Some standard content:
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
Oceanographic terminology
Oceanographic terminology narine biology1 Content and scope of application
This standard specifies the professional terminology of marine biology: GB/T15919-1995
This standard is applicable to the compilation of textbooks, books and periodicals, the formulation of relevant standards, technical documents and literature translation, etc.2 Terminology
2.1 Hydrobiology
The discipline that studies the phenomena, processes and laws of life in rivers, lakes, oceans and artificial water bodies. It is an important field of life science.2.2 Planktolngy
The discipline that studies planktolngy in water bodies. It is generally divided into phytoplankton and zooplankton according to the research object.2.3 Benthology
The discipline that studies animals, plants and microorganisms living on the surface or bottom of the substrate of oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies. 2.4 Adhesive eggs: eggs that adhere to rocks, algae or other substrates after being laid. Such as Pacific herring eggs and sturgeon eggs. 2.5 Pelagic egg: eggs that are non-adhesive and do not adhere to solid objects but are suspended in the water layer. Such as large yellow croaker eggs, hairtail eggs and barracuda eggs. Juvenile: biological individuals whose appearance is slightly similar to that of adults but whose gonads are not yet developed. 2.7 Post-larva: the period of time when the organism is nourished by exogenous nutrients and whose appearance is different from that of adults. In different groups, the usage is different, such as the juvenile stage of fish is called juvenile fish, and the juvenile stage of shrimp is called shrimp larvae.
2. 8 Pelagic phase: the stage in the life cycle when the organism is not attached to the substrate and always floats in the water. Habitat
The living space of an individual organism, a population or a community, including the living conditions and other ecological factors necessary for the organism. 2.10
niche
The space occupied by a certain organism in an ecosystem and its position in the interaction with the environment. That is, the function and role of this type of organism in the ecosystem.
2.11 bintape
The smallest geographical unit of the biosphere. A living community with certain animal and plant flora characteristics and easy to demarcate.
2.12 Anaerobic zone
In marine sediments, the redox potential changes rapidly with depth. The surface layer is an oxidized brown layer, and the redox potential (Eh value> can reach +400mV. In the deep, strongly reducing black sediments, the Eh value can drop directly to -200>mV. The oxygen concentration in the entire reducing zone is actually zero, that is, the anaerobic zone. 2.13 Anaernbiosis
The life of organisms in a free oxygen environment (metabolism without oxygen). zone
The dark water layer below the photic zone. In the clear waters of the ocean, the aphotic zone generally appears below 150m or deeper. 2.15 Euphotic zone
The upper water layer with sufficient light transmittance for photosynthesis. Synonyms: euphotic zone
2.16 Disphotic zone
The water layer with a faint light between the photic zone and the disphotic zone. Although plants can photosynthesize, they cannot reproduce effectively.
commcnsalism
The phenomenon that two organisms live together, but only one of them is beneficial, while the other is harmless and beneficial. For example, crucian carp attaches its suction cup to the abdomen of sharks or sea lions, is carried to various places by the host, and feeds on the leftovers of the host. Synonyms: symbiosis
2. 18 Symbiosis
The phenomenon in which two organisms live together or one lives inside the other, and benefit each other. For example, zooxanthellae live inside reef-building corals and use the coral's metabolic products for nutrition, while the coral can breathe using the oxygen produced by photosynthesis of zooxanthellae.
Synonym: mutualism
2.19 Parasitism
The phenomenon in which one organism lives inside or on the body of another organism and takes nutrients from the latter to continue living. The former is called a parasite and the latter is called a host.
2.20 Sapruphytism
An organism lives on the dead or decaying organisms of another species.2.21 Succession
In a certain area, after a certain period of development and environmental conditions, the relationship between organisms changes, and some species are no longer suitable for survival, so they are replaced by other species. 2.22
Seasonal fluctuation Seasonal fluctuation The fluctuation of the number of individuals or biomass caused by seasonal changes in the environment, which affects the growth and reproduction of organisms. 2.23Seasonal variation Changes in the number, species, morphology and physiology of organisms caused by seasonal changes in the environment. 2.24Dicyclicity
Refers to the cyclical law of biological growth and reproduction. Any organism with two peaks in the number of individuals or biomass in a year is called a dicyclic type (see unimodal type).
