GB/Z 39244-2020 Operation and management specifications for the project of targeted poverty alleviation Chinese medicinal materials Gentiana scabra industry
Some standard content:
ICS 03.100
National Standardization Guiding Technical Document of the People's Republic of China GB/Z39244—2020
Targeted poverty alleviation
Chinese medicinal materials
Jianlongdan Industry Project
Operation and management specifications
Targeted poverty alleviation--Chinese medicinal materials-Specifications foroperation management of Gentiana rigescens Franch. ex Hemsl, project2020-11-19Release
State Administration for Market Regulation
National Standardization Administration
2021-06-01Implementation
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This guiding technical document was drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009 GB/739244—2020
Please note that some contents of this document may involve patents. The issuing agency of this document does not assume the responsibility for identifying these patents. This guiding technical document is proposed and managed by the China National Institute of Standardization. The drafting units of this guiding technical document are: Yunnan Provincial Institute of Standardization, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Medicinal Plants, and Lincang Municipal Bio-industry Office.
The main drafters of this guidance technical document: Qiu Xiaoxiong, Jin Hang, Zhu Rong, Yang Damei, Li Baozhu, Jin Pengcheng, Li Jianchun, Wu Lihua, Yang Lihao, Jian Bangli, Tu Peiyong, Yang Weize, Kang Yanni, Yang Shaopang, Ji Ning, Zuo Chengmei, Chen Yongmei, Yang Guanquan, Zhang Jinyu, Li Wanzhu, Xiao Chuan, Li Zhimin: irKaeerKAca
GB/7.39244—2020
Gentiana rigescensFranch.exIemsl. has the effects of clearing away heat and dampness, and dredging liver and gallbladder fire. It is mainly used for damp-heat jaundice, vaginal swelling and itching, leucorrhea, eczema, liver fire, tinnitus, deafness, hypochondriasis, bitter mouth, convulsions, etc. Gentiana rigescens is the main raw material for the preparation of towels such as Longdangan Pills, Kudancao Tablets, Compound Longdanyou, and Weilongdanhua Capsules. At present, there are more than 50 pharmaceutical companies in my country that use gentian as a raw material for their products. There are more than 200 Chinese patent medicines using gentian as raw material, and 21 of them are included in the pharmacopoeia. With the development of the biomedical health industry and the development of new drugs in the pharmaceutical market, the demand for gentian is increasing year by year, and the supply is in short supply. The price is rising year by year. According to the current purchase price of about 60 yuan/kg, the per mu output value is about 6,000 yuan. It is a good industry for farmers in high-altitude mountainous areas to get rid of poverty: gentian is suitable for growing in high-altitude mountainous areas, and the planting distribution areas are mainly in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and other places. These areas are also relatively concentrated poverty-stricken areas in my country. By converting scientific planting technology back to the standard, carrying out standardized planting of Gentiana scabra and realizing industrialized production of Gentiana scabra, it is an important way to solve the problem of shortage of Gentiana scabra raw materials in medical contract enterprises, ensure and improve the output and quality of Chinese patent medicine products, and realize the sustainable development of my country's traditional Chinese medicine industry. At the same time, the industrial operation model of "poverty alleviation organization + assistance implementation subject + assistance target" can effectively help frontier ethnic minority poor mountainous areas cultivate local characteristic economy, increase farmers' income, optimize rural economic structure, and promote regional economic development. It is an optimal industry for targeted poverty alleviation. This guiding technical document can be used as a reference in the operation and management of the Gentiana scabra industry poverty alleviation project. 1) 1 City fii.67 m
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1 Scope
Specifications for the operation and management of the Chinese medicinal materials Longdan industry project for targeted poverty alleviation
GB/Z39244—2020
This guiding technical document provides the project conditions, division of responsibilities, project organization and operation, project expected results analysis, project risk response, project evaluation management and other contents of the Longdan industry poverty alleviation project. This guiding technical document is applicable to the operation and management of the Longdan industry project: 2 Normative referenced documents
The following documents are indispensable for the application of this document: For all referenced documents with dates, only the versions with dates apply to this document. For all undated referenced documents, the latest version (including all amendments) shall apply. Applicable to this document: GB3095 Ambient Air Quality Standard
GB5084 Agricultural Irrigation Water Quality Standard
GB15618 Soil Environmental Quality Agricultural Land Soil Pollution Risk Control Standard (Trial) Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China
3 Project Conditions
3.1 Natural Conditions
3.1.1 Environmental Requirements
It is suitable to grow in sunny slopes, sparse secondary forests or tea gardens with an altitude of 500m~2500m, good ecological environment and no pollution. The seedlings need a certain shade environment during the growth period. The air quality meets the air quality requirements of GB3095 Liu Agricultural Zone. 3.1.2 Climate Conditions
