This standard specifies the safety requirements for two-hand controls and the dependence of output signals on input signals. This standard describes the main characteristics of two-hand controls to meet safety requirements and gives three types of functional characteristics. This standard does not apply to devices intended to be used as enabling devices, stop-and-go operating devices or special control devices. This standard does not specify which machines two-hand controls should be used with, nor which type of two-hand controls should be used. It also does not specify the distance between two-hand controls and hazardous areas. This standard gives requirements and guidelines for the design and selection of two-hand controls based on risk assessment, including their evaluation, prevention of failure and troubleshooting. This standard also gives design requirements and selection guidelines for two-hand controls with programmable electronic systems. This standard applies to all two-hand controls that are not related to the use of energy, including: - two-hand controls that are or are not an integral part of the machine; - two-hand controls composed of one or more separate parts. GB/T 19671-2005 Functional status and design principles of two-hand controls for mechanical safety GB/T19671-2005 Standard download decompression password: www.bzxz.net

Ics 13. 110
National Standard of the People's Republic of China
GB/T 19671—2005
Safety of machinery--Two-hand control devices-Funclional aspects and design principles(IS0 13851:2002.M0D)
2005-02-21 Issued
General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China Administration of Standardization of the People's Republic of China
2005-07-01 Implementation
GB/T 19671--2005
This standard is formulated according to IS013851.2002 Safety of machinery-Two-hand control devices-Funclional aspects and design principles. The degree of consistency between this standard and 1S013851 is modified. This standard was drafted using the detailed translation method, and 1.3013851 was expanded and edited. The main differences are as follows: - The term "this international standard" was changed to "this standard"; some layout formats were modified according to Chinese habits: the foreword of the international standard was cancelled, and the foreword of ISO13851 is only an explanation of the drafting and approval procedures of the standard. Its existence or non-existence has no effect on the understanding and use of this standard:
The introduction of the normative reference document is written in the format of GB/T1.1-2000; - The referenced international and foreign standards are changed to the corresponding national standards: - Appendix C is cancelled, because Appendix C of 1SO13851 is the name of the relevant reference material. The cancellation of this part has no effect on the understanding and use of the standard: ||tt ||GB/T15706.2-1995 does not have Appendix A, while the content of Appendix A of ISO/TR12100-2:1992 is basically the same as the relevant provisions of (13/T15706.2-1995). The requirements of ISO13851 to comply with the provisions of Appendix A of ISO/TK12100-2:1992 are replaced by the corresponding provisions of GB/T15706.2·1995. Appendix A of this standard is a normative appendix; Appendix B is an informative appendix. This standard was proposed by the National Technical Committee on Mechanical Safety Standardization and is under the jurisdiction of the National Technical Committee on Mechanical Safety Standardization. The drafting unit of this standard is the Mechanical Science Research Institute. The main drafters of this standard are Chen Jianmin, Ning Yan, Li Qin, Nie Bei, Ta Zenglin, and Wang Jinwu. GB/T 19671—2005
A dual-operation device is a safety device (safety element) that provides a protective measure for the operator to prevent him from reaching the danger zone in a dangerous state by installing the control device at a specific position. For handheld machinery: it should be considered that the danger zone is not fixed. As an appropriate safety device, the dual-operation device should be in accordance with GB/T 15706.1 and GB/T 16856 The provisions of this standard shall be selected based on the risk assessment made by the designer, standard setter and others. The definition of two-hand control device given in 3.1 of this standard takes precedence over the definition given in 3.23.4 of GB/T15706.1-1995.
In some installations, the enabling device (see 3.23.2 of GB/T15706.1~1995f3.23.2) and/or the stop device (see 3.23.3 of GB/F15706.1-1995) may avoid the definition of two-hand control device in this standard. In addition, there are some special control devices, such as suspended manipulators for robot teaching and some crane control devices, which require the use of both hands. These control devices also follow the definition of two-hand control devices in this standard.
