NY/T 5111-2002 Technical regulations for the production of pollution-free food watermelon
Some standard content:
ICS 65.020.20
Agricultural Industry Standard of the People's Republic of China
NY/T5111—2002
Pollution-free food
2002-07-25 Issued
Watermelon Production Technical Regulations
2002-09-01 Implementation
Issued by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China
NY/T5111—2002
Appendix A of this standard is a normative appendix, and Appendix B is an informative appendix. This standard was proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture for Planting Management. The responsible drafting unit of this standard is Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; participating drafting units: Anhui Provincial Seed Management Station. The main drafters of this standard are Yu Zhengwang, Xu Yongyang, Wang Andong, Na Li, and An Guolin. 204
1 Scope
Pollution-free food
Technical regulations for watermelon production
NY/T 5111-2002
This regulation specifies the production base construction, cultivation technology, pest control technology and harvesting requirements for pollution-free food watermelon. This regulation applies to the production of pollution-free food watermelon nationwide. 2 Normative references
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard through reference in this standard. For any dated referenced document, all subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this standard. However, the parties to an agreement based on this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For any undated referenced document, the latest version shall apply to this standard. GB4285 Pesticide Safety Use Standard
GB/T8321 (all parts) Pesticide Rational Use Guidelines GB/T16715.1—1996 Vegetable Crop Seeds Melons NY/T496-2002 Fertilizer Rational Use Test General Rules NY5010 Pollution-free Food Vegetable Production Area Environmental Conditions 3 Terms and Definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard. 3.1
Safety Interval
The number of days allowed between the last application of pesticides and the harvest of watermelons. 3.2
Full Cover Cultivation
The cultivation method in which watermelons are grown under cover protection during the entire growth period refers to greenhouse, plastic greenhouse, and plastic medium greenhouse cultivation. 3.3
Semi-cover cultivation
The cultivation method in which watermelons are grown under cover protection in the early stage of their growth period, and the cover is removed in the later stage when the external climatic conditions are suitable for watermelon growth, and the watermelons are grown under natural conditions. Refers to small arch shed cover cultivation. 3.4
A seedbed that uses bamboo strips or small bamboo poles as a framework, plastic film as a transparent covering material, and sunlight to increase temperature. 3.5
A seedbed that adds artificial warming measures on the basis of a cold bed. 3.6
Seed watermelon
A watermelon with seeds in the fruit, here refers to diploid watermelon, excluding tetraploid watermelon. 205
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Seedless watermelon
A watermelon without colored seeds in the fruit, here refers to triploid seedless watermelon. 3.8
Use tools such as teeth or pliers to crack the seed of seedless watermelon from the suture line at the navel to a small crack equivalent to one-third of the seed length. 3.9
Seedling slowing period
A period from the planting of melon seedlings to the growth of new leaves.
Climbing period
The period from the time when the seedlings are slow to mature to the time when the female flowers at the fruiting nodes open. 3.11
Fruit setting period
The period from the time when the female flowers at the fruiting nodes open to the time when the young fruits lose their hair (about the size of an egg). 3.12
Fruit expansion period
The period from the time when the young fruits lose their hair to the time when the fruits are set. 3.13
Fruit ripening period
The period from the time when the fruits are set to the time when the fruits mature. 4 Production environment
The production environment conditions for pollution-free watermelon production should meet the requirements of NY5010. 5 Production management measures
5.1 Seedling cultivation
5.1.1 Variety selection
Select varieties that are resistant to pests and diseases, easy to set fruits, and have good appearance and internal quality. When using full-cover cultivation and semi-cover cultivation, varieties that are resistant to low temperatures, weak light, and moisture should be selected. When adopting grafting cultivation, choose gourd varieties, pumpkin varieties, African or wild watermelons that are immune or highly resistant to watermelon wilt as rootstocks.
5.1.2 Seed quality
The quality standard of watermelon seeds should meet the hybrid grade II or above indicators in GB/T16715.1-1996. 5.1.3 Seed treatment
Put the seeds in 55°C warm water and stir quickly for 10min~15min. When the water temperature drops to about 40°C, stop stirring. Soak the seeds of seeded watermelon for 4h6h and wash off the mucus on the surface of the seeds: Soak the seeds of seedless watermelon for 1.5h~2h and wash off the mucus on the surface of the seeds, wipe off the moisture on the surface of the seeds, and crack the shells when the surface of the seeds is not slippery. Soak the gourd seeds used as rootstocks at room temperature for 48h, and soak the pumpkin seeds at room temperature for 2h~4h.