Select an annual rainfall of 700mm~l300mm, Areas with a temperature of 7℃~20C and a humidity of 60%-70%. 3.1.3 Soil conditions
Slightly acidic red soil, yellow soil, humus soil, and fertile sandy soil with a pH value of 1.5-~7.5 are preferred. Good drainage is required, and there is no pollution from heavy metals, pesticide residues, and other harmful substances. The soil environmental quality should meet the requirements of GB15618 for soil pollution risk control on agricultural land. 3.1.4 Water quality conditions
The quality of water for irrigation meets the requirements of 35081. 1. There are no pollution sources around the water source. 3.2 Personnel conditions
3.2.1 They have basic labor ability - they can undertake land preparation, sowing, digging and other tasks. 3.2.2 They have a certain learning ability and can accept the necessary guidance and training on standardized planting technology of Gentiana scabra. Training, and master the cultivation technology, 3.2.3 There is land suitable for planting gentian. rKaeerKAca-
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3.3 Other conditions
The following conditions are met to implement the Liding Gentian Planting Project: The industrial development area (county, township) has a certain tradition of planting gentian: There are or can be experts who provide long-term technical guidance in the development area, such as a team of science and technology commissioners from colleges and universities, a team of researchers from scientific research institutions, agricultural technicians from county and township agricultural technology stations, and technical talents from enterprises; There are or will be leading enterprises, professional cooperatives, associations and other implementation entities that operate Chinese medicinal materials in the region; Yunnan and the areas bordering Yunnan with Guizhou, Sichuan and Guangxi are the cities. 4 Division of responsibilities
4.1 Main work content of poverty alleviation organizations
4.1.1 Investigation
The poverty alleviation organizations in the project area shall conduct feasibility demonstration of the climate environment, soil texture and other factors for planting gentian in the area through field visits, villager discussions, expert talks, etc.: feasibility demonstration of long-term development through investigation of farmers, gentian planting professional cooperatives, enterprises, etc. in the project area.
4.1.2 Formulate plans
After determining to plant gentian, the poverty alleviation organizations in the project area shall formulate relevant development plans, including planting areas, planting areas, technical guarantee measures, production and marketing methods, and guarantee and support measures. 4.1.3 Policy and financial guarantee
4.1.3.1 Poverty alleviation organizations shall provide policy guarantee to the implementation entities of assistance in terms of organizational construction, personnel training, product processing, sales, brand building, quality and safety monitoring, and construction of seed and shoot demonstration bases in accordance with the law. 4.1.3.2 Poverty alleviation organizations shall provide financial support to the implementation entities of assistance through technical service procurement, order purchase subsidies, etc. 4.1.3.3 Poverty alleviation organizations shall provide subsidies to the implementation entities of assistance through the implementation entities of assistance or directly to the assistance objects in terms of investment in seeds and seedlings, fertilizers, pesticides, etc., and in terms of infrastructure such as roads, irrigation, and drainage in the planting bases, and agricultural machinery such as sowing machinery and farming machinery. 4.1.3.4 Poverty alleviation organizations shall provide policy-based agricultural loan interest subsidies to the assistance objects through coordination with agricultural guarantee companies and financial departments. 4.1.4 Develop an evaluation and supervision mechanism
Regional poverty alleviation organizations in industrial development should strengthen supervision and assessment of the implementation entities of assistance in terms of fund use, project progress, and poverty alleviation effects.
4.2 Responsibilities of the implementation entities of assistance||tt| |4,2.1Do a good job in communication and coordination between poverty alleviation organizations and aid recipients. According to the local development plan, visit the aid recipients in the gentian planting area to understand their planting enthusiasm, labor force, ability to learn and accept knowledge, land resources, whether there is a gentian planting tradition in the local area, and the problems in promoting planting. Connect with poverty alleviation organizations to implement projects and implement funding policies.
4.2.2 Formulate a specific implementation plan
Determine the gentian planting area and planting area according to the local resources and labor force that the aid recipients can control. Determine the number and specifications of seeds, seedlings, and climbing materials to be provided. Carry out technical training and project guidance content, time, and frequency.Provide service items and content, product acquisition, sales plan and contract, etc.
4.2.3 Quality control and brand building
GB/Z39244—2020
Perform the principal responsibilities in the application and supervision of standardization technology, product quality control, product acquisition, product development, brand building and publicity, market development, etc.