Safety of mechanical two-hand control devices
Functional status and design principles
This standard specifies the safety requirements for two-hand control devices and the dependence of output signals on input signals. GB/T 19671--2005
This standard describes the key features of two-hand controls that meet safety requirements. It also gives the combination of various types of functional features. This standard does not apply to devices intended to be used as enabling devices, stopping devices or special control devices. This standard does not specify which machines two-hand controls should be used with, what type of two-hand controls should be used, nor does it specify the distance between two-hand controls and hazardous areas (see 9.8). This standard gives requirements and guidance for the design and selection of two-hand controls based on risk assessment, and also covers their evaluation, prevention of failure and troubleshooting. The standard also gives design requirements and selection guidance for two-hand controls with programmable electronic systems. This standard applies to all two-hand controls that are not related to the use of energy, including: two-hand controls that are or are not an integral part of the machine; two-hand controls composed of one or more discrete components. 2 Normative references
The provisions of the following documents become the provisions of this standard through reference in this standard. For all dated referenced documents, all subsequent amendments (excluding outdated content) or revisions are not applicable to this standard. However, all parties that reach an agreement based on this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be used. For all undated referenced documents, the latest versions are applicable to this standard. G5226.1—2002 Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machinery - Part 1: General technical requirements (IEC60204-1:2000 IDT
GB/T15706.1—1995 Basic concepts and general principles for safety of machinery - Part 1: Basic terms and methodology (GB/TJ5706.11995tqVISO/TR12100-1:1992) GB/T15706.2—1995 Basic concepts and general principles for safety of machinery - Part 2: Technical principles and specifications (GB/T 15796.2—1995 eqv JS0/TR 12100-2:1992) GB/T16855.1—1997 Safety of machinery - Safety components related to control systems - Part 1: General principles for design (GB/T16855.1.-1997 cqv PREN 954-1:1991) GB/T16856-1997 Principles of risk assessment for machinery safety (GB/T16856-1997cqVPREN1050:1994) ISO13855:2002 Safety of machinery Positioning of anti-expansion facilities related to human body approach speed EN894-3 Safety of machinery design Human ergonomic requirements for display and manipulators Part 3: Manipulators 3 Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to this standard. 3.1
Two-hand control device Two-hand control device A device that requires both hands to operate at the same time in order to start and maintain a certain operation of the machine. In the case of existing dangerous situations, it provides protection for the operator (see Figure 1). 3.2
Input signal input signal
External control signal applied by hand to the control device (see Figure 1). CB/T19671—2005
A signal:
? "Two-hand control device
Control device:
Signal converter:
Signal processor:
Output signal:
Logic unit.
Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the operation of the two-hand control device
Control actuating device A device of the two-hand control device, which senses the input signal of the single and transmits it to the signal converter (see Figure 1), 3.4
simullaneous actuatiun
simultaneous manipulation
The simultaneous and continuous manipulation of two control components within a certain period of time, without considering the time interval between the start of the two input signals (see Figure 2).
synchronous manipulation synchronous actuatien A special case of simultaneous manipulation. The time interval between the start of the two input signals is less than or equal to 0.5 (see Figure 3). 3.6
sigllal ​​converter
A component of a two-handed control device that receives an input signal from a control component and transmits and/or converts it into a form acceptable to the signal processor (see Figure 1). 3.7
signal processorsignalprocessnr
A component of a two-handed control device that receives two input signals and generates an output signal (see Figure 1) 3.8
Output signal
The signal generated by the two-hand control device and fed back to the controlled machine. This signal is generated based on a pair of input signals (see Figure 1) 3.9
Response time
Response time
The interval between the release of the control device and the interruption of the output signal (see 9.8). 3.10
Mobile two-hand control devices Mobile two-hand control devices can be used in multiple locations related to the hazardous area of ​​the controlled machine. 4 Types and selection of two-hand control devices
GB/T 196712005
Table 1 specifies a type of two-hand control device and gives the minimum safety requirements for the functional characteristics for each type of two-hand control device in this standard. All two-hand control devices should comply with the provisions of GB/T157C6 and GB5226.1. Table 1 Types of two-hand control devices and their minimum safety requirements.
Use of two hands (simultaneous operation)
Relationship between input signal and output signal
Interruption of output signal
Prevention of accidental operation
Prevention of improper use
Re-invitation of output signal www.bzxz.net
Synchronous operation
Use type 1 (see GB/T 16835.1)
Use type 3 (see GB/T 1685F.1)
Use type 4 (see GB/T16855.1)
When type 1 is selected, see 8.6.
