Specifications for oceanographic survey—Part 3:Marine meteorological observations
Some standard content:
ICS07.060
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T12763.3—2020
Replaces GB/T12763.3—2007
Specifications for oceanographic survey-Part 3:Marine meteorological observationsPublished on 2020-12-14
State Administration for Market Regulation
Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China
Implementation on 2021-07-01
Normative reference documents
Terms and definitions
General provisions
Technical design
Observation methods, items and times
Observation procedures
Basic requirements for observation sites
Equipment of instruments and equipment
Basic requirements for automatic observation instruments and equipment
Storage of observation data
Observation quality control
Observation data processing and submission of results
Observation of sea surface visibility
Observation elements
Technical indicators
Observation and recording methods
Observation of clouds
Observation elements
Technical indicators
Observation and recording methods
Observation of weather phenomena
Observation elements
Observation and recording Method
Observation of sea surface wind
Observation elements
Technical indicators
Observation and recording methods
Observation of sea surface air temperature and relative humidity9
Observation elements
Technical indicators
Observation and recording methods
Observation of air pressure
Observation elements
GB/T12763.3—2020
GB/T12763.3—2020
Technical indicators|| tt||Observation and recording methods
11: Observation of precipitation
11.1 Observation elements
11.2 Technical indicators
Observation and recording methods
12 Gradient observation of basic marine meteorological elements
Installation method
Observation method
Observation of high-altitude air pressure, temperature and relative humidity13.1
Observation elements
Technical indicators
Observation method
Data collation method||tt| |Observation of upper-altitude wind
Observation elements
Technical indicators
Observation methods
Data compilation methods
Observation of air-sea flux
Observation elements
Technical indicators
Composition and installation of observation system
Composition and installation of shipborne attitude instrument
Calculation method
Observation of net radiation
Observation elements
Technical indicators
Installation method
Observation system Maintenance
16.5 Calculation method
Appendix A (Informative Appendix)
Appendix B (Informative Appendix)
Appendix C (Informative Appendix)
Appendix D (Informative Appendix)
References
Observation record table format
Cloud characteristics
Characteristics of weather phenomena
Visual wind measurement:
Table 1 Reference table of sea surface visibility
Table 2 Cloud classification table
Table 3 Types of weather phenomena Table of classes and corresponding symbols
Table 4 Processing table for missed signals or suspicious records
Provisions for continuous missed measurements
Processing table for missed measurements in specified layers
Eddy covariance flux observation parameter table
Sea surface meteorological observation record table
Sounding observation record table
Wind force level table
GB/T12763.3—2020
GB/T12763 "Marine Survey Specifications" is divided into 11 parts: Part 1: General provisions;||tt ||Part 2: Marine hydrological observations;
-Part 3: Marine meteorological observations;
Part 4: Seawater chemical element surveys;
Part 5: Marine acoustic and optical element surveys;
Part 6: Marine biological surveys;
Part 7: Exchange of marine survey data;
-Part 8: Marine geological and geophysical surveys;
Part 9: Guidelines for marine ecological surveys;
Part 10: Seabed topography and geomorphology surveys;
Part 11: Marine engineering geological surveys. This part is Part 3 of GB/T12763. This part was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T1.1-2009. GB/T12763.3-2020
This part replaces GB/T12763.3-2007 "Ocean Survey Specifications Part 3: Marine Meteorological Observation". The main changes of this part compared with GB/T12763.3-2007 are as follows: In accordance with the provisions of GB/T1.1-2009, the format of the provisions of this part has been modified; the definitions of relative humidity, air-sea flux, net radiation and survey ship have been added to the terms and definitions (see 3.3, 3.14, 3.15 and 3.16); for visibility observation, "instrumental automatic observation of sea surface visibility" has been added (see 5.3); for cloud observation, "instrumental measurement of cloud height when conditions permit" has been added. (See 6.3); "Observation of gradient of basic elements of marine meteorology" was added, and the installation and observation methods of gradient observation system were specified (see Chapter 12); "At least one sample every 2 seconds" was changed to "At least one sample every 1 second" (see 13.2.7, 12.2.7 of the 2007 edition); the balloon type was increased to 200g, and the ascent speed was changed to about 300m/min (see 13.3.1, 12.3.1 of the 2007 edition); - the re-measurement standard of wind speed and direction was raised from 3000m to 5500m (see 14.3.3, 13.3.3 of the 2007 edition); "Observation of air-sea flux" and "Observation of net radiation" were added, and the observation elements, technical indicators, installation methods and calculation methods were specified (see Chapters 15 and 16).