5.1.4 Germination
Wrap the treated watermelon seeds with wet cloth and place them at 28℃～30℃ for germination. Wrap the treated seedless watermelon seeds with wet cloth and place them at 33C～~35C for germination. It is best to sow when the radicle (bud) is 0.5cm long. Gourd and pumpkin should be germinated at 25℃～28C and sow when the radicle is 0.5cm long. 5.1.5 Seedbed Construction
NY/T 5111---2002
5.1.5.1 Seedbed Selection
The seedbed should be selected in a place close to the planting site, sheltered from the wind and facing the sun, and slightly higher in terrain. Use a cold bed for seedling cultivation when mulching, and a hot bed for seedling cultivation when fully covered or semi-covered.
5.1.5.2 Nutrition soil preparationbZxz.net
It is generally prepared with field soil and decomposed organic fertilizer. Avoid using vegetable garden soil or soil that has been used to grow melon crops. Calculated by volume, the ratio of field soil to fully decomposed fertilizer or compost is 3:2 or 21; if decomposed chicken manure or dry human manure is used, it can be mixed in a ratio of 5:1. 5.1.5.3 Root protection measures
In order to protect the root system of watermelon seedlings, the nutrition soil must be placed in plastic pots, plastic baskets or paper baskets for seedling cultivation. The specifications of plastic pots are: pot height 8cm~10cm, upper diameter 8cm~10cm; plastic tubes and paper baskets require height 10cm~12cm and diameter 8cm~10cm.
5.1.6 Sowing
5.1.6.1 Sowing Time
When the soil temperature at 10cm depth is stable above 15℃ and the daily average temperature is stable above 18℃, it is the time for direct seeding or planting in mulch film mulching cultivation. The sowing time for seedlings can be advanced by 25d to 30d from the planting time. The sowing time for seedlings in single-layer greenhouse protection cultivation, greenhouse plus small arch shed double film protection cultivation, greenhouse plus small arch shed plus grass bitter two films and one bitter protection cultivation is 40 days, 50 days, and 60 days earlier than the sowing time for seedlings in mulch film mulching cultivation. When grafting cultivation is adopted, the seedling raising time is advanced by 8d to 10d on this basis. 5.1.6.2 Sowing method
Sowing should be done in the morning on a sunny day. Water the bottom of the seedlings before sowing. First, make a 1cm deep hole in the middle of the nutrient pot (tube), then place the seeds flat on the nutrient pot (tube), with the radicle facing down in the hole, and cover with nutrient soil as sowing. The thickness of the soil is 1.0cm to 1.5cm. Immediately after sowing, set up the frame and cover with film, and cover with grass at night. When adopting grafting and cutting cultivation, the rootstocks for top-insertion and cleft-grafting are sown in the nutrient pot (tube) of the seedbed, and the scion is sown in the sowing box.
5.1.7 Grafting
Grafting is carried out by top-insertion, cleft-grafting or approach-grafting. 5.1.8 Seedbed management
5.1.8.1 Temperature management
Before germination, the seedbed should be closed and the temperature should be maintained at 30℃ to 35℃. When the temperature is too high, cover with grass to block light and cool down, and cover with grass at night to protect. From the time the seedlings emerge until the first true leaf appears, the temperature is controlled at 20℃～25C. After the first true leaf unfolds, the temperature is controlled at 25℃～~30C. The temperature is controlled at 20℃~25C one week before transplanting. For the grafted seedlings, the daytime temperature is controlled at 25℃～~28C in the first 2 days after grafting, and shading is carried out. It is not suitable for ventilation. 3d～6d after grafting, the daytime temperature is controlled at 22℃~28C and the night temperature is 18℃～20C. After that, it is managed according to the general seedbed management method.
5.1.8.2 Humidity management
The humidity of the seedbed is mainly controlled. On the basis of sufficient bottom watering, try not to water or water as little as possible. Stop watering 5d-6d before transplanting. When using grafting to raise seedlings, the seedbed should be sealed 2 to 3 days after grafting to make the air humidity in the seedbed reach saturation. The humidity should be gradually reduced 3 to 4 days after grafting. Ventilation can be used to remove moisture in the early morning and evening when the humidity is high, and the ventilation time and ventilation volume should be gradually increased. After 10 to 12 days of grafting, management should be carried out according to the general seedbed management method.