2.25Manocyrle, manacycly The peak of the number of individuals or biomass reached by biological growth and reproduction has a certain cyclical law due to seasonal changes in the environment. 2.26 Dielverticil migration, diurnal vcrtical migration Aquatic organisms undergo a nocturnal up-and-down migration due to annual changes in light intensity or feeding requirements and other external factors, such as humidity, salinity, and bait organisms. They generally decrease during the day and increase at night. 2.27 Halophilcorganism GB/T 15919-1995
Organisms that thrive in high-salinity environments, such as Artemia and halophilic bacteria. 2.28 Curyhaline species
Organisms that can adapt to a wide range of salinities. Different euryhaline species have different tolerances to salinity changes. Some species live in high-salinity areas, low-salinity areas or freshwater at different stages of their life history, such as fish, salmon and eels. 2.29 Srenohaline species are very sensitive to salinity changes and live in waters with a very narrow salinity range. 2.30 Oligohaline species Brackish water species and swimming species are divided into three types of salt tolerance according to the range of salinity tolerance, namely, salt-loving, medium-salinity and polyhaline. Among them, the range of salinity tolerance of oligohaline brackish water species is 0.5~～3, while the range of salinity tolerance of oligohaline seawater species is 17～30. 2.31 Thermophilic organisms are organisms that like to grow in high temperature environments, such as various bacteria that can grow vigorously at 45~60℃. Synonyms: thermophilic organisms
2.32 Eurythernal species are species with high tolerance to temperature changes. Some animals have different tolerances to temperature at different stages of their life cycle. Species that are euthermic only during the egg-laying or egg development stages are called reproductive euthermic species; species that are euthermic only during the nutritional stage of the life cycle are called nutritional euthermic species.
2.33 Stenothermal species Species that have a very small tolerance to temperature changes. 2.34 Poikilotherm [poikilotherm] Animals whose body temperature changes with changes in ambient temperature. Reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates are all poikilotherms. Synonyms: cold-blooded animals
2.35 Homeotherm, homoiotherm, homeothermal aninal Animals that have a perfect body temperature regulation mechanism and can maintain a relatively stable body temperature when the ambient temperature changes. Synonyms: warm-blooded animals
2.36 Eurybathic organism An animal with a wide range of depth distribution or a large vertical range of movement.These organisms can tolerate large pressure changes, such as a sea gilt (Kophobelemnnnselelliferurm) and a sea urchin (Echinucardiumaustrale) living in the ocean at 363600m and 0~~4900 1 respectively.
2.37 Stencbathic arganism Organisms with a small distribution depth or vertical movement range. 2.38 Euryharieorganism Organisms that can tolerate large pressure changes. 2.39 Luminousorganism A general term for organisms with luminous organs, luminous cells (including luminous bacteria) or glands that can secrete luminous substances. There are more than 30 classes and more than 500 genera of luminous organisms in the world, of which marine organisms account for about 85%. 2.40 Phatophilous organis Organisms that are suitable for growing in a light environment. 2.42 Light adaptation
The ecological characteristic of some plants to adapt to changes in light intensity. 2.43 Light acelimation
Directional cultivation of plants according to their light adaptation, so that they can grow and reproduce under the required light intensity. 2.44 Chemotaxis. CB/T 15919—1995
The characteristic of directional movement of a certain organism due to the stimulation and induction of a certain chemical. 2.45 Abhundance
The number of individuals of various organisms per unit area or unit water body in a biological community. 2.46 Oblique haul
The method of collecting plankton by dragging a plankton net obliquely from a specific water depth to the water surface. This method can filter more water from each water layer and collect more plankton specimens. 2.47 Porosity
2,47.1 A parameter that expresses the physical properties of sediments. It is the percentage of interstices in the total volume of sediments. 2.47.2 The ratio of the square of the sum of the mesh width (m) of the plankton net and the diameter (d) of the sieve yarn (nylon yarn) to the mesh area is the porosity of the net (P). It can be expressed as: β = (a half m). Porosity is used to indicate the filtering area of the mesh (end group part). 2.48 Bioluminescence
The luminescence phenomenon produced by the luminescent cells or organs (including luminescent symbiotic bacteria) of organisms, or their glands that can secrete luminescent substances. Bioluminescence is the visible light emitted during the conversion of chemical energy into radiation energy. It can be divided into intracellular luminescence and extracellular luminescence.bzxz.net
2.49 Biomimetics
A marginal subject focusing on the relationship between biological science and technical science. It involves physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, physics, mathematics, engineering and other disciplines. Bionics studies the functional principles of certain organisms with the aim of realizing new technologies. Technology is used to design and manufacture better new instruments, machinery, etc. 2.50 Polymorphism
The phenomenon that the same organism has three or more different individuals in morphology and physiological function. For example, the earthworm of the phylum Cnidaria is composed of three individuals: nutrition, reproduction and protection. The most complex polymorphism occurs in siphonophores, which are composed of 7 individuals.