This part was proposed by the Ministry of Natural Resources of the People's Republic of China. This part is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee for Marine Standardization (SAC/TC283). Drafting units of this part: Beihai Bureau of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Donghai Bureau of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanhai Bureau of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Meteorological Observation Center of China Meteorological Administration.
Main drafters of this part: Huang Juan, Li, Wang Qiang, Ge Yong, Jiao Yan, Zhao Yiding, Zhong Hui, Yu Bo, Ji Chengzhen, Jing Junshan, Chen Donglin, Liu Changjian, Sun Qing, Zheng Jinjin.
The previous versions of the standards replaced by this part are:—GB/T12763.3—1991, GB/T12763.3—2007. V
1 Scope
Marine Survey Specifications
Part 3: Marine Meteorological Observation
GB/T12763.3-—2020
This part of GB/T12763 specifies the items, technical indicators, observation methods, record arrangement and submission requirements of marine meteorological observations.
This part applies to marine meteorological observations in the investigation of basic elements of the marine environment. 2 Normative references
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For any dated referenced document, only the dated version applies to this document. For any undated referenced document, its latest version (including all amendments) applies to this document GB/T4844 Pure ammonia, high purity ammonia and ultra-pure ammonia GB/T12763.1 Marine Survey Specifications Part 1: General Provisions GB/T12763.7 Marine Survey Specifications
Part 7: Marine Survey Data Exchange
Terms and Definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this document. 3.1
sea surface effective horizontal visibility
The maximum horizontal distance within the field of view of more than half of the sea surface level that can be seen by the measuring station. Note: Rewrite GB/T17838-2017, definition 2.4. 3.2
Sea surface minimum visibility sea surface minimum horizontal visibility When the sea surface visibility in all directions around the station is inconsistent, the minimum horizontal distance to the sea surface that can be seen. 3.3
Relative humidity
relativehumidity
The ratio of the actual water vapor pressure in the air to the saturated water vapor pressure at the current temperature. [GB/T17838-2017. Definition 2.19]bZxz.net
Cloud cover
The percentage of the sky obscured by clouds.
Note: Total cloud cover refers to the total percentage of the sky obscured by all clouds; low cloud cover refers to the percentage of the sky obscured by low clouds. 3.5
Cloud form
The shape of clouds.
GB/T12763.3—2020
Cloud height
The vertical distance from the sea surface to the cloud base.
weatherphenomena
Weather phenomenon
Precipitation, condensation (except clouds), frozen matter, dry suspended matter, light and electricity, which are produced or appear in the atmosphere, on the sea surface and on the hull (or other buildings), and also include some wind characteristics. 3.8
sealevel pressure
sea level pressure
atmospheric pressure acting on a unit area at sea level. 3.9
precipitation
precipitation
the depth to which liquid or solid (after melting) precipitation falling from the sky onto the sea surface accumulates in the horizontal surface without evaporation, loss or diffusion.
thermal inversion layer
the air layer whose temperature increases with increasing altitude 3.11
zero-temperature layer
zero-degree layer
the air layer with a temperature of 0°C.
tropopause
tropopause
transition layer between troposphere and stratosphere
Note: The height and temperature of the tropopause vary with latitude and season, and are also related to the activity of weather systems. 3.13
measured wind layer
measured wind layer
The height range corresponding to the measured average wind. Note: The measured wind layer is determined based on the ascent time of the balloon. Usually the measured average wind is taken as the wind at the middle height (or middle time) of the layer. 3.14
air-sea flux
air-sea flux
The vertical transport of energy and matter on the sea surface caused by the vortex, including momentum, sensible heat, latent heat (water vapor) and carbon dioxide flux at the sea-air interface.
[GB/T33696—2017. Definition 3.2]
Net radiation
net radiation
The difference between the full-band radiation projected downward by the sky (including the sun and atmosphere) and the full-band radiation projected upward by the ground surface (including soil, plants, and water surface).
[QX/T19—2003, definition 3.1]
Survey vessel
surveyvessel
A ship used for marine scientific investigation, inspection, research, measurement or exploration, equipped with laboratories and instruments and equipment Note: Rewritten from GB/T7391—2002, definition 2.1.1. 4 General provisions
Technical design
4.1.1 Basis of technical design
GB/T12763.3-—2020
Before conducting marine meteorological observations to implement the investigation plan, a technical design of the meteorological observations should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the task book or contract. 4.1.2 Main contents of technical design
The main contents of technical design include:
sea area scope and station layout;
b) observation methods, projects and times;
requirements for survey ships and main instruments and equipment;
quality control measures;
form and requirements for submission of results;
work progress and completion time.
