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National Metrology Technical Specification of the People's Republic of China JJF1011-—2006
Terminology and Definitions for Metrology of Force and Hardness
Terminology and Definitions for Metrology of Force and Hardness2006-12-08Promulgated
Implementation on 2007-03-08
Promulgated by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine JJF1011—2006
Terminology and Definitions for Metrology of Force and Hardness
JJF1011-2006
Replaces JJF1011—1987
This specification was approved by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine on December 8, 2006, and came into effect on March 8, 2007.
Responsible unit: National Technical Committee on Force and Hardness Metrology Main drafting unit: China National Institute of Metrology Participating drafting unit: Jilin Institute of Metrology Guangdong Institute of Metrology
This specification is interpreted by the National Technical Committee on Force and Hardness Metrology Main drafter:
Li Qingzhong
Zhou Peixian
Participating drafter:
Peng Danyang
JJF1011--2006
(China National Institute of Metrology)
(China National Institute of Metrology)
(China National Institute of Metrology)
(Jilin Institute of Metrology)
(China Institute of Metrology)bzxZ.net
(Guangdong Institute of Metrology)
1 Force base (standard) machine
Dynamometer
Load sensor·
Weighing sensor·
Material testing machine·
Hardness tester
, base, standard hardness machine·
Hardness tester
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Hardness block and hardness standards, relevant terms of regulations 4
Appendix A Chinese index of force measurement terms
Appendix B English index of force measurement terms
Appendix C Chinese index of hardness measurement terms
Appendix D English index of hardness measurement terms
JJF1011—2006
Force and hardness measurement terms and definitions
This specification is the commonly used measurement terms and definitions of force and hardness, including general terms of force and hardness measurement, measurement principles and methods, measurement standards and measurement instruments. Force value
1 Force base (standard) machine
1.1 Forceforce
The interaction between objects.
1.2 Universal gravityuniversalgravitationThe force of attraction between any two objects. The direction of this force is along the line connecting the two objects, and its magnitude is proportional to the product of the masses of the two objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two objects. 1.3 Gravitygravity
The combined force of the earth's gravitational force on an object and the centrifugal force caused by the rotation of the earth. 1.4 Elastic forceelastica
When two objects are in direct contact and elastic deformation occurs, the deformed objects try to restore their original shape and size, and the force generated between them.
1.5 Gravitational accelerationgravityaccelerationThe acceleration of an object near the surface of the earth under the action of gravity. 1.6 NewtonNewion
The unit of force in my country's legal measurement units. The symbol is N, and the expression given in SI basic units is kg'm's-2
1N is the force value that causes an object with a mass of 1kg to produce an acceleration of 1m/s in the direction of the force. Note: 1kgf=9.80665N
1uf=9806.65N
1dyn=10--N
1.7 Force standard machine forcestandardmachine A machine that produces standard force values and is used to verify and calibrate force gauges (or weighing sensors) and complies with national metrological technical regulations.
Note: There are usually four types of force standard machines: deadweight type, lever type, hydraulic type and superposition type. 1.8 Force standard machine primaryforcestandardmachine A force standard machine established by the metrology administrative department of the State Council, used to reproduce and preserve force value units, and to unify the highest basis for force values across the country.
1.9 Deadweight force standard machine-DWM A force standard machine that uses the weight of the yard as the standard load and automatically and smoothly applies the load directly to the dynamometer (or weighing sensor) to be inspected and calibrated in a predetermined order through an appropriate mechanism. 1
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1.10 Lever-amplification force standard machine-LM A force standard machine that uses the weight of the yard as the standard force value and automatically and smoothly applies the force value to the dynamometer (or weighing sensor) to be inspected and calibrated in a predetermined order after being amplified by a certain lever mechanism. 1.11 Hydraulic force standard machine (hydraulic-amplification force standard machine-HM) A force standard machine that uses the weight of the yard as the standard force value and automatically and smoothly applies the force value to the dynamometer (or weighing sensor) to be inspected and calibrated in a predetermined order after being amplified by a certain combination of two sets of oil cylinders and pistons. 1.12 Build-up force standard machine-BM A force standard machine that uses a standard dynamometer (group) with higher accuracy than the dynamometer being tested and calibrated as a reference standard, connected in series with the dynamometer (or weighing sensor) being tested, and applies force values hydraulically or mechanically. 1.13 Torque standard machine torqucstandardmachine A machine that produces standard torque and is used to test and calibrate torque meters (or torque wrenches, torque screwdrivers), and complies with national metrological technical regulations.