2.51 Biosinilarity
In the study of mathematical taxonomy and community ecology, the degree of similarity in the composition of traits between biological populations. 2.52 Biodiversity
Indicates the degree of difference in the composition of biological communities. Including: the content of The degree to which the number of species and individuals is evenly distributed among different species. 2.53 Homogeneity Homogeneity Biological groups of the same origin have the same components, homogeneity or uniformity of characteristics. Spatial homogeneity (the composition of the grain size of the seafloor sediment) is often related to the uniformity and stability of environmental conditions (such as the direction and strength of the ocean currents), as well as low diversity and connection. 2.54 Heterogeneity Heterogeneity Biological groups of different origins have different components, uneven or multi-phase properties or states. Spatial heterogeneity is often related to the complexity of environmental conditions, the patchiness of biological population distribution and high biodiversity.
2.55Specificity
In biochemistry, the number and type of substrates that an enzyme binds to, and the degree of selectivity expressed by the speed and range of these reactions. Or the number and type of antigens that an antibody binds to, and the degree of selectivity expressed by the speed and range of these reactions, or the type and degree of permeability of a membrane or membrane component that transfers substances across the membrane during intermediate transport. The requirement of the infection stage of a parasite for a specific host. Synonym: specificity
2.56Hydrobiont
Organisms that live in waters.
2.57Neritic arganismGB/T 15919—1995
Organisms that live in shallow coastal waters between the low tide line and the outer edge of the continental shelf. 2.58Pelagic organismAquatic organisms that leave the bottom of the water and live in the water column. Including drifting organisms, plankton, swimming organisms, etc. 2.59 Pelagic organisms, oceanic organisms living in the open sea outside the continental shelf. 2.60 Epipelsric organisms, marine organisms living from the surface of the sea to the water layer of 150-200m, which is equivalent to the euphotic zone. Mesopelagic organisms2-61
Marine organisms living below the euphotic zone of the ocean, in the water layer of 200m1 to 1000m, which is equivalent to the photic zone of the ocean. 2.62 Bathypclagic organisms, organisms living in the water layer of about 1000m to 3000m in depth. 2.63 Abyssopclagi:organisms, organisms living in the water layer of about 300㎡ in depth to the upper water layer of the ocean floor. 2.64 Shallaw sea arganirm, organisms living in shallow waters within 200m of water depth. 2.65 Bathyallauna
Animals that inhabit the deep sea zone between 200m and 3000m in the continental slope zone (referring to the continental shelf slope break line). 2.66 Abyssal Jauna
Animals that inhabit the ocean basin, usually between 3000m and 6000m in depth. 2.67 Hadal fauna, ultra-abyssal faunaInhabit the deep sea, usually between 6000m and the Great Bailu (over 10,000m). 2.68 Sympatry
The distribution phenomenon in which the distribution areas of different species or subspecies overlap or coincide. 2.69 Allopatry
The distribution phenomenon in which the distribution areas of different species or subspecies are different. 2.70 Ailochthanous population A population or subpopulation not originally present in a region but introduced from another region. Synonym: immigrant population
2.71 Amphi-bareal distribution The fauna of the northern waters of the Great and Pacific Oceans is very similar: they have a large number of common species and genera that are not found in other parts of the two oceans. 2.72 Amphi-pacific distribution The distribution of certain northern temperate species in Asia and North America on both sides of the temperate zone of the North Pacific Ocean. They do not occur in the northern frigid zone and the southern tropical zone.