4.2.4 Establish demonstration and implement training
Build Baiying standardized demonstration base to demonstrate the breeding and planting technology of reverse fine varieties, train and guide the assisted objects, and minimize the risks of the assisted objects
4.3 Responsibilities of assisted objects
Baijue accepts training and guidance on the standardized breeding skills of Jianlongdan, and learns the planting and primary processing technology of Jianlongdan 4.3.2 Baijue accepts supervision, especially in the use of pesticides and creeping materials, and strictly controls and avoids the use of inputs that affect the quality of Jianlongdan. 4.3.3
According to the contract Provide Gentiana scabra medicinal materials that meet quality requirements on time and in quantity. 5. Project organization and operation
5.1 Production technology
For the technical regulations for Gentiana scabra production, please refer to Appendix A
2 Project operation mode
The project adopts the "poverty alleviation + assistance implementation body + assistance target" mode, and the case is in Appendix 3. It includes but is not limited to:
The assistance implementation body refers to scientific research institutions, leading enterprises in the Chinese medicinal materials industry, professional cooperatives and other institutions with complementary capabilities; a)
b) Assistance targets refer to poor households participating in Gentiana scabra planting, etc. 5.3 Signing of project agreement
5.3.1 The content of the cooperation agreement between the poverty alleviation organization and the assistance implementation body should include but not be limited to:
Clearly define the assistance targets and quantities;
b) The amount of assistance funds or production material subsidies Assistance quantity, payment method and arrival time: c) The number of technical services provided, the method, time range and the target to be achieved: d) Product purchasing and sales entity, purchase and sales price basis, purchase and sales method: Supervision and assessment methods, methods, time points, assessment indicators and performance rewards and punishments during the implementation of the project. 5.3.2
Agreement between the assistance implementation entity and the assisted object Technical service agreement
The content of the agreement should include but is not limited to:
a) The number of technical services, methods, time range and the target to be achieved; b) Supervision methods, methods, time points and assessment indicators during the implementation of the project; Contents, quantity and style of production materials and equipment supply. HriKaeerKAca-
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5.3.2.2 Product purchase and sales Contract
Specify the location, planting area, and estimated annual volume of the scutellaria planting base of the assisted object: clarify the quality standards of scutellaria products, product purchase and sales prices, delivery methods and time, payment methods, and liability for breach of contract. 5.4 Project Operation
5.4.1 Preliminary Preparation
5.4.1.1 Before determining to carry out targeted poverty alleviation work on scutellaria planting, the poverty alleviation organization shall determine the production area suitable for the development of scutellaria planting in the region: and formulate a development plan for scutellaria planting, and determine the assisted object and the implementation subject of the assistance according to the development plan. 5.4.1.2 The implementation subject of the assistance shall first evaluate whether the land of the assisted object is suitable for the cultivation of scutellaria (region, altitude, distance, quality, water source, road and other basic facilities), area, and ownership: evaluate the willingness of the assisted object to plant scutellaria, whether there is suitable labor force, and whether there is a basis for honest cooperation.
5.4.1.3 The assistance implementation entity shall explain the basic research technology of gentian planting to the assisted objects, so that the assisted objects have a preliminary understanding of the expected benefits of gentian planting technology and their ability to participate in it. 5.4.1.4 The poverty alleviation organization and the assistance implementation entity, and the assistance implementation entity and the assisted objects shall sign a targeted and effective assistance contract (agreement) and a product purchase and sales contract (agreement). 5.4.2 Production
5.4.2.1 The assistance implementation entity shall prepare scientific, practical and easy-to-understand gentian planting technology and management manuals and distribute them to the assisted objects. 5.4.2.2 According to the contract content, seedlings, fertilizers and other means of production shall be distributed to the assisted objects; according to the progress of the work, subsidies for infrastructure such as roads, irrigation, drainage and other infrastructure of the planting base, as well as agricultural machinery such as sowing machinery and farming machinery shall be paid. 5.4.2.3 During the entire production cycle of Gentiana scabra, the implementation entities shall carry out training in various forms such as centralized lectures, on-site guidance, mutual assistance between veterans and newcomers, and distribution of technical information.
5.4.2.4 During the key periods of Gentiana scabra seedling sowing, transplanting, weeding, fertilization, pest and disease control, and harvesting, focus on strengthening on-site guidance and supervision and management.