1.14 Primary torque standard machine primary torque standard machine A torque standard machine established by the metrology administrative department of the State Council, used to reproduce and preserve torque units, and to unify the highest basis for torque values across the country.
1.15 Deadweight torque standard machine deadweight torque standard machine-DTM uses the gravity of the magnetic code as the standard force value, generates the standard torque through the action of the lever arm, and uses the appropriate mechanism to automatically, smoothly and accurately apply the action torque and balance torque to the torque meter (or torque sensor, torque wrench, torque screwdriver) under inspection and calibration in a predetermined order. 1.16 Lever-amplification torque standard machine levcr-amplification torque standard machine-LTM uses the gravity of the code as the standard force value, and after a certain lever mechanism amplification, generates the standard torque through the action of the lever arm, and uses the appropriate mechanism to automatically, smoothly and accurately apply the action torque and balance torque to the torque meter (or torque sensor, torque wrench, torque screwdriver) under inspection and calibration in a predetermined order. 1.17 Reference torque standard machinerefercncctorquestandardmachine A torque standard machine that uses a standard torque meter (or torque sensor) with higher accuracy than the torque meter (or torque sensor, torque wrench, torque screwdriver) to be verified and calibrated as a reference standard, and is connected in series with the torque meter (or torque sensor, torque wrench, torque screwdriver) to apply torque manually, mechanically, or hydraulically. 1.18 Force transducer torque standard machinetorquestandardmachinewithforcetransducen A torque machine in which the torque value applied to the torque meter (or torque sensor) to be verified and calibrated is determined by factors such as the length of the force arm of its torque lever and the force value measured by the force sensor. 1.19 Torque calibration levertorquecalibrationleven A portable device consisting of a torque lever and a standard code, used to calibrate a serial torque standard machine. The essence of this device is a portable static weight torque standard machine 1.20 pendulum impact standard machine pendulum impact standard machine that produces standard impact energy and is used to calibrate standard impact blocks in accordance with the national metrology technical law.
1.21 Pendulum impact primary standard machine pendulum impact primary standard machine The pendulum impact primary standard machine established by the metrology administration department of the State Council and used as the highest standard for the national pendulum impact primary standard machine.
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1.22 Force uncertainty forceuncertainty In a force base (standard, calibration) machine or material testing machine, the degree to which the force value produced cannot be determined due to the influence of various possible physical factors, structure and installation factors. Note:
1. The main factors affecting the force uncertainty of a static weight force standard machine include the mass of the code, gravity acceleration, code material density and air density.
2. In addition to the four factors in (1), the main factors affecting the force uncertainty of a lever force standard machine or a hydraulic force standard machine include the amplification ratio and other factors.
3. The main factors affecting the force value uncertainty of the superposition force standard machine are the force value measurement uncertainty of the reference standard, long-term stability and temperature influence.
1.23 Force repeatability forcerepeatability In a force base (standard) machine or material testing machine, when the force value generated is measured continuously for multiple times under the same actual measurement conditions (such as using the same method, the same observer, using the same measuring instrument, within a very short time interval), the consistency between the measurement results. Note: Force repeatability is usually estimated using the Class A evaluation method of standard uncertainty (for convenience, it is sometimes expressed as the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the measurement results - the range, also known as "force variability" or "indication variability"). The repeatability of the dynamometer used should be better than the force repeatability of the machine.
1.24 Force indication error forcc indication deviation When using a standard dynamometer to verify or calibrate a force standard machine or material testing machine, the absolute or relative difference between the standard dynamometer output value obtained by the force standard machine or material testing machine being verified or calibrated and the standard dynamometer output value measured by the superior standard machine or reference machine.