2.73 Bipolarity
Some species or genera of organisms are only distributed in the high latitudes of the northern and southern hemispheres, and do not appear in the low latitudes. 2.74 Cosmopolitan species are distributed in tropical and cold waters of the three oceans, but not necessarily in polar waters. 2.75 ecological barrier GB/T 15919—1995
Some ecological reasons that lead to reproductive isolation in the process of speciation. For example, different species live in different habitats in the same distribution area; animals have different estrus and mating seasons; and sexes of different species are attracted to each other or cannot communicate information. 2.76 geographic barrier A geographical barrier that prevents the migration and dispersion of organisms or separates two adjacent zoogeographical regions (including subregions or finer divisions), such as mountains, deep seas, isthmuses, and sea sills. 2.77 endemic population A local group of the same species that is confined to a certain area. Synonym: indigenous population
2.78 endemic species
Animals and plants that originate and are confined to a certain area and are not naturally distributed in other areas. Synonyms: xenolopicspecies
Organisms that are distributed only in a certain geographical area or a certain habitat. tropical submergence2.80
Certain deep-water cold-water organisms are distributed in the cold waters of the northern and southern hemispheres, and can also pass through the deep waters of the equator, showing a continuous distribution phenomenon in the north and south of the sphere.
halobiant
Organisms that live in waters with high salinity. Including organisms in the ocean and inland salt lakes. 2.82brakish waler speciesOrganisms that are adapted to living in a salinity range of 0.5~17. 2. 83 Cold waler speries refers to organisms that generally grow and thrive at a temperature below 4°C, and the average monthly water temperature in their natural distribution area is no higher than 10°C, including cold-water species and temperate species. The former has an optimum temperature of about 0°C and the latter has an optimum temperature of about 0-4°C. 2. 84 Temperate species refers to organisms that have an optimum temperature of 5-20°C. The average monthly water temperature in their natural distribution area varies greatly, from 0 to 25°C, and can be divided into cold-water species (optimal temperature of 5-12°C) and warm-water species (optimal temperature of 12-20°C). Synonyms: Temperate species
2.85 Warm water speciesOrganisms whose optimum temperature for growth and reproduction is higher than 2℃, and whose average monthly water temperature in their natural distribution area is higher than 15℃. They include subtropical species and tropical species: the former has an optimum temperature of 20~25℃, and the latter has an optimum temperature higher than 25℃.2. B6 Characteristic speciesA representative or indicative species of a plant or animal community. It can be used as a symbol or name for a community. Synonyms: Representative species
2. 87 Common species
Species widely distributed in a certain sea area or community, and whose number is second only to the dominant species.2. 88 Dominant speciesSpecies that are numerically dominant in a certain sea area or community.2.89 Indicator speries Biological species that can indicate the type and characteristics of a particular ecological environment or an environment affected by human intervention, such as the silver jellyfish (porpita) and the sail jellyfish (elella) in the East China Sea can be used as indicator species of the Kuroshio belly current. 2.90 key species key species
Species that control the structure and composition of the community and have a strong influence on the surrounding environment. 2.91 opportunistic species opportunisticspecies GB/T 15919—1995
Species that first appeared in the succession of benthic animal communities after the sedimentary environment was disturbed, and can quickly build giant populations with high reproductive rate, fast replenishment and short life cycle, but with weak competitiveness. 2.92 Conservative species
Species that appeared later in the succession after disturbance or appeared in normal communities, with low reproductive capacity, slow replenishment and long life cycle, but strong competitiveness.
2.93 Rare species
Species that are rare in a certain sea area or community and have a low frequency of occurrence. Ecosystem| |tt||It is a unity of the interaction between the biological community and the surrounding environment and an ecological unit with relatively stable functions and self-regulation. 2.95 Microecology Microecology A small experimental device designed under laboratory simulation conditions to conduct microecological research. There are two basic modes: batch system and flow-through system. Synonyms: small experimental ecosystem
2.96 Controlled ecosystem experiment controlled ecosystem experiment Under artificial control conditions, the experimental ecological research device is used to simulate the structure and function of a natural ecosystem, so as to illustrate the experimental system in biological oceanography and chemical oceanography. Synonyms: mesoecological experiment
2. 97 Critical depth critical depth
When the total photosynthesis rate at a certain depth of the water layer is equal to photosynthesis minus total respiration, the upper limit of the depth is the critical depth, 2.98 Sterile distribution Sterile distribution means that the distribution of some organisms exceeds their distribution area suitable for reproduction. In the distribution area that is not suitable for reproduction, the population must constantly move adults or ectoplasm from the outside. The distribution of organisms in this distribution area is a sterile distribution state. 2.99 Aggregulud distribution The cluster distribution state of the population due to the unevenness of environmental factors or its own biological characteristics. Synonym: swarm distribution.