Type of two-hand control device (see Table 1) Selection and design depend on: Existing hazards:
- Risk assessment:
. · Experience in the use of technology;
Other factors that should be specified for each application [such as prevention of accidental operation, improper use (see Chapter 8) and other situations (see Chapter 3 of GB/T 15705.2-1995)]: Risk assessment indicators can be found in GB/1157C6.1, and GB/115850 provides detailed guidance. 5 Safety function characteristics
The two-hand control devices in Table 1 should have the safety function characteristics described in 5.1 to 5.7. 5.1 Use of two hands (simultaneous operation)
The design of the two-hand control device should allow the operator to use both hands in the same time period, one for each control device, and operate both controls at the same time, which is called simultaneous operation. This operation is independent of the time delay between any of the input signals (see Figure 2).
5.2 Relationship between input and output signals The input signals applied to each of the two control devices shall be activated together, and the output signals from the dual control devices can only be maintained when both input signals are applied. The form of the output signal (such as the number of channels, pulses, waveforms, etc.) can be changed according to the design requirements of different situations, and should always be a single output signal that can be recognized and identified by the machine control circuit. 5.3 Interruption of output signal
Release of one or both control devices shall result in interruption of the output signal, GB/T 196712005
1---First signal:
First input signal is triggered;
Second input signal is released:
Input signal is interrupted,
Uncertain time difference during simultaneous operation;
Time period of simultaneous operation.
Time:
Figure 2 Input signal under simultaneous operation
5.4 Prevention of accidental operation
The probability of accidental operation of the control device should be reduced to a minimum (see Chapter 8 and Chapter 9), 5.5 The protection against improper use
The protective effect of the control device should not be easily invalidated (see Chapter 8 and Chapter 9), 5.6 Re-excitation of output signal
The output signal can only be re-excited after both control devices are released. 5.7 Synchronous operation
5.7.1 The output signal should be generated when the time interval between the action of the two control devices is less than or equal to 0.5$ (see Figure 3). Horse
Time,
First! For the signal;
the second signal:
the first input signal is excited,
the second input signal is slightly emitted:
the input signal is interrupted;
during synchronous operation, the time delay shall not be greater than
7-…--the time period of simultaneous operation
Figure 3 Input signal under synchronous operation
5.7.2 Mechanical two-hand control devices should be able to generate output signals when the specific space requirements of the full control device stroke are met. 5.7.3 If the two operating control devices are not synchronized, no output signal should be generated. In this case, the two operating control devices should be released first and the two control signals should be applied again.
Note: When one or more two-handed control devices are used to operate a machine, synchronous operation is required only in each two-handed control device, and synchronous operation is not required between each two-handed control device. 6 Requirements related to control categories
6.1 Category selection
GB/T 19671—2005
The behavior of the two-hand control device under failure conditions shall comply with the requirements of the selected category in GB/T16855.11997 (see Table 2).
The control category of the effective two-hand control device shall not be lower than the corresponding safety control category of the relevant parts of the machine control system (see GB/T16855.13
The appendix describes the relationship between the type of two-hand control device and the relevant category of GB/T16855.11997. 6.2 Use Category 1
Type I Type A Two-hand control devices should use proven and mature safety components and safety principles that at least comply with Category 1 in GB/T16855.1—1997
Note: In order to achieve high reliability and high operability, it is recommended that the All types of two-hand control devices shall be based on proven safety elements and safety principles. 6.3 Use Category 3
6.3.1 When risk assessment indicates single-fault safety requirements, Type II and Type IIIB two-hand control devices shall comply with the provisions of Category 3, 6.3.2, 6.3.3 and 6.3.4 in GB/T16855.11997. 6.3.2 A single fault in a two-hand control device shall not result in the loss of safety functions. 6.3.3 When a single fault occurs, the two-hand control device shall not be converted into a one-hand control device. 6.3.4 When a single fault occurs, no output signal shall be generated. Note: The above requirements do not mean that all faults will be detected. Therefore, the accumulation of various undetected faults may lead to the loss of safety functions and unexpected outputs of the two-hand control device.