1.25 Force range forcerange
The force range of force base (standard) machine and material testing machine within the allowable error limit. Note: The highest and lowest values of the force range are also called "maximum force value" (or "upper limit value") and "minimum force value" (or "lower limit value") respectively.
1.26 Force level force step
The difference between two adjacent loads (including zero load) generated in a force-based (standard) machine. Note: The minimum value of the force level is called the minimum force level. 1.27 Discrimination threshold
The minimum force value that can cause a noticeable change in the indication of a force-based (standard) machine (except for the deadweight type), a material testing machine, and various dynamometers. Also known as the sensitivity limit. 1.28 Parasitic components When a force-based (standard) machine (or material testing machine) applies an axial load to a dynamometer (or test piece), due to the structural defects of the machine (such as asymmetry) and abnormal working conditions, the eccentricity and inclination of the installation position of the dynamometer (or test piece) may cause the dynamometer (or test piece) to change in an axial direction. As well as additional lateral forces and moments caused by the interaction between the machine and the dynamometer (or test piece). 1.29 Rotation effect rotation effect
When the dynamometer is verified and calibrated with a force base (standard) machine, under the action of parasitic components, the asymmetric structure of the dynamometer itself (including mechanical and electrical properties) causes the indications to change in different directions. It is also called 3
JJF1011—2006
orientation effect or parasitic effect (parasitic effect). 1.30 Overlapping effect overlapping effect Using two or more dynamometers with different ranges to calibrate the force standard ( When a force standard (base) machine is used for verification, calibration or comparison, the inconsistency of the force deviation obtained by each dynamometer at the same load point. 1.31 Linearity of force The degree to which the relative deviation of the force indication at each measured load point changes with the load within the measuring range of the force standard (base) machine being compared, verified or calibrated.
1.32 Additional hysteresis When a dynamometer is used to compare, verify or calibrate a standard (base) machine, the maximum absolute value of the deviation between the hysteresis of each load point measured on the dynamometer and the hysteresis of each corresponding point obtained during the original verification. 1.33 Incremental force value increases ingforce
The force applied in increasing order is also called the process force. 1.34Decreasingforce
The force applied in decreasing order is also called the return force. 1.35Counter-forcephenomenonThe phenomenon of force decreasing (or increasing) in the process of applying increasing force (or decreasing force). 1.36PeriodforloadingThe time required to add a given force level to the dynamometer (or weighing sensor). Note: The starting point of this time is generally the moment when the reading value of the dynamometer begins to rise, and the end point is generally the moment when the reading value remains basically unchanged.
1.37Loadingrateloadingrate
The ratio of a given force level to the time of applying force.
1.38UnloadingtimeperiodforunloadingThe time required to remove a given force level from the dynamometer (or weighing sensor). Note: The starting point of this time is generally the moment when the reading value of the dynamometer begins to decrease, and the end point is generally the moment when the reading value remains basically unchanged.
1.39 Unloading rate
The ratio of a given force level to the unloading time.
1.40 Magnetic code weight
The mass block that produces the base (standard) force value. 1.41 Fixed framework
The mechanical structure that supports the main part of the machine. 1.42 Loading frame
In the static weight type force base (standard) machine, the entire structure that produces the first level of force value. Note:
1. In a machine with an initial balancing mechanism, it refers to the part of the structure whose downward force is balanced by the balancing magnetic code. 2. In the lever type and hydraulic type force base (standard) machine, it refers to the entire structure that produces the first level of negative in the direct loading part. 1.43 Pressure test bench platlormforloading4
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In the force base (standard) machine, the mechanism that supports the tested and calibrated compression dynamometer (or weighing sensor). 1.44 Lifting frame liftingframe
The mechanism that carries the code up and down.
1.45 Loading beam beamforloading
The upper structure of the load frame that is in direct contact with the tested and calibrated dynamometer (or weighing sensor) in the static weight force base (standard) machine.