Observation methods, projects and times
4.2.1 Observation methods
Marine meteorological observations by survey ships adopt scheduled observations, station observations (large-area observations and cross-sectional observations), fixed-point continuous observations, cruise observations and high-altitude meteorological detection.
4.2.2 Observation times and items
4.2.2.1 Marine meteorological observations by survey ships adopt Beijing time, with 20:00 as the day boundary. 4.2.2.2 Regular observations by survey vessels are conducted at 02:00, 08:00, 14:00 and 20:00 Beijing time every day. The observation items are: clouds, sea surface visibility, weather phenomena, wind, air pressure, air temperature, relative humidity and precipitation. 4.2.2.3 The survey vessel shall conduct an observation immediately after arriving at the station. The observation items are: clouds, sea surface visibility, weather phenomena, wind, air pressure, air temperature and relative humidity.
4.2.2.4 Fixed-point continuous observations are conducted at 24 hours a day. Among them, the observation items at 02:00, 08:00, 14:00 and 20:00 are the same as those in 4.2.2.2; the observation items at 05:00, 11:00, 17:00 and 23:00 are the same as those in 4.2.2.3; the observation items at other times are: air pressure, air temperature, relative humidity and wind.
4.2.2.5 Underway observations are conducted continuously by automatic observation method, with observations made every 1 minute. Observation items are: air pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, wind and precipitation.
4.2.2.6 High-altitude meteorological detection is carried out at 08:00 and 20:00 Beijing time every day. It can be additionally measured at 02:00 and 14:00 according to the project plan. The detection items are air pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, wind direction and wind speed. 4.3 Observation procedures
4.3.1 Sea surface meteorological observation
Each scheduled observation should be inspected 30 minutes before the observation. 20 minutes before the exact time, observe the sea surface visibility, clouds, weather phenomena, air temperature, relative humidity, sea surface wind, air pressure and precipitation in the following order. Pressure observation should be as close to the exact time as possible GB/T12763.3—2020
4.3.2 High-altitude meteorological detection
Each detection should be carried out in the following order 1 hour before the scheduled release time: a) Check the base point and place the radiosonde to be released and the backup radiosonde in the shutter box; b) Determine the base value and make preliminary calculations 30 minutes before release; c
Fill the ammonia balloon;
d) Check the receiving equipment, transmitter and battery; e) Assemble the radiosonde and listen to the signal:
f): Release and receive the signal on time.
If conditions permit, the radiosonde can be deployed in a fully automatic manner. 4.4 Basic requirements for observation sites
The observation site for sea surface meteorology (except pressure) should be selected on the high deck of the survey ship, where the entire sky and the sea-sky boundary can be seen. The high-altitude meteorological detection site should be set up in an open area, and there should be no wires, ropes or buildings above it that would hinder the release of balloons. 4.5 Equipment configuration
The configuration of meteorological observation instruments and equipment should comply with the relevant provisions of GB/T12763.1. 4.6 Basic requirements for automatic observation instruments and equipment 4.6.1 Automatic observation instruments and equipment should have reliable performance, accurate measurement, simple design, convenient operation and maintenance, and solid structure. 4.6.2 Automatic observation instruments and equipment should have system settings, data recording, data conversion, data communication units and power supply functions; be able to set the latest calibration files for each sensor, and be able to continuously and automatically observe, display, print and store data in memory for observation elements such as air pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, wind direction, wind speed, precipitation, etc.; be able to convert the raw data obtained by the sensor into engineering data and directly transmit it to the computer; have the function of eliminating obvious errors in the collected data 4.6.3 The measurement accuracy of automatic observation instruments and equipment should meet the technical indicators of measurement of each element. 4.6.4 Automatic observation instruments and equipment should be verified/calibrated before use and used within the validity period of verification/calibration. 4.6.5 The working power supply of the instrument is generally 220V AC and equipped with UPS power supply. 4.6.6 After installing the wind sensor and air pressure sensor, the height of the sensor from the sea surface should be recorded. 4.7 Storage of observation data
Observation data carriers are paper or computer storage observation data, especially automatic recording data should be regularly transcribed to non-volatile storage (such as CD-ROM). Before being transcribed to non-volatile storage, two copies should be backed up.
4.8 Observation quality control
4.8.1 Observers should check the observation clocks and instrument clocks at 07:00 and 19:00 every day. The error of the observation clocks within 24 hours should not be less than 10s per day.