2.100 Random distribution Random diatributian Every individual has an equal chance of appearing at each point in the population territory, and the existence of a certain individual does not affect the distribution state of other individuals.
2.101 Regular distribution In the territory of a population, there is fierce competition among individuals, and antagonism promotes spatial isolation of the uniform. 2.102 Marine microorganisms Rnamincmicroorganisms Living in the marine environment, tiny organisms that can only be observed with the help of a microscope, including fungi, yeast, bacteria, actinomycetes, viruses, bacteriophages, chlamydia, mycoplasma, microorganisms and microprotozoa. 2.103 Autoinhibitory substance Substance produced during the metabolic activities of organisms that inhibits their normal growth and development. 2.104 Bacterial mucosa The membrane formed by some marine bacteria on the solid (biological and non-biological) surface of seawater. This membrane is the forerunner of the formation of the biota.
2.105 Bacterial slime The colloid polysaccharide or mucus produced by some bacteria. This mucus is a component of the bacterial membrane or an extracellular secretion product. 2.106 Floating bacteria Hacterioneustor Bacteria living in the seawater-air interface environment. 2.107 Planktonic bacteria GB/T15919-1995
Non-attached bacteria that live in suspension in the water and move with the water flow. Bioassay
Use living cells or living organisms to determine the activity or quantity of a substance, such as measuring infectivity, antibody production, weight gain, bacterial growth, etc.
Synonym: bioassay
2.109Hiodegradation
The process of gradually breaking down complex molecular organic matter into simple components by the enzymatic hydrolysis of microorganisms or other organisms. 2.110Chemoplasmic cultureThe process of feeding fresh culture medium to a continuous culture medium at a constant rate and discharging the culture medium at a constant rate. Keep the biological growth rate at a stable logarithmic growth phase level.
2.111Microcolony
The formation of an adherent cell colony formed by the growth and reproduction of certain aquatic bacteria after they adhere to a solid surface containing exogenous nutrients. 2.112Microfouling
The process of microorganisms attaching to a solid surface and forming a bacterial mucous membrane. 2.113
Luminous bacteria
Some marine bacteria emit cold light under aerobic conditions due to the action of luciferase on the luciferin in their bodies. 2.114Thermophilic bacteriaThermophilic bacteria grow best at 45~0℃, 2.115Mesophilic bacteriaXsophilic bacteria grow best at 25~40℃. 2.116PsychropilichatteriaBacteria grow best at 0℃, 15℃ and 20℃ respectively. 2.117 Harophilic bacteria Bacteria that can only grow under high and positive conditions in the deep sea (below 1000 meters). 2.118 Strain
Pure culture of bacteria isolated from a single cell or colony. 2.119 Strain
A single algae individual isolated from algae, obtained by culturing a pure culture of algae with the same ancestor and fairly consistent genetic characteristics
2. 120 Strain
A group of individuals originating from a common ancestor, also called a strain in microbiology and an algae strain in algae. 2.121 Neuston
An organism that lives on the uppermost layer of water and the surface film. Synonym: surface organism
2.122 Pluston
An organism that lives at the water-air interface with part of its body exposed above the water, such as Sargassum and Portuguese man-of-war. 2.123 Detritus
General term for the fragments of the remains of organisms and their products of bacterial decomposition. Synonym: organic debris
2.124 Seston
General term for all non-biological and biological suspended particles in the water. 2.125 Non-biological suspended tripton
GB/T 15919—1995
Non-biological particulate matter suspended in water. 2.126 Plankton
Organisms that lack developed movement organs and have no or only weak movement ability. They are suspended in the water layer and often move with the water flow: including phytoplankton and euplankton.