1.46 Compression space roomfor compression device The space used to place the compression dynamometer (or weighing sensor). Note: It usually refers to the maximum three-dimensional size of the dynamometer (or weighing sensor) that can be placed in this space. 1.47 Tension space roomfortensiondevice The space used to install the tension dynamometer (or weighing sensor). Note: Usually refers to the maximum three-dimensional size of the dynamometer (or weighing sensor) that can be installed in the space. 1.48 Reverser
A device that can reverse the load applied to the dynamometer (or weighing sensor). 1.49 Lever
In the lever-type force standard machine, the mechanism that amplifies the weight of the code. 1.50 Supporting-knife
The knife that supports the lever to swing up and down.
1.51 Weight-knife
The knife that transmits the weight of the magnetic code (or the force value of the previous lever) to the lever of this level. 1.52 Force-knife
The knife that transmits the load amplified by the lever to the dynamometer being tested (or the next lever). 1.53 Effective length of lever The maximum distance between the three blades of the lever. 1.54 Leverage ratioleveramplification-ratio The ratio of the average distance from the key blade to the fulcrum blade to the average distance from the force point blade to the fulcrum blade. Note: In a compound lever machine, there is also a "total leverage ratio" - the product of the leverage ratios of all levers. 1.55direct loading unitThe entire mechanism that produces the static gravity value in a lever-type or hydraulic force base (standard) machine. Also called the static weight part. 1.56Force amplification main unit
The entire mechanism that amplifies the static gravity value and applies it to the force meter (or weighing sensor) being tested in a lever-type or hydraulic force base (standard) machine. Note: For a lever-type force base (standard) machine, the lever is usually used as an independent part. 1.57Proportional pistonThe piston that bears the static gravity value generated by the code in the direct loading part of a hydraulic force base (standard) machine. Also called a small piston.
1.58Proportional cylinderProportional cylinderThe cylinder that matches the proportional piston. Also called a small cylinder. 5
1.59 Loading piston
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In the force amplification part of the hydraulic force base (standard) machine, the piston that applies the amplified static gravity value to the dynamometer (or weighing sensor). Also called the big piston. 1.60 Loading cylinder
The cylinder that matches the loading piston. Also called the big cylinder. 1.61 Amplification ratio The ratio of the effective area of the loading piston to the effective area of the proportional piston. 1.62 Effective cross-area of piston The arithmetic mean of the cross-sectional area of the outer circle of the piston and the cross-sectional area of the inner circle of the cylinder. 1.63 Turn-speed of cylinder The number of turns of the cylinder around the piston per unit time. 1.64 Linear speed of cylinder The product of the cylinder speed and its inner circumference.
1.65Guide piston guidc-piston
The piston in the oil cylinder that has no relative motion with the machine and acts as the rotating axis of the oil cylinder. Also called fixed piston. 1.66Maximum pressure rcssure
In a hydraulic force base (standard) machine, the oil pressure acting on the end of the loading piston (or proportional piston) when the machine produces the maximum force value.
1.67Force conversion piston piston for load relieving and pressure transmittingIn a static weight force base (standard) machine, a piston used to prevent the reverse load phenomenon that may occur during the code exchange process.
1.68Force conversion cylinder cylinder cr for load relieving and pressure transmittingThe cylinder matched with the force conversion piston.
1.69Grip coaxality
The degree of deviation between the geometric center line between the upper and lower grips of the force base (standard) machine or testing machine and the loading axis. Note: According to different measuring methods, coaxiality is divided into geometric coaxiality and load coaxiality. 1.70 Geometric coaxiality is the coaxiality measured by geometric method under no-stress condition using standard rod or specimen, dial indicator, level and other measuring tools.
1.71 Coaxiality with load is the coaxiality of the chuck measured by extensometer under stress condition using standard rod or specimen installed between upper and lower chucks.
2 Dynamometer
2.1 Dynamometer
Portable instrument (including force sensor) used to measure various force values. 2.2 Standard dynamometer standard dynamometer is a dynamometer used to verify, calibrate, compare and transfer various standard force values and meet the requirements of relevant regulations. 6
2.3 Elastic element
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The element that senses load in dynamometer and load sensor. For example, the elastic ring in the annular dynamometer. Also known as the sensitive element.