4.8.2 If the observation data are recorded on paper, they should be recorded on the observation record sheet with a moderately hard black pencil (see Table A.1 in Appendix A). The handwriting should be neat and clear, and no erasures or alterations should be made. If the record is wrong, draw a horizontal line through the original record data when correcting it, and write the correct data in the upper right corner. 4.8.3 Automatic sea surface observation instruments should be compared on site with sufficiently accurate standard instruments or base value measuring instruments before and after each voyage, and high-altitude sounders should be compared before each release. The comparison data should be recorded in the corresponding column of the observation record sheet. Instruments in use should be within the validity period of calibration. Instruments that do not meet the requirements should be repaired or replaced in a timely manner. 4
4.9 Observation data processing and results submission
GB/T12763.3-—2020
4.9.1 In the data receiving processor, the stored data is used to further process the data in accordance with the requirements of GB/T12763.7 to generate data files.
4.9.2 According to the requirements of 4.1.2 and GB/T12763.7, the observation record sheet shall be bound into a book and submitted together with the generated data file. 4.9.3 Submit the voyage survey report. The survey report shall be in accordance with the requirements of GB/T12763.1. The main contents of the voyage report include: a) Overview;
b) Survey location, time, and amount of data obtained; c
The basis and technical documents for the design of the observation work; d)
The instruments and equipment used in the observation work and the working conditions; e)
The quality control measures for the observation work.
Observation of sea surface visibility
Observation elements
The observation of sea surface visibility shall include effective sea surface visibility and minimum sea surface visibility. 5.2
Technical indicators
Sea surface visibility is in kilometers (km), with a resolution of 0.1km and an accuracy of ±20%. 5.3 Observation and recording methods
5.3.1 Automatic observation
5.3.1.1 Sensor installation
The sea surface visibility sensor should be installed on a firm base at the upper deck or the top of the mast of the ship, avoiding light, heat sources and smoke exhaust as much as possible, and facing the main observation sea surface.
5.3.1.2 Sea surface visibility observation
The sampling interval should not exceed 15s. Continuous sampling for 10 minutes, and the average value of the 10 minutes before the hour is used as the sea surface visibility at that hour. 5.3.2 Manual observation
5.3.2.1 Selection of observation points
When observing the sea surface visibility by visual method, you should stand at a higher place on the ship with a wide field of vision. 5.3.2.2 Night observation method
When observing at night, you should stand in a place not affected by light and stay for at least 5 minutes, and then observe after your eyes have adapted. 5.3.3 Data recording
The sea surface visibility is recorded to 0.1 km; when it is less than 0.1 km, it is recorded as 0.0. 5.3.4 Manual observation method
The manual observation method of sea surface visibility is shown in Table 1. Determined by experience GB/T12763.3—2020
Degree of clarity of sea-sky boundary
Very clear
Barely visible
Vaguely discernible
Not at all visible
5.3.5 Recording of weather phenomena Consistency of records
Table 1 Sea surface visibility reference table
Sea surface visibility/km
When the eye height is ≤7m above the sea surface
20.0~50.0
10.0~20.0
When the eye height is >7m above the sea surface
20.0~~50.0
10.0~20.0
When the sea surface visibility is less than 10.0km, it should be accompanied by weather phenomena such as fog, precipitation, and floating dust, and the two should not conflict. 6 Cloud observation
Observation elements
The observation elements of clouds are: total cloud amount, low cloud amount, cloud shape, low cloud height, 6.2
Technical indicators
The cloud amount is in units of 1/10, the resolution is 10%, and the accuracy is ±10%. 6.2.2 The lowest cloud height is in meters (m), with a resolution of 1m and an accuracy of ±10%. 6.3
Observation and recording methods
Automatic observation
Measure cloud height using instruments when conditions permit. When using a ceilometer to measure the height of the cloud base, the ceilometer must be installed on the top platform of the hull. The maximum measurement distance of a ceilometer is generally not less than 7500m, with an accuracy of ±1% of the range or 5m. 6.3.2 Manual observation
6.3.2.1 Observation and recording of cloud cover
Divide the sky into 10 equal parts, visually observe the percentage of the sky occupied by clouds, and record it in percentages. If there are no clouds all day or the cloud cover is less than 0.5%, the cloud cover is recorded as 0; if the sky is completely covered by clouds, the cloud cover is recorded as 10: if the sky is basically covered by clouds, but there are gaps in the clouds, the cloud cover is recorded as 10-. 6.3.2.2 Observation and recording of low cloud height
Record the lowest height of low clouds observed according to Table 2, to the nearest 1m. 6.3.2.3 Observation and recording of cloud shape
Observe cloud shape according to three families, ten genera and twenty-nine categories, namely high, medium and low. Determine cloud shape according to its appearance, structure, color (see Appendix B) and height, various common weather phenomena and the development and evolution of clouds, and distinguish cloud types (see Table 2). Record their abbreviations in order according to the amount of clouds.