5.4.3 Procurement
5.4.3.1 The implementation entities shall follow the requirements of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China and the provisions of the purchase and sales contract (agreement). .Inspect and accept the fat produced by the assisted cattle in a timely manner, and ensure that it is purchased at a price not lower than the protection price as agreed. 5.4.3.2 After receiving the purchase request from the assisted object, complete the inspection and purchase in a timely manner, and settle the payment on the spot. Do not reject products that meet the standards, and do not default on payments:
5.4.4 Project supervision
The poverty alleviation organization supervises the key links in the implementation of technical services, material procurement, product purchase and sales, etc. of the assistance implementation entity, and promptly discovers and corrects problems
6 Project Analysis of expected results
6.1 Funding investment of poverty alleviation organizations
6.1.1 Infrastructure and equipment construction
Poverty alleviation organizations should invest a certain amount of funds in the construction of infrastructure and equipment such as land improvement, drainage and irrigation facilities, transportation facilities, and primary processing sites for the gentian planting base:
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6.1.2 Agricultural inputs subsidy
GB/Z39244—2020
Poverty alleviation organizations should purchase gentian seeds, seedlings, fertilizers and other agricultural inputs for free distribution Issued to the assisted objects, or provide financial subsidies according to a certain investment ratio:
6.1.3 Technical service fees
Poverty alleviation organizations should pay the expenses incurred in providing technical services to the assisted objects, including labor fees paid to technical personnel, technical materials fees, training fees, media publicity, brand building and other public welfare activities fees, etc. 6.1.4 Market price difference subsidy
For the assisted implementation entities that sign long-term purchase and sales agreements and purchase Jianlongdan at protective prices, a certain incentive subsidy or market price difference subsidy will be given according to their actual purchase volume. Support the implementation entities and assisted objects to actively participate in exhibitions, connect with e-commerce, create local characteristic brands, and expand product sales.
6.2 Benefits of assisted objects
6.2.1 Basic benefits
The assisted objects obtain income through planting Jianlongdan, Jianlongdan seeds and seedlings produced by Shanpu, and Jianlongdan medicinal materials. 6.2.2 Other income
Other income includes:
a) Income obtained by the assisted persons from providing services such as planting, cultivating and maintaining gentian for other enterprises or cooperatives; b) Income obtained by the assisted persons through providing farmyard manure; e) Income obtained by the assisted persons through renting out their own land to enterprises or cooperatives. 6.3 Poverty alleviation cycle
6.3.1 The production cycle of gentian is 3 years. The assisted persons can achieve poverty alleviation after planting gentian in one production cycle. 6.3.2 After the assisted persons have mastered the planting technology of gentian, they can use the seeds and seedlings obtained in the planting process to carry out production and reinvest on the basis of the income obtained in the first cycle, which can be rolled over to obtain long-term benefits. 7 Project risks Response
7.1 Response to policy risks
The production and operation of the industrial project of the gentian should be well planned in advance, in accordance with the national industrial policies, environmental protection requirements, relevant laws and regulations and mandatory standards.
2 Response to market risks
The measures to deal with market risks include but are not limited to: a) Strengthen the optimization and control of each link in the operation of the gentian industry, improve the level of enterprise management and control, and reduce operating risks; b) The implementation entity of the assistance should build a unified information platform to achieve procurement, sales, warehousing, technology research and development, quality control and data sharing, and improve the visibility and controllability of the entire gentian industry; c) The implementation entity of the assistance should keep in close contact with the assistance object and keep abreast of the assistance funds and order dynamics. rrKaeerKAca-
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3 Response to technical risksbzxZ.net
The gentian industry has technical risks in the links of seedling cultivation, planting management, pest and disease prevention and control, and primary processing at the production site. The countermeasures include but are not limited to:
a) Strengthen organization and training, improve enterprise technology control, and help the assisted objects improve production technology; h) The assistance implementation entity formulates a business training plan and implements it in an orderly manner; the assistance implementation entity keeps in close contact with the assisted objects and provides technical guidance in all aspects of the Gentiana industry. c
|8 Project evaluation management
8.1 Evaluation content
8.1.1 The poverty alleviation organization shall evaluate the implementation effect of the project in accordance with the signed implementation agreement of the assistance project. 8.1.2 Evaluate the scientificity, practicality and effectiveness of the project planning. 8.1.3 Evaluate the fulfillment of responsibilities of all parties during the implementation of the project, the existing problems and whether the recovery measures are effective. 8.1.4 Evaluate the proportion of the project in the poverty alleviation projects in the district, the poverty alleviation rate of the project, the per capita income of the poor and idle population in the project, and the improvement of product quality and brand. 8.2 Evaluation method
8.2.1 The local poverty alleviation organization of the project is responsible for or entrusts the first-party organization to implement the supervision evaluation, and conducts a phased evaluation based on the progress of project implementation and task completion:
8.2.2 The evaluation can be carried out by listening to the achievement reports of the representatives of the assistance implementation entity and the assistance object, checking various records and materials, on-site inspection, expert review, and visiting poor households and surrounding farmers. 6
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A.1 Seed source requirements
Appendix A
(Informative Appendix)
Technical regulations for the production of Gentiana scabra
GB/739244—2020
Gentiana scabra (GentianarigescensFranch.exIemsl.), a plant of the genus Gentianaceae, should give priority to the use of registered improved varieties suitable for the local area. Select plants with strong plants, well-developed root systems, and no diseases or insect pests as seed sources. A.2 Seed requirements
Select healthy plants over three years old for seed preservation. Spray 100mg/L enomycin once to increase the fruit set rate. The seeds continue to mature after 11 to 12 peels. When the peel turns from green to purple and the top of the fruit is about to crack (the seeds have turned from green to yellow-brown), cut off the flower clusters and dry them for 7-8 hours: knock with a wooden stick or rub with your hands to detect the fruit. Remove the stems and leaves after the seeds fall. Dry them for 5d~6d and store in a cool and ventilated place. When planting, choose seeds with a purity of 70% or more, a germination rate of 40% or more, and no diseases or insect pests. A.3 Production process
A.3.1 Planting mode
A.3.1.1 Clean seeding: mainly wild seed shoots on barren hills and slopes. A.3.1.2 Interplanting: mainly ecological planting under tea gardens, orchards and secondary forests. A.3.2 Planting technology
Site selection and land preparation
A. 3.2.1.1 Site selection
It is advisable to select flat land, sloping land and wasteland with deep upper layer, loose and fertile upper soil, water source, good drainage and short sunshine. A.3.2.1.2 Land preparation
Completed from December to February of the year of planting. Cut and burn the wild weeds and trees on the ground. Turn the soil manually or with a micro-tillage machine, dig finely, level and dry it to form a planting surface. If conditions permit, it can be turned twice. Depth The width of the working road is 1.0m-1.2m, and the height is 15cm-25cm. The width of the working road is 30cm-40cm. The road should be smooth and free of debris.
A.3.2.2 Sowing
The sowing period is mid-April: Before sowing, the seeds should be germinated by soaking them in 200mg/L hematoxylin for 24h before sowing, washing them with disinfectant water after taking them out, and mixing them evenly with 3-5 times the amount of fine sand before sowing. The amount of seeds is 200g per field. irKaeerKAca
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A.3.2.3 Field management
A.3.2.3 .1 Management of young seedlings
After sowing and before emergence, you can use a shade net to build a shed or cover it with grass for shade. After about 40 days after the seedlings emerge, gradually remove the shade. Maintain 50% light.
After sowing, the bed surface should be kept moist. If there is a lack of water, you can use a fine-hole spray bottle to spray the bed surface. Watering should be done on sunny evenings. The number of waterings depends on the humidity of the bed surface. From seed germination to the growth of the first pair of straight leaves, the upper soil humidity should be controlled at more than 70%; from one pair of true leaves to two pairs of straight leaves, the upper soil humidity should be controlled at about 60%
After the seedlings emerge, weed frequently. Weed 4 to 5 times throughout the seedling period. From June to July, when the growth is vigorous, apply appropriate fertilizers. When the seedlings grow to 3 pairs of true leaves, 1000 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be used for surface application. After August, remove the coverings one by one and increase the light to promote growth. A.3.2.3.2 Management of mature seedlings||t t||During the growing season, attention should be paid to timely loosening, weeding, chasing and removing flowers to promote root growth. A small amount of tea trees can be planted along the working road to block strong light. A.3.3 Disease and Pest Control
A.3.3.1 Agricultural Control
Do not use plants with diseases and pests. When the ground part withers in winter and spring, cut off the ground part of the plant and burn it in a centralized manner to eliminate the overwintering insect source. Eliminate the stagnant water in the room and pull out the weeds in the room in time; if the diseased plants are found, they should be pulled out immediately, burned in a centralized manner or buried deeply: A.3.3.2 Chemical Control
The use of pesticides should comply with the requirements of GB/T8321. Highly toxic, highly toxic, high-residue pesticides and pesticides that are clearly stipulated by the state that cannot be used on crops should not be used
The main diseases of Gentiana scabra are anthracnose, rust, brown spot disease and spot blight caused by spherical shell fungi. The main pests are navel and cutworms. The main diseases and pests and control methods are shown in Table A.1
Note: For wild cultivation and ecological planting or zero occurrence of gentian liver disease, agricultural control and physical control are the main methods. Table A.1 Main diseases and pests of gentian and pesticide use methods Name of diseases and pests
Anthracnose
Leaf characteristics: The spots are round, semi-circular, circular or irregular, and the spots are sunken, appearing green water-soaked, with ring patterns. The edges of the spots are dark green, and some are grayish white in the middle, and the entire spot is hard. In the later stage, multiple spots are connected into pieces, and finally the whole leaf is dark green or dark brown and dry
In the early stage of the disease, the leaves are round and water-soaked green, and then the front of the leaves turn green and yellow, and white or yellow blister-like spots appear on the back of the leaves, which are piles of pathogen spores. In the later stage, the epidermis of the rust spore organelles is cracked and yellow powder is released. When the rust spore disease of the pathogen is severe, yellow spots cover the entire leaf and the leaves die.