6. 4 Use of Category 4
6.4.1 When the risk assessment indicates the requirement for automatic monitoring: Type IIIC two-hand control devices shall comply with Category 4 and 6.3, 6.4.2, 6.4.3 and 6.4.4 in GB/T16855.1-1997. 6.4.2 Single faults shall be detected before the implementation of the safety function or before the next operation. 6.4.3 When a single fault occurs, the two-hand control device shall not be able to stimulate the output signal again. 6.4, 4 The output signal generated when a single fault occurs can continue, but when one or both input signals are interrupted, the output signal shall be interrupted. If a single fault cannot be detected, then the combination of various faults should not lead to the loss of the safety function. 7 Use of programmable electronic systems
When the functional characteristics of the two-hand control device are achieved by using a programmable electronic system (PFS), the safety requirements of the hardware and software of the PES shall be verified based on the risk assessment. The software and hardware of the PES shall have safeguards to ensure that the functional characteristics required by the design remain unchanged. The output signals of the IIB and IIIC two-hand control devices shall not be generated and transmitted to the machine control system through a single-channel PES alone.
8 Prevention of accidental operation and improper use
8.1 General requirements
According to the risk assessment requirements of specific applications, the design and configuration of the control components of the two-hand control device should ensure that the protective effect of the two-hand control device will not be invalidated due to improper use, and the possibility of accidental operation should be minimized. The possibility of using one hand alone or one hand in combination with other parts of the body and (or) some simple auxiliary objects will lead to so-called improper use. All these situations should be considered to avoid entering a dangerous state. Accidental operation (such as caused by the operator's clothing) should also be considered in the same way.
Simple auxiliary objects may be bridge-like objects, ropes, steel rulers, etc. When using different directions of operation, covers, baffles, etc., the possibility of improper use should be minimized. The possibility of two hands being idle when two people operate the two-hand control device at the same time can be avoided by using synchronous operation.
Note: It is impossible to completely prevent improper use. 8.2 Reference 8.6 describes some possible behaviors that may lead to various improper uses, and also provides some preventive measures. The improper uses that should be considered depend on the design of the two-hand control device, the operating conditions, the installation and positioning methods of the two-hand control device, and the specified safety distance requirements.
8.7 provides some ways and methods to prevent accidental operation. The listed preventive measures can be used alone or in combination to meet the requirements of this standard. 10.5 provides test procedures applicable to the most commonly used designs. For other designs of two-hand controls, some of these test procedures can be adopted, while others cannot. In this case, a hazard analysis and risk assessment should be conducted for the possible uses and (or) misuses of the two-hand control device design, and appropriate protective measures should be proposed to meet the requirements of this standard. 8.2 Prevention of improper use due to one-handed use Measures should be provided to prevent improper use due to one-handed use. Examples of appropriate preventive measures are as follows: - Separate control devices by at least 260 mm (inner edge distance); - Install one or more baffles or an elevated area between control devices so that the two control devices are isolated from each other within 260 mm around the baffle.
8.3 Prevention of improper use of the hand and elbow There should be measures to prevent improper use of the hand and elbow. Examples of suitable preventive measures are as follows: - The inner edges of the control devices should be at least 550 mm apart. For ergonomic reasons, this distance should not exceed 600 mm:
- When one or more baffles or an elevated area are set between two control devices, the design should be such that the upper arm and fingertips cannot touch the control devices at the same time; when cover protection measures are used, the design should prevent the control devices from being operated by the upper arm; - Use control devices with different types and/or different operating directions. 8.4 Prevention of improper use of the forearm or elbow If a hazard is caused by the use of the forearm and/or elbow, and the distance from the hand to the hazard is less than the required safety distance, preventive measures should be taken to prevent improper use of the hand and elbow. Suitable measures are to use feather covers and/or baffles and design them so that the control devices cannot be operated with the forearm and/or forearm.
8.5 Prevention of improper use of one hand and another part of the body (such as the knee, hip, etc.) Prevention of improper use of one part of the body with a single hand. For example, place the two control devices on a flat or nearly horizontal surface. The plane is at least 1,100 meters above the ground or the floor of the passage. mm, to prevent operation with the hips.
When two control components are mounted on a vertical or nearly vertical plane, there should be a protective shield around the control device.