5.1.8.3 Light management
After the seedlings emerge from the soil, the light exposure time of the seedbed should be increased as much as possible. When grafting seedlings, the seedbed should be shaded in the first 2 days after grafting. On the 3rd day, the cover should be removed in the early morning and evening to receive scattered light for 30 minutes each, and on the 4th day, it should be increased to 1 hour. The light exposure time will be gradually increased. After 1 week, the light will be only shaded around noon. For 10 days to 12 days, the seedbed should be managed according to the general management method. 5.1.8.4 Other management
When seedless watermelon seedlings emerge from the soil, it is very easy to emerge with the seed coat. The seed coat sandwiched on the cotyledon should be removed in time. When grafting seedlings, the adventitious buds germinated on the rootstock should be removed in time. For seedlings grafted by the approaching method, the stem of the scion should be cut off and removed from 0.5cm~~1.0cm below the interface on the 10th to 13th day after grafting. About 10 days after the grafting, when the grafted seedlings survive, the grafting 207
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or other binding materials should be removed in time.
5.2 Land preparation
Watermelon fields should be selected on sandy loam with high terrain, convenient drainage and irrigation, deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil, and good permeability. Peanuts, beans and vegetables should not be used as the previous crop of watermelon. When non-grafting cultivation is adopted, early land needs to be rotated for 5 to 6 years, and paddy fields need to be rotated for 3 to 4 years before watermelon can be planted again. Before sowing, deep plow the land, dig melon trenches, apply base fertilizer and then harrow and weed. 5.3 Fertilization
5.3.1 Fertilization principles
5.3.1.1 According to NY/T496--2002, balanced fertilization shall be carried out according to the soil nutrient content and the fertilizer requirement of watermelon, and the use of chlorine-containing fertilizers shall be limited.
5.3.1.2 The types of fertilizers allowed to be used include: farmyard manure (cake fertilizer, compost, this fertilizer, fertilizer, biogas fertilizer, green manure, crop straw), commercial organic fertilizers registered or exempted from registration with the agricultural administrative department (including humic acid fertilizers, treated human and animal waste, etc.), microbial fertilizers (including microbial preparations and fertilizers treated by microorganisms), chemical fertilizers (including nitrogen fertilizers, phosphorus fertilizers, potash fertilizers, calcium fertilizers, compound fertilizers, etc.) and foliar fertilizers (including macroelements, trace elements, amino acids, growth regulators, seaweed). 5.3.2 Application of basal fertilizer
Under medium fertility soil conditions, combined with land preparation, apply 4000kg~5000kg of high-quality organic fertilizer (taking high-quality decomposed pig manure as an example) per 666.7m, 6kg of nitrogen fertilizer (N), 3kg of phosphate fertilizer (P,0,), 7.3kg of potassium fertilizer (K,0), or use compound fertilizers converted accordingly. Half of the organic fertilizer is spread, and the other half is applied in the melon ditch. All chemical fertilizers are applied in the melon ditch. The fertilizer is deeply plowed into the soil and mixed with the soil. 5.4 Planting
When using full-cover cultivation and half-cover cultivation, planting can be done when the soil temperature at a depth of 10cm in the soil is stable at above 15°C, the daily average temperature is stable at above 18°C, and the minimum temperature in the early morning is not lower than 5°C. The planting density varies according to the variety and pruning method. Generally, each vine of early-maturing varieties should ensure a nutritional area of 0.30m2~~0.40m, each vine of medium-maturing varieties should ensure a nutritional area of 0.35m2~0.45m, and each vine of seedless watermelon varieties should ensure a nutritional area of 0.40m2~0.50m. Cover the melons with mulch 2d to 3d before planting. When using plastic greenhouses and medium greenhouses for cultivation, cover the entire garden with mulch after planting to reduce humidity in the greenhouse and reduce diseases. When planting, the nutrient soil blocks carried by the stems, leaves and roots of the seedlings should be intact. The planting depth should be such that the upper surface of the nutrient soil block is flush with the surface of the water or slightly deeper (no more than 2cm). When transplanting grafted seedlings, the grafting point should be 1 cm~2cm higher than the surface of the water. When planting seedless watermelon seedlings, seedless watermelon seedlings: seeded watermelon seedlings sparse planting 4:1 or 5:1: dense planting 8:1 or 10:1 should be used as pollination varieties. 5.5 Management during the seedling acclimatization period
Prevent and control pests and diseases and timely replace seedlings after dead seedlings. When full cover and half cover cultivation are adopted, the greenhouse film should be fastened immediately after planting. The temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at around 30°C during the day and around 15°C at night, with a minimum of not less than 5°C. In terms of humidity management, generally, when the bottom is picked enough and the planting water is sufficient, watering is not required during the seedling acclimatization period. 5.6 Management during the vine extension period
5.6.1 Temperature management
When full cover and half cover cultivation are adopted, the temperature in the greenhouse should be controlled at 25°C to 28°C during the day and above 13°C and below 20°C at night.