Recommended pesticides and methods
50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 400 times diluted 500 times spray:
80% mancozeb wettable powder 500 times diluted 175% white fungicide powder 60 times diluted spray:
50% charcoal fumei 360 times 100 times times liquid + 1:1:200 times Bordeaux mixture spray
Use 5% of seed weight 25% oxadiazole, 50% carbendazim + 1% of seed weight 20% rust-like emulsifiable concentrate to mix seeds:
At the beginning of the disease, you can use 25 days triazole + 50 Fumeishuai + 7 Guangling rust-like 50 yuan + Fumei 110% oxadiazole water-dispersible granules, 30% Tefuluoding wettable powder 1 times liquid to spray the center of the diseased tree -irKacerKAca-1 Clean planting: mainly wild seedlings on barren hills and slopes. A.3.1.2 Interplanting: mainly ecological planting in tea gardens, orchards and understory of secondary forests. A.3.2 Planting technology
Site selection and land preparation
A.3.2.1.1 Site selection
It is advisable to select flat land, sloping land and wasteland with deep upper layer, loose and fertile upper soil, water source, good drainage and short sunshine. A.3.2.1.2 Land preparation
It should be completed from December of each year to February of the year of planting. Cut and burn to remove wild weeds and trees on the ground. Turn the soil manually or with a micro-tillage machine, dig, level and dry to form a planting surface. If conditions permit, double turning can be done. The depth is 30cm~50cm. Apply 2000kg-3000kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure per mu. Use 8g of 50% carbendazim per square meter for soil treatment. The soil should be leveled. The width is 1.0m-1.2m and the height is 15cm-25cm. The width of the working road is 30cm-40cm. The soil should be flat and fine without debris.
A.3.2.2 Sowing
The sowing period is mid-April: Before sowing, the seeds should be germinated first. The method is to soak the seeds in 200mg/L red iodine for 24h before sowing, rinse them with disinfectant water after fishing, mix them with 3~5 times the amount of fine sand as much as the seeds, and then sow them. The amount of seeds is 200g per seed. irKaeerKAca
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A.3.2.3 Field management
A.3.2.3.1 Seedling management
From sowing to emergence, you can use a shade net to build a shed or cover it with grass for shade. After the seedlings emerge for about 40 days, gradually remove the shade. Maintain 50% light.
The bed surface should be kept moist after sowing. If there is a lack of water, you can use a fine-hole spray bottle to spray the bed surface. Watering should be done on sunny evenings. The number of waterings depends on the humidity of the bed surface. From seed germination to the growth of the first pair of straight leaves, the upper soil humidity should be controlled above 70%; from one pair of true leaves to two pairs of straight leaves, the upper soil humidity should be controlled at around 60%
After the seedlings emerge, weed diligently. Weeding during the entire seedling period 1-5 times. Apply fertilizer appropriately during the vigorous growth period from June to July. When the seedlings grow to 3 pairs of true leaves, apply 1000 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate. After the beginning of August, gradually remove the covering materials to increase light to promote growth. A.3.2.3.2 Management of mature seedlings
During the growth period, attention should be paid to timely loosening, weeding, chasing and removing flowers to promote root growth. A small amount of tea trees can be planted along the operation road to block strong light. A.3.3 Disease and pest control
A.3.3.1 Agricultural control
Do not use seeds with diseases and pests. When part of the ground withers in winter and spring, cut off the ground part of the plant and burn them in a centralized manner to eliminate the overwintering insect source. Eliminate stagnant water in the intercropping and pull out the weeds in the intercropping in time; if diseased plants are found, pull them out immediately, burn them in a centralized manner or bury them deeply: A.3.3.2 Chemical control
The use of pesticides should comply with the requirements of GB/T8321. Do not use highly toxic, highly toxic, highly residual pesticides and pesticides that are not allowed to be used on crops by the state.
