3-65 Upan raverse
GB/T 14911-94
A traverse starting from a known control point and ending at an unknown point. 4 INFORMATION PROCESSING OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING SURVFYING AND MAPPING 4.1 Surveying and mapping data processing is the general term for the verification, analysis, adjustment and quality assessment of surveying and mapping data. 4.2 Measurement error: The difference between the measured value (1.) and the true value (2.), including random error, systematic error and gross error. Synonym: true error. 4.3 Random error: The numerical value of the measured error of each measured value in the measured value sequence under the same measurement conditions, the sign of which has an uncertain effect, but it obeys certain statistical rules. Synonym: accidental error. 4.4 Systematic error: The numerical value of the measured error of each measured value in the measured value sequence under the same measurement conditions, the sign of which remains unchanged or changes according to a certain rule. 4.5 Gross error: The gross error. HFTOT
A measurement error that exceeds a certain integer multiple of the standard deviation of the measurement error in a sequence of measured values under the same measurement conditions. 4.6
Gruss crror detection The process of finding and eliminating measurement data with gross errors in the measurement data. Fixed error fixed crror
An error that is independent of the measured value but has a fixed value. 4.8
Proportional error scalr:errnr
An error that is proportional to the measured value.
4.9 Closed error
The difference between the calculated value of a series of measured value functions and their known values. 4. 10 Distrepancy between observation values The difference between the measured values of the same quantity.
4.11 Limit error lolerunce
The limit of the absolute value of the measurement error under the measurement conditions. 2 Average error averageerror
The mathematical expectation of the absolute values of a group of independent random errors that occur under the measurement conditions. 4.13 Mathematical expeciatican The theoretical mean of all possible values of a random variable (X), denoted by EX). For discrete random variables, we have: E(X) = 2, where X is the possible value +
- the probability corresponding to the value. For continuous random variables, we have: E(X) where
- the probability density distribution of X. 4.14 The difference variance
is the mathematical expectation of the square of a random variable (X) and its mathematical expectation value, denoted by. The common definition is: = E[X - E(X
For discrete random variables, we have = (z - E
Tip: This standard content only shows part of the intercepted content of the complete standard. If you need the complete standard, please go to the top to download the complete standard document for free.