5.6.2 Water and fertilizer management
After the seedlings have grown, water them once. Water them enough. If the soil is in good condition, water them no longer before flowering and fruiting. If it is really dry, water them again when the vines are 30cm to 40cm long. In order to promote the rapid formation of the nutrient area of watermelon, apply 5kg of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer (N) per 666.7m2 in the early stage of vine extension combined with watering for seedling growth. When applying fertilizer, dig a ditch or dig a hole 10cm away from the root of the melon on the side of the ditch. 5.6.3 Pruning and vine pressing
Early-maturing varieties generally use single-vine or double-vine pruning, and medium- and late-maturing varieties generally use double-vine or three-vine pruning. Sparse planting and multiple-vine pruning can also be used. The first vine pressing should be carried out when the vine is 40cm to 50cm long, and then press it again every 4 to 6 nodes. When pressing the vine, make sure that all vines are evenly distributed in the field, and press the main vine and the side vine. Before fruit setting, the melon stems should be removed in time. Except for the melon stems at the fruiting nodes, all other stems should be removed. After fruit setting, the number of stem removals should be reduced or no stem removal should be done. 208
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5.6.4 Other management
When using a small arch shed or a small arch shed inside a large shed, the small arch shed should be removed before the melon vines have grown long and entangled with each other and when the daily average temperature outside the small arch shed is stable at 18 (or above. 5.7 Management during flowering and fruiting period
5.7.1 Temperature management
When using full-cover cultivation, the plants still grow in the shed during the flowering and fruiting period. The daytime temperature should be maintained at around 30°C and the nighttime temperature should not be lower than 15°C, otherwise the fruit setting will be poor.
5.7.2 Water and fertilizer management
Do not apply fertilizer and strictly control watering. In the soil When the soil condition is so bad that it affects fruit setting, you can water lightly. 5.7.3 Artificial assisted pollination
Smear the pollen of male flowers on the stigma of male flowers before 9:00 p.m. every day for artificial assisted pollination. The female flowers of seedless watermelons are artificially pollinated with pollen of seeded watermelons (pollination varieties). 5.7.4 Other management
When the young fruits grow to the size of eggs and begin to lose their hair, select the fruits. Generally, the second or third female flowers of the main vine are selected for fruit setting. When single-vine, double-vine, and triple-vine pruning is used, only one fruit is left on each plant. When multi-vine pruning is used, two or more fruits can be left on one plant. 5.8 Management during the fruit expansion and maturity period
5. 8. 1 Temperature management
When full-cover cultivation is adopted, the outside temperature is already high at this time. It is necessary to ventilate and cool down in time to control the temperature in the greenhouse below 35°C, but the temperature at night should not be lower than 18°C.
5.8.2 Water and fertilizer management
Water for the first time when the young fruit begins to grow hairy, and then water again when the soil surface is moist in the morning and dry at noon: water 2 to 3 times in a row. Make sure to water enough each time. Stop watering when the fruit is fixed (stop growing). Combined with the first watering, apply melon-swelling fertilizer, mainly quick-acting chemical fertilizers, with a fertilizer amount of 2.7kg of phosphorus fertilizer (P.0) and 5kg of potassium fertilizer (K,0) per 667m2. You can also apply 75kg of cake fertilizer per 667m2. Chemical fertilizers should be mainly applied with watering to avoid damaging the leaves of the watermelon as much as possible. 5.8.3 Other management
When the young canal is the size of a fist, straighten the fruit stalk of the young fruit, then pad wheat straw or rice straw under the young fruit, or pat the soil under the young fruit into a slope and place the young fruit on the slope. After the fruit stops growing, turn the melon over in the afternoon, turn it in one direction, and the turning angle each time should not exceed 30°. Turn each melon 2 to 3 times. 5.9 Harvesting
When the medium and late-maturing varieties are sold locally, they should be harvested when the fruit is fully ripe. When the early-maturing varieties and medium and late-maturing varieties are exported, they can be harvested earlier. In a large farm, 10:00 to 14:00 is the best time to harvest. When harvesting, use scissors to cut the fruit stalk from the base, and keep a green fruit stalk for each fruit.