The main diseases of Gentiana serrata are anthracnose, rust, brown spot disease and spot blight caused by spherical fungi. The main pests are navel and cutworms. The main diseases and pests and control methods are shown in Table A.1
Note: For Gentiana serrata that is damaged by wild cultivation and ecological planting or zero occurrence, agricultural control and physical control are the main methods. Table A.1 Main diseases and pests of Gentiana serrata and pesticide use methods Disease and pest name
Anthracnose
Leaf characteristics: The spots are round, semi-circular, circular or irregular, the spots are sunken, green and water-soaked, with ring patterns. The edges of the spots are dark green, and some are grayish white in the middle, and the entire spot is hard. In the later stage, multiple lesions are connected into a piece, and finally the whole leaf is dark green or dark brown and dry
In the early stage of the disease, the leaves are round and water-soaked green, and then the front of the leaves turn green and yellow, and white or yellow blister-like spots appear on the back of the leaves, which are piles of pathogenic bacteria spores. In the later stage, the epidermis of the rust spore organelles is cracked, and yellow powder is scattered, which is the rust spore disease of the pathogen. When the disease is serious, the yellow spots cover the whole leaf and the leaves die
Recommended pesticides and methods
50% methyl thiophanate wettable powder 400 times diluted spray:
80% mancozeb wettable powder 500 times diluted 175% white fungicide powder 60 times diluted spray:
50% charcoal 360 times 100 times liquid + 1:1:200 times Bordeaux mixture spraying
Use 5% of seed weight 25% oxadiazole, 50% carbendazim + 1% of seed weight 20% rust-like emulsifiable concentrate to mix seeds:
At the beginning of the disease, you can use 25 days triazole + 50 Fumeishuai + 7 Guangling rust-like 50 yuan + Fumei 110% oxadiazole water-dispersible granules, 30% Tefuluoding wettable powder 1 times liquid to spray the center of the diseased tree -irKacerKAca-1 Clean planting: mainly wild seedlings on barren hills and slopes. A.3.1.2 Interplanting: mainly ecological planting in tea gardens, orchards and understory of secondary forests. A.3.2 Planting technology
Site selection and land preparation
A.3.2.1.1 Site selection
It is advisable to select flat land, sloping land and wasteland with deep upper layer, loose and fertile upper soil, water source, good drainage and short sunshine. A.3.2.1.2 Land preparation
It should be completed from December of each year to February of the year of planting. Cut and burn to remove wild weeds and trees on the ground. Turn the soil manually or with a micro-tillage machine, dig, level and dry to form a planting surface. If conditions permit, double turning can be done. The depth is 30cm~50cm. Apply 2000kg-3000kg of fully decomposed farmyard manure per mu. Use 8g of 50% carbendazim per square meter for soil treatment. The soil should be leveled. The width is 1.0m-1.2m and the height is 15cm-25cm. The width of the working road is 30cm-40cm. The soil should be flat and fine without debris.
A.3.2.2 Sowing
The sowing period is mid-April: Before sowing, the seeds should be germinated first. The method is to soak the seeds in 200mg/L red iodine for 24h before sowing, rinse them with disinfectant water after fishing, mix them with 3~5 times the amount of fine sand as much as the seeds, and then sow them. The amount of seeds is 200g per seed. irKaeerKAca
GB/7.39244—2020
A.3.2.3 Field management
A.3.2.3.1 Seedling management
From sowing to emergence, you can use a shade net to build a shed or cover it with grass for shade. After the seedlings emerge for about 40 days, gradually remove the shade. Maintain 50% light.