When there is no cloud, the cloud column is blank; when the cloud type cannot be determined, the cloud column is marked with "". Table 2
Cumulonimbus
Stratocumulus
Nimbostratus
Altostratus
Altostratus
Cirrostratus
Cirrocumulus
Curombus
Curombus
Cumulus congestus
Cumulonimbus
Cumulonimbus
Cumulonimbus
Cloud type classification table
Cu cong
Cbcalv
Stratocumulus translucent
Stratocumulus stratus translucent
Stratocumulus stratus cumuliformis
Stratocumulus lenticularis
Stratostratus fractus
Nimbostratus
Fractus nimbus
Altostratus translucent
Altostratus translucent
Altostratus translucent
Altocumulus obscurus
Altocumulus lenticularis
Altocumulus cumulus
Altocumulus flocculus
Altocumulus castellata
Cirrus hairy
Cirrus dense
Pseudocirrus
Cirrus hook
Cirrostratus hairy
Cirrostratus veil
Cirrocumulus
Observation of cloud amount and cloud shape in several special casesSe tra
Sc cug
Sc cast
Sc lent
As tra
Ac tra
Ac lent
Ac cug
Ac cast
ci fil
Ci dens
Ci not
Cs fil
Cs nebu
GB/T12763.3—2020
Common range of cloud base height
400~2000
400~2000
400~2500
400~2000
2500~4500
2500~4500
450010000
4500~8000
4500~8000
When the cloud amount and cloud shape are unclear due to fog, the total cloud amount and low cloud amount are both recorded as 10, and the cloud shape is recorded as "three"; when the cloud shape of the zenith can be judged through the fog, the total cloud amount and low cloud amount are both recorded as 10, and the cloud shape is recorded as "three" and the visible cloud shape is recorded as "three".2
Technical indicators
The sea surface visibility is in kilometers (km), with a resolution of 0.1km and an accuracy of ±20%. 5.3 Observation and recording methods
5.3.1 Automatic observation
5.3.1.1 Installation of sensors
The sea surface visibility sensor should be installed on a firm base at the upper deck or pole of the ship, avoiding light, heat sources and smoke exhaust as much as possible, and facing the main observation sea surface.
5.3.1.2 Sea surface visibility observation
The sampling interval is not more than 15s. The continuous sampling is 10 minutes, and the average value of the 10 minutes before the hour is used as the sea surface visibility at the hour. 5.3.2 Manual observation
5.3.2.1 Selection of observation points
When observing the sea surface visibility by visual observation, you should stand at a higher place on the ship with a wide field of vision. 5.3.2.2 Night observation method
When observing at night, you should stand in a place that is not affected by light and stay there for at least 5 minutes. Observe after your eyes have adapted. 5.3.3 Data recording
The sea surface visibility is recorded to 0.1km; if it is less than 0.1km, record it as 0.0. 5.3.4 Manual observation method
The manual observation method of sea surface visibility is shown in Table 1. Determined by experience GB/T12763.3—2020
Degree of clarity of sea-sky boundary
Very clear
Barely visible
Vaguely discernible
Not visible at all
5.3.5 Recording of weather phenomena Consistency of records
Table 1 Reference table of sea surface visibility
Sea surface visibility/km
When the eye height is ≤7m above the sea surface
20.0~50.0
10.0~20.0
When the eye height is >7m above the sea surface
20.0~~50.0
10.0~20.0
When the sea surface visibility is less than 10.0km, it should be accompanied by weather phenomena such as fog, precipitation, and floating dust, and the two should not conflict. 6 Cloud observation
Observation elements
The observation elements of clouds are: total cloud amount, low cloud amount, cloud shape, low cloud height, 6.2
Technical indicators
The cloud amount is in units of 1/10, the resolution is 10%, and the accuracy is ±10%. 6.2.2 The lowest cloud height is in meters (m), with a resolution of 1m and an accuracy of ±10%. 6.3
Observation and recording methods
Automatic observation
Measure cloud height using instruments when conditions permit. When using a ceilometer to measure the height of the cloud base, the ceilometer must be installed on the top platform of the hull. The maximum measurement distance of a ceilometer is generally not less than 7500m, with an accuracy of ±1% of the range or 5m. 6.3.2 Manual observation
6.3.2.1 Observation and recording of cloud cover
Divide the sky into 10 equal parts, visually observe the percentage of clouds in the sky, and record it in percentages. If there are no clouds all day or the cloud cover is less than 0.5%, the cloud cover is recorded as 0; if the sky is completely covered by clouds, the cloud cover is recorded as 10: if the sky is basically covered by clouds, but there are gaps in the clouds, the cloud cover is recorded as 10-. 6.3.2.2 Observation and recording of low cloud height
Record the lowest height of low clouds observed according to Table 2, to the nearest 1m. 6.3.2.3 Observation and recording of cloud shape
Observe cloud shape according to three families, ten genera and twenty-nine categories: high, medium and low. Determine cloud shape according to the cloud's appearance, structure, color (see Appendix B) and height, various common weather phenomena and the development and evolution of clouds, and distinguish cloud types (see Table 2). Record their abbreviations in order according to the amount of clouds.