The protective cover or guard plate should be designed so that the control device cannot be operated with one hand and any other part of the body at the same time. 8.6 Prevention of improper use due to a locked control device There should be preventive measures for improper use due to a locked control device. Such improper use due to a locked control device will cause the two-hand control device to become a single control device, and may cause the locked control device to produce a constant input signal. As a result, the output signal of the two-hand control device can be generated by one hand. The appropriate measures to prevent such improper use are: In order to prevent the output signal from being re-activated by further operation with one hand, the design of the two-hand control device should include the ability to re-activate (see 5.6):
GB/T 19671--2005
· To prevent initial activation with one hand, two-hand controls shall include a synchronized operation feature in the design (see 5.7). NOTE: When considering the selection of a two-hand control, it is important to carefully evaluate whether the step-by-step operation feature and the re-activation feature can be ignored in the design.
8.7 External Operation
The possibility of accidental operation of the two-hand control cover shall be minimized. The measures listed in 8.2 to 8.6 will help to minimize accidental operation. Examples of other suitable measures to prevent accidental operation are as follows:
…· For mechanical control devices, careful operation is required based on the required force and travel. For non-mechanical control devices (such as photoelectric devices, capacitive devices), a sensitivity level that can ensure careful operation is required.
9 General Requirements
9. 1 Ergonomic requirements
To prevent the failure of protective functions and the occurrence of accidental operation, there is sometimes a conflict between ergonomic principles (see EN894-3) and the design of two-hand control devices (for example, the conflict between the size of the opening and the need to wear gloves for certain specific operations). The design and measures taken to achieve safety requirements need to be balanced between the need to comply with ergonomic principles and the need to provide measures to prevent improper use and accidental operation. The balance between the two should be based on providing adequate safety for specific risks. 9.2 Operating conditions and environmental influences
The selection, installation and connection of the parts of the two-hand control device should be able to withstand the predetermined operating stress and meet the requirements of relevant standards related to such stress (for example, in terms of switching capacity and switching frequency) and the requirements of relevant standards related to the predetermined environmental influences (such as vibration, shock, temperature, foreign objects, humidity, oil and electromagnetic fields, etc.). 9.3 Guards
9.3.1 The design of the guards and their mountings should be able to withstand the predetermined operating stress and environmental stress. 9.3.2 Corners, edges, etc. should be rounded or flattened to avoid injury to persons. 9.3.3 Removable or openable covers and components should be constructed so that they can be removed or opened only with the aid of tools. Fasteners should be of the gun-lock type.
9.3.4 When the housing is mounted on a stand, the stand should have facilities for fixing it securely to the housing and the ground. 9.3.5 The housing should be installed and fixed in such a way that the operator cannot reach the danger zone after releasing the control device in a dangerous situation (see 9.8 and 12.2).
9.3.6 If the housing of the control device is adjustable, it should be provided with a means of locking the position. For the provisions of mobile two-hand control devices, see 9.7.
9.4 Selection, design and installation of control components 9.4.1 The selection, design, layout and installation of control components should not cause excessive fatigue to the operator when they are operated (for example, inconvenient operating posture, inappropriate movement, and excessive operating force will lead to such a result), see EV894.3. 9.4.2 Control components should not be red. Symptoms. For electric two-hand control devices, drive GB5226.1-2002. 9.4.3 Control components should not be torn, squeezed or sheared with any other parts. 9.4.4 Two-hand control devices, related machine control systems and their internal connections should be designed according to the corresponding categories specified in GR/T16855.1. 9.5 Prevention of accidental output caused by impact force Some foreseeable forces generated by two-hand control devices due to accidental actions (such as drop pressurization, accidental impact or impact loading, etc.) should not cause output signals.
GB/T19671-—2005
9.6 Accidental operation of mobile and pry-type hand-held machinery 9.6.1 The design of the two-hand operating device should prevent accidental operation during normal use of the mobile and (or) portable hand-held machinery it controls.
9.6.2 The two operating control devices of the two-hand operating device should be designed to be independent and have different modes of action to prevent the generation of input signals that start dangerous operation of the machine.