2.127 Megaplankton is a plankton with a body size of more than 1 ct (the largest can exceed 1 t). Such as jellyfish, ichthyosaurs, etc. 2.128 Macroplankton is a plankton with a body size of 5 2.129 Mesoplankton Plankton with a size between [~~5 mm, such as copepods and planktonic larvae, etc. 2.130 Microplankton Plankton with a size between 50 μm and 1~1 mm. Such as diatoms, rotifers and protozoa, etc. 2.131 Nannoplankton Plankton with a size between 5 and 20 μm. Such as microdinoflagellates, lycophytes, microdiatoms, etc. 2.132 Ultraplankton, hekistoplanklon A general term for plankton with a size less than 5 μm. 2.133 Picoplankton Plankton with a size of 0.2~2 μm. 2.134 Femtoplankton with a size less than 0.2:μm Plankton, 2.135
Lifelong plankton holoplankton
Organisms that live in the plankton all their lives, jellyfish. Palindromes: cuplankton Tychoplankton
Organisms that appear in the plankton due to accidental external influences. Synonyms: pseudoplankton Transient plankton meroplankton, transitoryplankton 2-137
Organisms that live in the plankton only at a certain stage in their life history. Synonyms: facultativeplankton 2.138 Nctplarnkton Plankton collected with a plankton net. 2.139 Cpiplankton Plankton that lives in the upper layer of seawater (0-100 m). Such as various types of phytoplankton. 2.140 Mesoplankton Plankton living in the water layer of 100-1000m2 2.141 Bathypelagic plankton Plankton living in the deep sea of 1000-3000m. For example, the decapod hymenoplastid shrimp lives in the deep sea of 800-1200m. 2.142 Abyssopelagic plankton Plankton living in the deep sea below 3000m. For example, the leaf shrimp (Nehaliopistypica) of the leaf shrimp lives in the deep water of 4500~um.
2.143 Shade plankton Plankton living in the water with weak light intensity. In the open ocean water with greater transparency, they can live in the water layer of 30-500m deep or below the thermocline (about 100-150m water). 2.144 Phytaplankton
GR/T 15919--1995
Plankton Autotrophic plankton living in the upper and middle layers of waters 2.145 Zooplankton
Phytotrophic plankton. There are many species, including most phyla of vertebrates (among which the meso-shelled animals are the most important) and floating eggs and juveniles of various aquatic organisms. 2.146 Nekton
Organisms with well-developed movement organs that can overcome the resistance of water flow and swim freely in the water layer. Such as fish, some large shrimps, crabs, cephalopods and marine mammals.
Pelagic fish
Organisms that live in the ocean, deep sea or near-shore upper layers all year round or most of the time, such as tuna, herring, etc. 2.148 meso pelagic: fish that live in the meso and pelagic layers near the coast, such as bluefin bream. 2.149 denersal Fish that live on the surface or near the bottom of the water. Such as rays, short-finned rays, yellow-capped flounder, etc. 2.150 Benthos Organisms that live on the bottom of the water. In the ocean, this type of organism is distributed from the intertidal zone to the ultra-deep zone (the bottom of the deep sea trench) with a depth of more than 10,000 meters. It is the ecological type with the most marine life, including most marine animal classes, large and micro algae and marine seed plants. 2.151 Large benthic organisms triacrubethos Benthic organisms that cannot pass through the mesh with an aperture of 0.5~1mm. Such as human-shaped sea paint, sponges, water roaches, polychaetes, shrimps, crabs, sea cucumbers, etc.
2.152 Small benthic organisms m eiohcnthos Benthic organisms that can pass through the mesh sieve with a size of 0.5~1mm, and those retained on the 0.042tin sample sieve, such as marine nematodes, ostracods, turbellarians, zooids, etc. Synonyms: small animals (tneiofala) 2.153 Micro-benthic organisms micrubcnthos Benthic dust that can pass through the mesh sieve with a size of 0.042mm. Such as ciliate protozoa, benthic diatoms and microorganisms. 2.154 Swimming benthic organisms cktobcnrhos Benthic animals that can swim in the water layer near the bottom, but often move on the bottom surface, such as shrimps, flounders, and molluscs, etc. 2.155 Large benthic animals micrufauna
cannot pass through the mesh sieve with a size of 0.5~1 mm. Such as sea clams, water roaches, polychaetes, earthworms, clams, shrimps, crabs, etc. 2.156 Microfauna microfauna
Tiny animals that can pass through the sieve with a diameter of 0.042Trm. Mainly ciliated protozoa. 2.157 Tuhicalous animal Animals that live in tubes formed by their own secretions or secretions that adhere to sediment particles. 2.158 Epifauna
Animals that live on the surface of underwater rocks or sandy sediments. 2.159 Inauna
Animals that live in soft sediments at the bottom of the water. This type of animal has two ways of living: 1. Buried species in the sand, such as sandworms, starfish,2.160 Interstitial fauna Small animals that live between sediment particles at the bottom of the water: such as marine nematodes, benthic copepods, annoyed animals, etc. Synonyms: interstitial organisms