The bed surface should be kept moist after sowing. If there is a lack of water, you can use a fine-hole spray bottle to spray the bed surface. Watering should be done on sunny evenings. The number of waterings depends on the humidity of the bed surface. From seed germination to the growth of the first pair of straight leaves, the upper soil humidity should be controlled above 70%; from one pair of true leaves to two pairs of straight leaves, the upper soil humidity should be controlled at around 60%
After the seedlings emerge, weed diligently. Weeding during the entire seedling period 1-5 times. Apply fertilizer appropriately during the vigorous growth period from June to July. When the seedlings grow to 3 pairs of true leaves, apply 1000 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate. After the beginning of August, gradually remove the covering materials to increase light to promote growth. A.3.2.3.2 Management of mature seedlings
During the growth period, attention should be paid to timely loosening, weeding, chasing and removing flowers to promote root growth. A small amount of tea trees can be planted along the operation road to block strong light. A.3.3 Disease and pest control
A.3.3.1 Agricultural control
Do not use seeds with diseases and pests. When part of the ground withers in winter and spring, cut off the ground part of the plant and burn them in a centralized manner to eliminate the overwintering insect source. Eliminate stagnant water in the intercropping and pull out the weeds in the intercropping in time; if diseased plants are found, pull them out immediately, burn them in a centralized manner or bury them deeply: A.3.3.2 Chemical control
The use of pesticides should comply with the requirements of GB/T8321. Do not use highly toxic, highly toxic, highly residual pesticides and pesticides that are not allowed to be used on crops by the state.
The main diseases of Gentiana serrata are anthracnose, rust, brown spot disease and spot blight caused by spherical fungi. The main pests are navel and cutworms. The main diseases and pests and control methods are shown in Table A.1
Note: For Gentiana serrata that is damaged by wild cultivation and ecological planting or zero occurrence, agricultural control and physical control are the main methods. Table A.1 Main diseases and pests of Gentiana serrata and pesticide use methods Disease and pest name
Anthracnose
Leaf characteristics: The spots are round, semi-circular, circular or irregular, the spots are sunken, green and water-soaked, with ring patterns. The edges of the spots are dark green, and some are grayish white in the middle, and the entire spot is hard. In the later stage, multiple lesions are connected into a piece, and finally the whole leaf is dark green or dark brown and dry
In the early stage of the disease, the leaves are round and water-soaked green, and then the front of the leaves turn green and yellow, and white or yellow blister-like spots appear on the back of the leaves, which are piles of pathogenic bacteria spores. In the later stage, the epidermis of the rust spore organ is cracked, and yellow powder is scattered, which is the rust spore disease of the pathogen. When the disease is serious, the yellow spots cover the whole leaf and the leaves die
Recommended pesticides and methods
50% methyl thiophanate wettable powder 400 times diluted spray:
80% mancozeb wettable powder 500 times diluted 175% white fungicide powder 60 times diluted spray:
50% charcoal 360 times 100 times liquid + 1:1:200 times Bordeaux mixture spray
Use 5% of seed weight 25% oxadiazole, 50% carbendazim + 1% of seed weight 20% rust-like emulsifiable concentrate to mix seeds:
At the beginning of the disease, you can use 25 days triazole + 50 Fumeishuai + 7 Guangling rust-like 50 yuan + Fumei 110% oxadiazole water-dispersible granules, 30% Tefuluoding wettable powder 1 times liquid to spray the center of the diseased tree -irKacerKAca-Yellow powder is scattered, which is the rust spore disease of the pathogen. When the disease is severe, yellow spots cover the whole leaf and the leaves die.
Recommended pesticides and methods
50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 400 times diluted 500 times spray:
80% mancozeb wettable powder 500 times diluted 175% white fungicide powder 60 times diluted spray:
50% charcoal 360 times diluted 100 times + 1:1 : Spray 200 times of Bordeaux mixture
Use 5% of seed weight 25% oxadiazole, 50% carbendazim + 1% of seed weight 20% rust-like emulsifiable concentrate to mix seeds:
At the beginning of the disease, you can use 25 days triazole + 50 Fumeishuai + 7 Guangling rust-like 50 yuan + Fumei 110% oxadiazole water-dispersible granules, 30% Tefuluoding wettable powder 1 times liquid to spray the center of the diseased tree-irKacerKAca-Yellow powder is scattered, which is the rust spore disease of the pathogen. When the disease is severe, yellow spots cover the whole leaf and the leaves die.
Recommended pesticides and methods
50% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 400 times diluted 500 times spray:
80% mancozeb wettable powder 500 times diluted 175% white fungicide powder 60 times diluted spray:
50% charcoal 360 times diluted 100 times + 1:1 : Spray 200 times of Bordeaux mixture
Use 5% of seed weight 25% oxadiazole, 50% carbendazim + 1% of seed weight 20% rust-like emulsifiable concentrate to mix seeds:
At the beginning of the disease, you can use 25 days triazole + 50 Fumeishuai + 7 Guangling rust-like 50 yuan + Fumei 110% oxadiazole water-dispersible granules, 30% Tefuluo wettable powder 1 times liquid to spray the center of the diseased tree-irKacerKAca-
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