When there is no cloud, the cloud column is blank; when the cloud type cannot be determined, the cloud column is marked with "". Table 2
Cumulonimbus
Stratocumulus
Nimbostratus
Altostratus
Altostratus
Cirrostratus
Cirrocumulus
Curombus
Curombus
Cumulus congestus
Cumulonimbus
Cumulonimbus
Cumulonimbus
Cloud type classification table
Cu cong
Cbcalv
Stratocumulus translucent
Stratocumulus stratus translucent
Stratocumulus stratus cumuliformis
Stratocumulus lenticularis
Stratostratus fractus
Nimbostratus
Fractus nimbus
Altostratus translucent
Altostratus translucent
Altostratus translucent
Altocumulus obscurus
Altocumulus lenticularis
Altocumulus cumulus
Altocumulus flocculus
Altocumulus castellata
Cirrus hairy
Cirrus dense
Pseudocirrus
Cirrus hook
Cirrostratus hairy
Cirrostratus veil
Cirrocumulus
Observation of cloud amount and cloud shape in several special casesSe tra
Sc cug
Sc cast
Sc lent
As tra
Ac tra
Ac lent
Ac cug
Ac cast
ci fil
Ci dens
Ci not
Cs fil
Cs nebu
GB/T12763.3—2020
Common range of cloud base height
400~2000
400~2000
400~2500
400~2000
2500~4500
2500~4500
450010000
4500~8000
4500~8000
When the cloud amount and cloud shape are unclear due to fog, the total cloud amount and low cloud amount are both recorded as 10, and the cloud shape is recorded as "three"; when the cloud shape of the zenith can be judged through the fog, the total cloud amount and low cloud amount are both recorded as 10, and the cloud shape is recorded as "three" and the visible cloud shape is recorded as "three".2
Technical indicators
The sea surface visibility is in kilometers (km), with a resolution of 0.1km and an accuracy of ±20%. 5.3 Observation and recording methods
5.3.1 Automatic observation
5.3.1.1 Sensor installation
The sea surface visibility sensor should be installed on a firm base at the upper deck or pole of the ship, avoiding light, heat sources and smoke exhaust as much as possible, and facing the main observation sea surface.
5.3.1.2 Sea surface visibility observation
The sampling interval is not more than 15s. The continuous sampling is 10 minutes, and the average value of the 10 minutes before the hour is used as the sea surface visibility at the hour. 5.3.2 Manual observation
5.3.2.1 Selection of observation points
When observing the sea surface visibility by visual observation, you should stand at a higher place on the ship with a wide field of vision. 5.3.2.2 Night observation method
When observing at night, you should stand in a place that is not affected by light and stay there for at least 5 minutes. Observe after your eyes have adapted. 5.3.3 Data recording
The sea surface visibility is recorded to 0.1km; if it is less than 0.1km, record it as 0.0. 5.3.4 Manual observation method
The manual observation method of sea surface visibility is shown in Table 1. Determined by experience GB/T12763.3—2020
Degree of clarity of sea-sky boundary
Very clear
Barely visible
Vaguely discernible
Not visible at all
5.3.5 Recording of weather phenomena Consistency of records
Table 1 Sea surface visibility reference table
Sea surface visibility/km
When the eye height is ≤7m above the sea surface
20.0~50.0
10.0~20.0
When the eye height is >7m above the sea surface
20.0~~50.0
10.0~20.0
When the sea surface visibility is less than 10.0km, it should be accompanied by weather phenomena such as fog, precipitation, and floating dust, and the two should not conflict. 6 Cloud observation
Observation elements
The observation elements of clouds are: total cloud amount, low cloud amount, cloud shape, low cloud height, 6.2
Technical indicators
The cloud amount is in units of 1/10, the resolution is 10%, and the accuracy is ±10%. 6.2.2 The lowest cloud height is in meters (m), with a resolution of 1m and an accuracy of ±10%. 6.3
Observation and recording methods
Automatic observation