2.4 Deflection measuring device indicator of deflection A mechanism or device that amplifies, measures and displays the deformation of an elastic body after being subjected to force. Referred to as the measuring device. 2.5 Deflection
The change in the shape and size of an elastic body under load. 2.6 Rated deformation dellection underrated load The change in the length of an elastic body along the main axis after being subjected to rated load, or the displacement of the load application point along the main axis.
2.7 Reading value rcading
The value displayed on the measuring device after the dynamometer is subjected to force. 2.8 Deflection indication of deflection The difference between the deformation reading value under any force value and the deformation reading value under zero load (or with tension (compression) head load). Referred to as the indication value.
Note: In a load sensor, this value is also called output. 2.9 Proving ring
A dynamometer whose elastic body is a circular ring or an elliptical ring and whose reading device is a dial indicator. 2.10 Compressive dynamometer Compressive dynamometer A dynamometer that measures the value of compression.
2.11 Tension dynamometer Tension dynamometer A dynamometer that measures the value of extension.
2.12 Bidirectional dynamometer Tension & compression dynamometer A dynamometer that can measure the value of force in both tension and compression directions. 2.13 Load load
The force applied to the dynamometer is also called load. 2.14 Static force slatic force
A force that remains unchanged or changes very slowly over time. 2.15 Dynamic force dynamic force
A force that changes over time. Dynamic forces include cyclic forces, random forces and impact forces. 2.16 Cycle force cycle load
A force that changes periodically over time.
2.17 Random force randomload
Force that changes irregularly over time.
2.18 Impact force impactload
Force that is applied or removed instantaneously.
2.19 Rated load
The maximum force that can be measured within the specified technical index range given during design. 7
2.20 Minimum load minimum load
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The minimum force that can be measured within the specified technical index range. 2.21 Load range loadrange
The difference between the rated force and the minimum force.
2.22 Preload preload
The number of loads that must be applied before formal verification and calibration in order to put the dynamometer (or weighing sensor), force standard machine and mounting connectors in normal working condition. 2.23 calibration calibration
The work of determining the force value represented by the reading value of the measuring device of the dynamometer (or weighing sensor) by using a force base (standard) machine.
2.24 increasing calibration calibration performed at increasing force values.
2.25 decreasing calibration calibration performed at decreasing force values.
2.26 division value division
The smallest reading unit of the measuring device. Such as the reading value between two phase scales of a ruler or a dial or the difference between two adjacent display values of a digital display.
2.27 repeatability repeatability
The extreme difference of the deformation indication when the same load is repeatedly applied to the dynamometer (or weighing sensor) under the same loading conditions and the same environmental conditions.
Note: In various types of standard dynamometers, the deformation indication is usually expressed as a percentage of the corresponding force value. This is also called variability. In general load sensors, it is usually expressed as a percentage of the rated output. 2.28 Hysteresis
Starting from zero load, the force gauge (or weighing sensor) is subjected to an increasing load to the rated load, and then the load is reduced from the rated load to zero load, thereby obtaining the maximum value of the difference in deformation readings at the same load point. Sometimes it is also called "reversibility".
Note: In various standard force gauges, it is usually expressed as a percentage of the deformation indication under the corresponding load. In general load sensors, it is usually expressed as a percentage of the rated output. 2.29 Long-term stability The degree to which the deformation indication of the dynamometer remains unchanged within a certain period of time under the same conditions. Note: In standard dynamometers used to transmit force values, it is usually expressed as the percentage of the difference between the deformation indication (or output) during the two calibrations and the second deformation indication (or output); in general load sensors, it usually refers to the relative change in sensitivity or rated output.
2.30 Temperature correction coefficient coefficient for temperature correction In a dynamometer (or weighing sensor) whose deformation indication (or output) changes monotonically and linearly with temperature, when the temperature of the elastic body increases (or decreases) by 1K under the same force, the relative increase (or decrease) in the deformation indication (or output) of the dynamometer (or weighing sensor) Note: For annular dynamometers with an alloy content of elastomer not exceeding 7%, the temperature correction coefficient is 0.0~K2.31 Calibration equation calibration equation 8
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