Note 1: The protective measure of using independent operation of the two operating control devices cannot meet this requirement unless their operation modes are different. Note 2: Presetting an automatic unlocking facility on one of the two operating control devices can provide a higher level of protection. 9.7 Mobile two-hand control device
9.7.1 The control device and its supporting shield of the mobile two-hand control device shall be fixed in normal use (see GB/T15706.2-1995)
Note: This can be achieved by enclosing large mass objects or taking other appropriate measures. 9.7.2 Mobile two-hand control devices shall have measures to prevent the movement of the operating parts. Note: This can be achieved by enclosing fire-carrying objects, using lockable wheels or some other appropriate measures. 9.7.3 Equipment for maintaining and checking the required safe distance between the control device and the danger zone shall be available (see 9.8 and 12.2) (for example, a distance ring is used, see Figure 4). Figure 4 Example of a mobile two-hand control device with a distance ring 9.7.4 When the design scheme provided in 9.2 and 9.4.4 is adopted, the pipelines, cables and connectors shall be protected to avoid damage. 9.8 Safety distance
In order to calculate the required safety distance between the control device and the danger zone (refer to the minimum distance in ISO 13855:2002), the following factors should be considered:
The speed of the hand and (or) arm (see ISO 13855); - The shape and arrangement of the two-hand control device; - The response time of the two-hand control device
The maximum time required to stop the machine or eliminate the danger with the interruption of the output signal of the two-hand control device; - The intended use of the machine (see GB/T 15706.11995); - Related (classification).
10 Inspection
10. 1 General requirements for inspection
Requirements for two-hand controls proposed through risk assessment shall be verified by theoretical evaluation and practical tests. Table 2 gives a summary of the inspection methods that can be used to verify the safety requirements of two-hand controls, including their functional characteristics.
Safety requirements
Operating conditions and environmental influences
Requirements for protective shields
Selection, design and installation of control components Accidental removal of signals caused by acceleration shock Accidental control of control
Stability
Response time
Using two hands
Relationship between input and (or) output signals
Interruption of output signals
Unexpected operation
Improper use
Re-invitation
Step operation control category
Table 2 Test method
Daily test inspection parts performance test
General test
Functional characteristics
GB/T 19671-2005
Adopt relevant standards
Pass type test
For mobile or explosive hand-held machinery
For mobile hand-held exploration devices
Adopt the 8th Chapter Methods
Use 10.5
Restart inspection
Meeting mark
Fault simulation (see 1C.3)
Fault simulation (see 1C.3)
The inspection procedure is only for the two-hand control device itself, and does not consider the possible influence of the mechanical control system connected to it. The feedback signal from the machine control system required by the design effective control device should be simulated. The inspection procedure determines the design, type, working condition, connection and repositioning method of the effective hand control device to meet the specified requirements. These inspection procedures include visual inspection, performance inspection, measurement and theoretical evaluation. This standard gives some guidance on the test procedures, especially in terms of prevention of improper use, but does not specify detailed test methods. The designer and (or manufacturer) shall arrange for the inspection and (or type test) of the two-hand control device to prove that the device meets the design specifications. The requirements of these specifications can be found in the standard (such as ([3 5226.1-2002), and can also be given by the designer in the absence of a standard. 10.2 Self-test inspection
Visual inspection is to verify the required characteristics of the two-hand control device of the specified type through observation, and should be applicable to the test items listed in Table 2.
Any components used for experimental verification should be specially marked by the manufacturer. 10.3 Performance test
Performance test is used to test the operating characteristics required by the specified type of two-hand control device. Fault simulation is based on fault analysis of the design of the two-hand control device. For Type II, Type B and Type IIIIC devices, it includes simulation of all safety-related faults (see 1 and Table 2). 10.4 Measurement
Measurement is used to test some indicators specified by the designer, such as binary number, mechanical characteristics, time, etc., to meet the requirements of this standard.3 Performance test
Performance test is used to test the required operating characteristics of the specified type of two-hand control device. Fault simulation is based on the fault analysis of the design of the two-hand control device. For type II, type B and type I, III and C devices, it includes the simulation of all safety-related faults (see 1 and Table 2). 10. 4 Measurement
Measurement is to test some indicators specified by the device developer, such as binary number, mechanical characteristics, time, etc., to meet the requirements of this standard.3 Performance test
Performance test is used to test the required operating characteristics of the specified type of two-hand control device. Fault simulation is based on the fault analysis of the design of the two-hand control device. For type II, type B and type I, III and C devices, it includes the simulation of all safety-related faults (see 1 and Table 2). 10. 4 Measurement
Measurement is to test some indicators specified by the device developer, such as binary number, mechanical characteristics, time, etc., to meet the requirements of this standard.
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