2.161 Marsh organisms Organisms that live in marshes.
GB/T 15919—1995
2.162 Borerburing organisms Benthic organisms that bore through objects in the water such as boats, wooden and bamboo buildings, mangroves, rocks, coral reefs and shells and live in them. Such as boats (Teredo), sea phalas and frogs of armored animals, wood lice (Litnnoria), water lice (Sphacroma), wood-eating dust jumpers (Chrlura), etc.
3Buirrawingarganism
An organism that digs holes in marine sediments but does not live in them.liva), etc. 2.170 Periphylon
Organisms that live on the surface of the subsurface. In the ocean, periphylon organisms are mostly relatively human-shaped seaweed, some water worms, moss worms, etc.
2.171 Sedimentary organisms scdimcntaryorganisms Organisms that are small in size, have hard shells, shells or skeletons and form marine sediments. Its main members are protozoa with pores, radiolaria, and flagella, molluscs with pteropods, heteropods: diatoms, etc. 2.172 Reef-building corals hermalypic:raral Corals that have zooxanthellae and can secrete anaerobic substances. Such as reef-building corals of the order Corallia, polypores in the order Aquaria, and some soft corals and gorgonians in the subclass Octocorals, etc. 2.173 Non-reef-building corals ahcrma1ypircoral Corals that cannot form reefs without zooxanthellae symbiosis. Epiphyte: Plants attached to the surface of other large plants. 2.175 Sessile organisms Organisms that live on reefs, shoals and other surfaces. 2.176 Autotrophs Organisms that use organic matter as nutrition, carbon dioxide as the only carbon source, and rely on light and inorganic chemical energy for energy. 2.177 Phototrophs Organisms that use light energy to produce organic matter.
GB/T 15919—1995
2.178 Chemoautotrophs Autotrophs that use the oxidation of inorganic compounds such as NH3, NO3, S to obtain energy to produce organic matter. 2.179 Heterotrophs Organisms that must rely on organic matter from outside the body as a carbon source and energy source to grow and reproduce. 2.180
mixtroph
organisms that have both inorganic and organic nutrition. For example, some semi-parasitic plants absorb part or all of the nutrient salts and organic nutrients from the host plant while photosynthesizing. Chromosomes (such as some flagellates) can be both photoautotrophic and heterotrophic. 2.181
holophyticnutrition: organisms that can survive under light conditions with only inorganic nutrients, such as some green plants and photosynthetic bacteria. 2.182.auxotroph
organisms that need some special growth substances in addition to the minimum nutrition to grow and reproduce normally. Pratortophy
organisms that can grow and reproduce normally on the simplest culture medium without requiring specific growth substances. Monophagy
animals that take a single species or genus of substances as food. 5 Folyphagy
Animals that take a variety of organisms as food. 2.1861 Euryphagous anitnal An animal that can take a wide range of foods.
Herbivorous grazer
Animals that take plants as food.
Synonym, herbivorous animal
2.188 Carnivore
Animals that take animals as food,
2.189 Omnivore
Animals that take plants and animals as food sources. 2.190 Cupruphagy
Animals that take animal excrement as food
Deposit feeder
Animals that feed on sediments at the bottom of the water and take in the organic matter in them. Such as Malpadia, Ecehinncardium, etc. Synonyms: sediment feeder
2.192 detritus feeder An animal that feeds on tiny remains and fragments of organisms. 2.193 filter feeder An animal that filters food through the mouth or digestive organs. Such as scallops, clams, Daphnia, sardines, sardines, fin whales, etc. Synonyms: planktonic feeder
2.194 microbial feeder
An animal that feeds on microscopic organisms such as corals, microalgae, protozoa, and cysts. 2.195 predator
A carnivore that captures other living things for food. 2.196 food organism
An organism that is ingested by animals as food, including natural and artificial organisms. 2.197 biomass pyramid
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