Measure cloud height using instruments when conditions permit. When using a ceilometer to measure the height of the cloud base, the ceilometer must be installed on the top platform of the hull. The maximum measurement distance of a ceilometer is generally not less than 7500m, with an accuracy of ±1% of the range or 5m. 6.3.2 Manual observation
6.3.2.1 Observation and recording of cloud cover
Divide the sky into 10 equal parts, visually observe the percentage of the sky occupied by clouds, and record it in percentages. If there are no clouds all day or the cloud cover is less than 0.5%, the cloud cover is recorded as 0; if the sky is completely covered by clouds, the cloud cover is recorded as 10: if the sky is basically covered by clouds, but there are gaps in the clouds, the cloud cover is recorded as 10-. 6.3.2.2 Observation and recording of low cloud height
Record the lowest height of low clouds observed according to Table 2, to the nearest 1m. 6.3.2.3 Observation and recording of cloud shape
Observe cloud shape according to three families, ten genera and twenty-nine categories, namely high, medium and low. Determine cloud shape according to its appearance, structure, color (see Appendix B) and height, various common weather phenomena and the development and evolution of clouds, and distinguish cloud types (see Table 2). Record their abbreviations in order according to the amount of clouds.
When there is no cloud, the cloud column is blank; when the cloud type cannot be determined, the cloud column is marked with "". Table 2
Cumulonimbus
Stratocumulus
Nimbostratus
Altostratus
Altostratus
Cirrostratus
Cirrocumulus
Curombus
Curombus
Curombus
Cumulus congestus
Cumulonimbus
Cumulonimbus
Cumulonimbus
Cloud type classification table
Cu cong
Cbcalv
Stratocumulus translucent
Stratocumulus stratus translucent
Stratocumulus stratus cumuliformis
Stratocumulus lenticularis
Stratus fractus
Nimbostratus
Fractus nimbus
Altostratus translucent
Altostratus opaciscus
Altostratus translucent
Altostratus translucent
Altocumulus obscurus
Altocumulus lenticularis
Altocumulus cumulus
Altocumulus flocculus
Altocumulus castellata
Cirrus hairy
Cirrus dense
Pseudocirrus
Cirrus hook
Cirrostratus hairy
Cirrostratus veil
Cirrocumulus
Observation of cloud amount and cloud shape in several special casesSe tra
Sc cug
Sc cast
Sc lent
As tra
Ac tra
Ac lent
Ac cug
Ac cast
ci fil
Ci dens
Ci not
Cs fil
Cs nebu
GB/T12763.3—2020
Common range of cloud base height
400~2000
400~2000
400~2500
400~2000
2500~4500
2500~4500
450010000
4500~8000
4500~8000
When the cloud amount and cloud shape are unclear due to fog, the total cloud amount and low cloud amount are both recorded as 10, and the cloud shape is recorded as "three"; when the cloud shape of the zenith can be judged through the fog, the total cloud amount and low cloud amount are both recorded as 10, and the cloud shape is recorded as "three" and the visible cloud shape is recorded as "three".3.2 Manual Observation
6.3.2.1 Observation and Recording of Cloud Amount
Divide the sky into 10 equal parts, visually observe the percentage of clouds in the sky, and record it to the nearest percentage. If there are no clouds or the cloud amount is less than 0.5 percentage points, the cloud amount is recorded as 0; if the sky is completely covered by clouds, the cloud amount is recorded as 10; if the sky is basically covered by clouds, but there are gaps in the clouds, the cloud amount is recorded as 10-. 6.3.2.2 Observation and Recording of Low Cloud Height
Record the lowest height of low clouds seen according to Table 2, and record it to the nearest 1m. 6.3.2.3 Observation and Recording of Cloud Shape
Cloud shape is observed in three groups, ten genera and twenty-nine categories, namely high, medium and low. According to the cloud's appearance, structure, color (see Appendix B) and altitude, various common weather phenomena and the development and evolution of clouds, the cloud shape is identified and classified into cloud types (see Table 2). According to the amount of clouds, the abbreviations are recorded in sequence.