5. 10 Disease and Pest Control
The diseases are mainly damping-off, anthracnose, wilt, and virus diseases; the pests are mainly seed flies, melon aphids, and melon leaf mites. 5.10.1 Agricultural prevention and control
5.10.1.1 Try to water as little as possible during the seedling raising period, strengthen warming and heat preservation measures, maintain low humidity and suitable temperature in the seedbed, which can prevent damping-off and anthracnose in the seedling stage.
5.10.1.2 It is recommended to use grafting cultivation or choose wilt-resistant varieties during planting, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of wilt. Applying lime to acidic soil and adjusting the pH value to above 6.5 can effectively inhibit the occurrence of wilt. 5.10.1.3 In spring, weeds such as purple flower and plantain in and around the melon field should be thoroughly removed to eliminate overwintering eggs, reduce the number of insect sources, and reduce the damage caused by melon aphids.
5.10.1.4 Timely control of aphids, remove and destroy seriously diseased plants found in the field, prevent aphids and agricultural operations from transmitting viruses, and effectively prevent the occurrence of disease coagulation. Spraying 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaves can enhance the resistance of plants to viral diseases. 209
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5.10.2 Physical control
5.10.2.1 Sugar and wine liquid trapping: Sugar, vinegar, wine, water and 90% trichlorfon crystals are prepared into a liquid in a ratio of 3:3:1:10:0.6, and placed near the seedbed to trap and kill adult fly flies. The occurrence period of adults can be predicted based on the amount of trapping and the ratio of female and male insects. 5.10.2.2 Silver-grey mulch film can be used for mulch to avoid aphids. 5.10.3 Biological control
Planting crops adjacent to wheat fields and allowing natural enemies such as ladybugs in wheat fields to migrate to melon fields to prey on aphids can reduce the population density of melon aphids. 5.10.4 Chemical control
5.10.4.1 See Appendix A for prohibited pesticides. 5.10.4.2 When using chemical pesticides, the relevant provisions of GB4285 and GB/T8321 (all parts) shall be implemented. The safe interval of pesticide mixtures shall be the safe interval of the active ingredient with the largest residual content. 5.10.4.3 Rationally mix and rotate pesticides with different mechanisms of action or negative cross-resistance to overcome and delay the generation and development of disease and insect resistance.
A.1 Pesticides prohibited on vegetables
Appendix A
(Normative Appendix)
Pesticides prohibited on vegetables
NY/T 5111-—2002
Hexachlorobenzene·DDT, toxaphene, dibromopropane, herbicide ether, chlorpyrifos, mercury preparations, arsenic, lead, diclofenac, fluoroacetamide, glycyrrhizin, tetrathion, sodium fluoroacetate tetrathion, methyl parathion, parathion, monocrotophos, phosphamidon, phorate, methyl isothion, terbuthion, methyl thiocyanate, chlorpyrifos ...
Appendix B
(Informative Appendix)
Common diseases and pests of watermelon and favorable conditions for their occurrence Table B.1
Names of diseases and pests
Wilt
Anthracnose
Fusarium wilt
Viral disease
Cucurbitaceae leaf mite
Category of pathogen or pest
Fungus: Pythium aphanidermatum
·【Fungus; Colletotrichum aphanidermatum
! Fungus: Fusarium oxysporum
Virus; Cucumber mosaic virus, watermelon
Transmission route
Rainwater, irrigation water, contaminated fertilizer
Rainwater, irrigation water, seeds
1 Soil, fertilizer, seeds, irrigation water
Mosaic virus No. 2, melon mosaic disease, melon aphids, peach aphids, agricultural operations and other viruses
Homoptera, Aphididae
Arachnida, Tetranychus
Winged parthenogenetic aphid migration|| tt||Crawling, wind, rain
Favorable conditions for occurrence
Soil temperature 10℃～15℃, relative
high turbidity
Relative humidity 87%～~95%, 10℃
～30℃
Continuous cropping, 24℃～28℃, acidic ±
soil, high humidity, partial nitrogen fertilizer
High temperature, strong light, drought, insufficient fertilizer and water, aphids occur in large numbers
16C～20 C, dry morning
Warm, dry, little rain
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