When there are no clouds, the cloud shape column is blank; when the cloud shape cannot be determined, the cloud shape column is recorded as "" Table 2
Cumulonimbus
Stratocumulus
Nimbostratus
Altostratus
Altocumulus
Cirrostratus
Cirrocumulus
Cumulus australis
Cumulus congestus
Cumulonimbus
Cumulonimbus
Cumulonimbus
Cloud shape classification table
Cu cong
Cbcalv
Stratocumulus translucent
Stratocumulus stratus translucent
Stratocumulus stratus cumuliformis
Stratocumulus lenticularis
Stratus fractus
Nimbostratus
Fractus nimbus
Altostratus translucent
Altostratus opaciscus
Altostratus translucent
Altostratus translucent
Altocumulus obscurus
Altocumulus lenticularis
Altocumulus cumulus
Altocumulus flocculus
Altocumulus castellata
Cirrus hairy
Cirrus dense
Pseudocirrus
Cirrus hook
Cirrostratus hairy
Cirrostratus veil
Cirrocumulus
Observation of cloud amount and cloud shape in several special casesSe tra
Sc cug
Sc cast
Sc lent
As tra
Ac tra
Ac lent
Ac cug
Ac cast
ci fil
Ci dens
Ci not
Cs fil
Cs nebu
GB/T12763.3—2020
Common range of cloud base height
400~2000
400~2000
400~2500
400~2000
2500~4500
2500~4500
450010000
4500~8000
4500~8000
When the cloud amount and cloud shape are unclear due to fog, the total cloud amount and low cloud amount are both recorded as 10, and the cloud shape is recorded as "three"; when the cloud shape of the zenith can be judged through the fog, the total cloud amount and low cloud amount are both recorded as 10, and the cloud shape is recorded as "three" and the visible cloud shape is recorded as "three".3.2 Manual Observation
6.3.2.1 Observation and Recording of Cloud Amount
Divide the sky into 10 equal parts, visually observe the percentage of clouds in the sky, and record it to the nearest percentage. If there are no clouds or the cloud amount is less than 0.5 percentage points, the cloud amount is recorded as 0; if the sky is completely covered by clouds, the cloud amount is recorded as 10; if the sky is basically covered by clouds, but there are gaps in the clouds, the cloud amount is recorded as 10-. 6.3.2.2 Observation and Recording of Low Cloud Height
Record the lowest height of low clouds seen according to Table 2, and record it to the nearest 1m. 6.3.2.3 Observation and Recording of Cloud Shape
Cloud shape is observed in three groups, ten genera and twenty-nine categories, namely high, medium and low. According to the cloud's appearance, structure, color (see Appendix B) and altitude, various common weather phenomena and the development and evolution of clouds, the cloud shape is identified and classified into cloud types (see Table 2). According to the amount of clouds, the abbreviations are recorded in sequence.
When there are no clouds, the cloud shape column is blank; when the cloud shape cannot be determined, the cloud shape column is recorded as "" Table 2
Cumulonimbus
Stratocumulus
Nimbostratus
Altostratus
Altocumulus
Cirrostratus
Cirrocumulus
Cumulus australis
Cumulus congestus
Cumulonimbus
Cumulonimbus
Cumulonimbus
Cloud shape classification table
Cu cong
Cbcalv
Stratocumulus translucent
Stratocumulus stratus translucent
Stratocumulus stratus cumuliformis
Stratocumulus lenticularis
Stratus fractus
Nimbostratus
Fractus nimbus
Altostratus translucent
Altostratus opaciscus
Altostratus translucent
Altostratus translucent
Altocumulus obscurus
Altocumulus lenticularis
Altocumulus cumulus
Altocumulus flocculus
Altocumulus castellata
Cirrus hairy
Cirrus dense
Pseudocirrus
Cirrus hook
Cirrostratus hairy
Cirrostratus veil
Cirrocumulus
Observation of cloud amount and cloud shape in several special casesSe tra
Sc cug
Sc cast
Sc lent
As tra
Ac tra
Ac lent
Ac cug
Ac cast
ci fil
Ci dens
Ci not
Cs fil
Cs nebu
GB/T12763.3—2020
Common range of cloud base height
400~2000
400~2000
400~2500
400~2000
2500~4500
2500~4500
450010000
4500~8000
4500~8000
When the cloud amount and cloud shape are unclear due to fog, the total cloud amount and low cloud amount are both recorded as 10, and the cloud shape is recorded as "three"; when the cloud shape of the zenith can be judged through the fog, the total cloud amount and low cloud amount are both recorded as 10, and the cloud shape is recorded as "three" and the visible cloud shape is recorded as "three".
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